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Jiang Y, Hu L, Wang B, Zhang B, Shao M, Meng L, Xu Y, Chen R, Li M, Du C. Disrupting PIAS3-mediated SUMOylation of MLK3 ameliorates poststroke neuronal damage and deficits in cognitive and sensorimotor behaviors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:119. [PMID: 38456949 PMCID: PMC10924033 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Activated small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) have been implicated in neuropathological processes following ischemic stroke. However, the target proteins of SUMOylation and their contribution to neuronal injury remain to be elucidated. MLK3 (mixed-lineage kinase 3), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family, is a critical regulator of neuronal lesions following cerebral ischemia. Here, we found that SUMOylation of MLK3 increases in both global and focal ischemic rodent models and primary neuronal models of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). SUMO1 conjugation at the Lys401 site of MLK3 promoted its activation, stimulated its downstream p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades, and led to cell apoptosis. The interaction of MLK3 with PIAS3, a SUMO ligase, was elevated following ischemia and reperfusion. The PINIT domain of PIAS3 was involved in direct interactions with MLK3. Overexpression of the PINIT domain of PIAS3 disrupted the MLK3-PIAS3 interaction, inhibited SUMOylation of MLK3, suppressed downstream signaling, and reduced cell apoptosis and neurite damage. In rodent ischemic models, the overexpression of the PINIT domain reduced brain lesions and alleviated deficits in learning, memory, and sensorimotor functions. Our findings demonstrate that brain ischemia-induced MLK3 SUMOylation by PIAS3 is a potential target against poststroke neuronal lesions and behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lulu Hu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baixue Wang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingge Zhang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengwen Shao
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Meng
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rourou Chen
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caiping Du
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Wang W, Matunis MJ. Paralogue-Specific Roles of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in Protein Quality Control and Associated Diseases. Cells 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38201212 PMCID: PMC10778024 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) function as post-translational protein modifications and regulate nearly every aspect of cellular function. While a single ubiquitin protein is expressed across eukaryotic organisms, multiple SUMO paralogues with distinct biomolecular properties have been identified in plants and vertebrates. Five SUMO paralogues have been characterized in humans, with SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 being the best studied. SUMO2 and SUMO3 share 97% protein sequence homology (and are thus referred to as SUMO2/3) but only 47% homology with SUMO1. To date, thousands of putative sumoylation substrates have been identified thanks to advanced proteomic techniques, but the identification of SUMO1- and SUMO2/3-specific modifications and their unique functions in physiology and pathology are not well understood. The SUMO2/3 paralogues play an important role in proteostasis, converging with ubiquitylation to mediate protein degradation. This function is achieved primarily through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs), which preferentially bind and ubiquitylate poly-SUMO2/3 modified proteins. Effects of the SUMO1 paralogue on protein solubility and aggregation independent of STUbLs and proteasomal degradation have also been reported. Consistent with these functions, sumoylation is implicated in multiple human diseases associated with disturbed proteostasis, and a broad range of pathogenic proteins have been identified as SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 substrates. A better understanding of paralogue-specific functions of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in cellular protein quality control may therefore provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic innovation. This review summarizes current understandings of the roles of sumoylation in protein quality control and associated diseases, with a focus on the specific effects of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 paralogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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3
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Chen DD, Shi Q, Liu X, Liang DL, Wu YZ, Fan Q, Xiao K, Chen C, Dong XP. Aberrant SENP1-SUMO-Sirt3 Signaling Causes the Disturbances of Mitochondrial Deacetylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Prion-Infected Animal and Cell Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1610-1621. [PMID: 37092685 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as acetylation and SUMOylation, play important roles in regulation of protein functions and pathophysiology of different diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous studies have identified aberrant acetylation profiles and reduced deacetylases Sirt3 and Sirt1 in the brains of prion-infected mouse models. In this study, we have found that the levels of acetylated forms of AceCS2 and LCAD, the key enzymes regulating lipid metabolism, CS and IHD2, the key enzymes regulating complete oxidative metabolism, GDH, the key enzyme regulating the oxidative decomposition of glutamate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and NDUFA9, the essential component in the complex I of respiratory chain activity, were significantly upregulated in the prion-infected animal and cell models, along with the decrease of Sirt3 activity and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. Meanwhile, the increases of SUMO1 modifications and SUMO1-Sirt3 and decrease of SENP1 were identified in the brains and the cultured cells with prion infections. Removal of prion propagation in the cultured cells partially, but significantly, reversed the aberrant situations. Moreover, similar abnormal phenomena were also observed in the cultured 293 T cells transiently expressing cytosolic form PrP (Cyto-PrP), including decreased SENP1, increased SUMO1, decreased Sirt3 activity, increased acetylated forms of the key enzymes, and decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity. Attenuation of the accumulation of Cyto-PrP by co-expression of the p62 protein sufficiently diminished those abnormalities. The data here strongly indicate that deposits of prions in brains or accumulations of Cyto-PrP in cells trigger dysregulation of the SENP1-SUMO1-Sirt pathway and subsequently induce aberrant mitochondrial deacetylation and the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qin Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Shanghai 201517, China
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4
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Wang W, Lu J, Yang WC, Spear ED, Michaelis S, Matunis MJ. Analysis of a degron-containing reporter protein GFP-CL1 reveals a role for SUMO1 in cytosolic protein quality control. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102851. [PMID: 36587767 PMCID: PMC9898758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins are recognized and degraded through protein quality control (PQC) pathways, which are essential for maintaining proteostasis and normal cellular functions. Defects in PQC can result in disease, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration. The small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) were previously implicated in the degradation of nuclear misfolded proteins, but their functions in cytoplasmic PQC are unclear. Here, in a systematic screen of SUMO protein mutations in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified a mutant allele (Smt3-K38A/K40A) that sensitizes cells to proteotoxic stress induced by amino acid analogs. Smt3-K38A/K40A mutant strains also exhibited a defect in the turnover of a soluble PQC model substrate containing the CL1 degron (NES-GFP-Ura3-CL1) localized in the cytoplasm, but not the nucleus. Using human U2OS SUMO1- and SUMO2-KO cell lines, we observed a similar SUMO-dependent pathway for degradation of the mammalian degron-containing PQC reporter protein, GFP-CL1, also only in the cytoplasm but not the nucleus. Moreover, we found that turnover of GFP-CL1 in the cytoplasm was uniquely dependent on SUMO1 but not the SUMO2 paralogue. Additionally, we showed that turnover of GFP-CL1 in the cytoplasm is dependent on the AAA-ATPase, Cdc48/p97. Cellular fractionation studies and analysis of a SUMO1-GFP-CL1 fusion protein revealed that SUMO1 promotes cytoplasmic misfolded protein degradation by maintaining substrate solubility. Collectively, our findings reveal a conserved and previously unrecognized role for SUMO1 in regulating cytoplasmic PQC and provide valuable insights into the roles of sumoylation in PQC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei-Chih Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D Spear
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Michaelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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5
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Ding M, Huang Z, Wang X, Liu X, Xu L, Chen P, Liu J, Liu Y, Guan H, Chu Y, Liu H. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans-mediated targeted delivery of TGF-β1-binding peptide to liver for improved anti-liver fibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1516-1525. [PMID: 35452701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, thus attenuating the excessive TGF-β1's activity by TGF-β1-binding peptide is an ideal strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. However, the application of small peptide as a pharmaceutical agent is obstacle due to difficult preparation and non-selective delivery. The I-plus sequences of circumsporozoite protein (CSP-I) possesses high affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are primarily located on liver tissues. TGF-β1-binding peptide P15 holds specific ability of binding to TGF-β1. In this study, we describe an approach to efficiently preparing liver-targeting peptide P15-CSP-I, which is conjugation of the sequences of P15 to the N-terminus of CSP-I, from the cleavage of biological macromolecule SUMO-tagged P15-CSP-I. In vitro and ex vivo binding assay showed that P15-CSP-I specifically targeted to the hepatocytes and liver tissues. Moreover, P15-CSP-I inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and decreased fibrosis-related proteins expression in TGF-β1-activated HSCs in vitro. Furthermore, P15-CSP-I ameliorated liver morphology and decreased the fibrosis responses in vivo. Taken together, P15-CSP-I may be a potential candidate for targeting therapy on liver fibrosis due to its high efficient preparation, specific liver-targeting potential and improved anti-liver fibrotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Ding
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China; Department of Pediatrics Nursing, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China; Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Liming Xu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Peijian Chen
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Jieting Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Medical Research Center, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Huilin Guan
- Medical Research Center, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Yanhui Chu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China; Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China.
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6
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Soares ES, Prediger RD, Brocardo PS, Cimarosti HI. SUMO-modifying Huntington's disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:203-209. [PMID: 35746980 PMCID: PMC9210482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers, SUMOs, are proteins that are conjugated to target substrates and regulate their functions in a post-translational modification called SUMOylation. In addition to its physiological roles, SUMOylation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases (HD). HD is a neurodegenerative monogenetic autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the CAG repeat of the huntingtin (htt) gene, which expresses a mutant Htt protein more susceptible to aggregation and toxicity. Besides Htt, other SUMO ligases, enzymes, mitochondrial and autophagic components are also important for the progression of the disease. Here we review the main aspects of Htt SUMOylation and its role in cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericks S. Soares
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rui D. Prediger
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena I. Cimarosti
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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7
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Sumoylation in Physiology, Pathology and Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050814. [PMID: 35269436 PMCID: PMC8909597 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is an essential post-translational modification that has evolved to regulate intricate networks within emerging complexities of eukaryotic cells. Thousands of target substrates are modified by SUMO peptides, leading to changes in protein function, stability or localization, often by modulating interactions. At the cellular level, sumoylation functions as a key regulator of transcription, nuclear integrity, proliferation, senescence, lineage commitment and stemness. A growing number of prokaryotic and viral proteins are also emerging as prime sumoylation targets, highlighting the role of this modification during infection and in immune processes. Sumoylation also oversees epigenetic processes. Accordingly, at the physiological level, it acts as a crucial regulator of development. Yet, perhaps the most prominent function of sumoylation, from mammals to plants, is its role in orchestrating organismal responses to environmental stresses ranging from hypoxia to nutrient stress. Consequently, a growing list of pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, have now been unambiguously associated with either aberrant sumoylation of specific proteins and/or dysregulated global cellular sumoylation. Therapeutic enforcement of sumoylation can also accomplish remarkable clinical responses in various diseases, notably acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In this review, we will discuss how this modification is emerging as a novel drug target, highlighting from the perspective of translational medicine, its potential and limitations.
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Pronot M, Kieffer F, Gay AS, Debayle D, Forquet R, Poupon G, Schorova L, Martin S, Gwizdek C. Proteomic Identification of an Endogenous Synaptic SUMOylome in the Developing Rat Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:780535. [PMID: 34887727 PMCID: PMC8650717 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.780535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are highly specialized structures that interconnect neurons to form functional networks dedicated to neuronal communication. During brain development, synapses undergo activity-dependent rearrangements leading to both structural and functional changes. Many molecular processes are involved in this regulation, including post-translational modifications by the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier SUMO. To get a wider view of the panel of endogenous synaptic SUMO-modified proteins in the mammalian brain, we combined subcellular fractionation of rat brains at the post-natal day 14 with denaturing immunoprecipitation using SUMO2/3 antibodies and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Our screening identified 803 candidate SUMO2/3 targets, which represents about 18% of the synaptic proteome. Our dataset includes neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, adhesion molecules, scaffolding proteins as well as vesicular trafficking and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, defining SUMO2/3 as a central regulator of the synaptic organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pronot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Félicie Kieffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gay
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Delphine Debayle
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Raphaël Forquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gwénola Poupon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Lenka Schorova
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Carole Gwizdek
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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9
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang Q, Du C, Lu W, Yuan H, Zhang Z, Li D, Ling X, Ren X, Zhao Y, Su Q, Xing Z, Qin Y, Yang X, Shen Y, Wu H, Qi Y. Hyper-SUMOylation of SMN induced by SENP2 deficiency decreases its stability and leads to spinal muscular atrophy-like pathology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1797-1813. [PMID: 34628513 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a degenerative motor neuron disease and a leading cause of infant mortality, is caused by loss of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein due to SMN1 gene mutation. Here, using mouse and cell models for behavioral and histological studies, we found that SENP2 (SUMO/sentrin-specific protease 2)-deficient mice developed a notable SMA-like pathology phenotype with significantly decreased muscle fibers and motor neurons. At the molecular level, SENP2 deficiency in mice did not affect transcription but decreased SMN protein levels by promoting the SUMOylation of SMN. SMN was modified by SUMO2 with the E3 PIAS2α and deconjugated by SENP2. SUMOylation of SMN accelerated its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway with the ubiquitin E1 UBA1 (ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1) and E3 ITCH. SUMOylation of SMN increased its acetylation to inhibit the formation of Cajal bodies (CBs). These results showed that SENP2 deficiency induced hyper-SUMOylation of the SMN protein, which further affected the stability and functions of the SMN protein, eventually leading to the SMA-like phenotype. Thus, we uncovered the important roles for hyper-SUMOylation of SMN induced by SENP2 deficiency in motor neurons and provided a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for SMA. KEY MESSAGES: SENP2 deficiency enhanced the hyper-SUMOylation of SMN and promoted the degradation of SMN by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. SUMOylation increased the acetylation of SMN to inhibit CB formation. SENP2 deficiency caused hyper-SUMOylation of SMN protein, which further affected the stability and functions of SMN protein and eventually led to the occurrence of SMA-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congcong Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danqing Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Ling
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Su
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengcao Xing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Boyarko B, Hook V. Human Tau Isoforms and Proteolysis for Production of Toxic Tau Fragments in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:702788. [PMID: 34744602 PMCID: PMC8566764 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.702788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human tau protein is implicated in a wide range of neurodegenerative “tauopathy” diseases, consisting of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration which includes progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick’s disease, and FTLD-tau (frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism caused by MAPT mutations). Tau gene transcripts in the human brain undergo alternative splicing to yield 6 different tau protein isoforms that are expressed in different ratios in neurodegeneration which result in tau pathology of paired-helical filaments, neurofibrillary tangles, and tau fibrillar aggregates with detrimental microtubule destabilization. Protease-mediated tau truncation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) which drives neurodegeneration in a tau fragment-dependent manner. While numerous tau fragments have been identified, knowledge of the proteolytic steps that convert each parent tau isoform into specific truncated tau fragments has not yet been fully defined. An improved understanding of the relationships between tau isoforms and their proteolytic processing to generate neurotoxic tau fragments is important to the field. This review evaluates tau isoform expression patterns including PTMs and mutations that influence proteolysis of tau to generate toxic fragments that drive cognitive deficits in AD and other tauopathy models. This assessment identifies the gap in the field on understanding the details of proteolytic steps used to convert each tau isoform into fragments. Knowledge of the processing mechanisms of tau isoforms can lead to new protease targeted drug strategies to prevent the formation of toxic tau fragments in tauopathy neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Boyarko
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Wrestling and Wrapping: A Perspective on SUMO Proteins in Schwann Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071055. [PMID: 34356679 PMCID: PMC8301837 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell development and peripheral nerve myelination are finely orchestrated multistep processes; some of the underlying mechanisms are well described and others remain unknown. Many posttranslational modifications (PTMs) like phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been reported to play a role during the normal development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in demyelinating neuropathies. However, a relatively novel PTM, SUMOylation, has not been studied in these contexts. SUMOylation involves the covalent attachment of one or more small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to a substrate, which affects the function, cellular localization, and further PTMs of the conjugated protein. SUMOylation also regulates other proteins indirectly by facilitating non-covalent protein–protein interaction via SUMO interaction motifs (SIM). This pathway has important consequences on diverse cellular processes, and dysregulation of this pathway has been reported in several diseases including neurological and degenerative conditions. In this article, we revise the scarce literature on SUMOylation in Schwann cells and the PNS, we propose putative substrate proteins, and we speculate on potential mechanisms underlying the possible involvement of this PTM in peripheral myelination and neuropathies.
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Kumar A, Chauhan G, Sharma S, Dabla S, Sylaja PN, Chaudhary N, Gupta S, Agrawal CS, Anand KS, Srivastava AK, Vibha D, Sagar R, Raj R, Maheshwari A, Vivekanandhan S, Kaul B, Raghavan S, Gorthi SP, Mohania D, Kaushik S, Yadav RK, Hazarika A, Sharma P, Prasad K. Association of SUMOylation Pathway Genes With Stroke in a Genome-Wide Association Study in India. Neurology 2021; 97:e345-e356. [PMID: 34031191 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To undertake a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants for stroke in an Indian population. METHODS In a hospital-based case-control study, 8 teaching hospitals in India recruited 4,088 participants, including 1,609 stroke cases. Imputed genetic variants were tested for association with stroke subtypes using both single-marker and gene-based tests. Association with vascular risk factors was performed with logistic regression. Various databases were searched for replication, functional annotation, and association with related traits. Status of candidate genes previously reported in the Indian population was also checked. RESULTS Associations of vascular risk factors with stroke were similar to previous reports and show modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption as having the highest effect. Single-marker-based association revealed 2 loci for cardioembolic stroke (1p21 and 16q24), 2 for small vessel disease stroke (3p26 and 16p13), and 4 for hemorrhagic stroke (3q24, 5q33, 6q13, and 19q13) at p < 5 × 10-8. The index single nucleotide polymorphism of 1p21 is an expression quantitative trait locus (p lowest = 1.74 × 10-58) for RWDD3 involved in SUMOylation and is associated with platelet distribution width (1.15 × 10-9) and 18-carbon fatty acid metabolism (p = 7.36 × 10-12). In gene-based analysis, we identified 3 genes (SLC17A2, FAM73A, and OR52L1) at p < 2.7 × 10-6. Eleven of 32 candidate gene loci studied in an Indian population replicated (p < 0.05), and 21 of 32 loci identified through previous GWAS replicated according to directionality of effect. CONCLUSIONS This GWAS of stroke in an Indian population identified novel loci and replicated previously known loci. Genetic variants in the SUMOylation pathway, which has been implicated in brain ischemia, were identified for association with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Shriram Sharma
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Surekha Dabla
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - P N Sylaja
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Neera Chaudhary
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Salil Gupta
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Agrawal
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Kuljeet Singh Anand
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Achal Kumar Srivastava
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Deepti Vibha
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Ritesh Raj
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Ankita Maheshwari
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Subbiah Vivekanandhan
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Bhavna Kaul
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Samudrala Raghavan
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Gorthi
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Dheeraj Mohania
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Rohtas Kanwar Yadav
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Anjali Hazarika
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K., A.K.S., D.V., R.S., R.R., A.M., K.P.), Department of Neurobiochemisty (S.V.), Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences (D.M.), and Cardio-Neuro Centre (A.H.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Centre for Brain Research (G.C.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Department of Neurology (S.S.), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya; Department of Neurology (S.D.), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana; Department of Neurology (P.N.S.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala; Department of Neurology (N.C., B.K., S.R.), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.G., S.P.G.), Army Research and Referral Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.S.A.), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (K.S.A.); Department of Biotechnology (S.K.), Maharshi Dayanand University, Government of India, New Delhi; Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (R.K.Y.), Rohtak, Haryana, India; and Institute of Cardiovascular Research Royal Holloway (P.S.), University of London, Imperial College London, UK. Amit Kumar, Kameshwar Prasad, and Ganesh Chauhan are currently at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.
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Serra M, Pinna A, Costa G, Usiello A, Pasqualetti M, Avallone L, Morelli M, Napolitano F. Involvement of the Protein Ras Homolog Enriched in the Striatum, Rhes, in Dopaminergic Neurons' Degeneration: Link to Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105326. [PMID: 34070217 PMCID: PMC8158741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhes is one of the most interesting genes regulated by thyroid hormones that, through the inhibition of the striatal cAMP/PKA pathway, acts as a modulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Rhes mRNA is expressed at high levels in the dorsal striatum, with a medial-to-lateral expression gradient reflecting that of both dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors. Rhes transcript is also present in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory tubercle and bulb, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area of the rodent brain. In line with Rhes-dependent regulation of dopaminergic transmission, data showed that lack of Rhes enhanced cocaine- and amphetamine-induced motor stimulation in mice. Previous studies showed that pharmacological depletion of dopamine significantly reduces Rhes mRNA levels in rodents, non-human primates and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, suggesting a link between dopaminergic innervation and physiological Rhes mRNA expression. Rhes protein binds to and activates striatal mTORC1, and modulates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in PD rodent models. Finally, Rhes is involved in the survival of mouse midbrain dopaminergic neurons of SNc, thus pointing towards a Rhes-dependent modulation of autophagy and mitophagy processes, and encouraging further investigations about mechanisms underlying dysfunctions of the nigrostriatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute—Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Pasqualetti
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute—Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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14
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The Sumo proteome of proliferating and neuronal-differentiating cells reveals Utf1 among key Sumo targets involved in neurogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:305. [PMID: 33753728 PMCID: PMC7985304 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by covalent attachment of the Small ubiquitin-like modifier (Sumo) polypeptide regulates a multitude of processes in vertebrates. Despite demonstrated roles of Sumo in the development and function of the nervous system, the identification of key factors displaying a sumoylation-dependent activity during neurogenesis remains elusive. Through a SILAC (stable isotope labeling by/with amino acids in cell culture)-based proteomic approach, we have identified the Sumo proteome of the model cell line P19 under proliferation and neuronal differentiation conditions. More than 300 proteins were identified as putative Sumo targets differentially associated with one or the other condition. A group of proteins of interest were validated and investigated in functional studies. Among these, Utf1 was revealed as a new Sumo target. Gain-of-function experiments demonstrated marked differences between the effects on neurogenesis of overexpressing wild-type and sumoylation mutant versions of the selected proteins. While sumoylation of Prox1, Sall4a, Trim24, and Utf1 was associated with a positive effect on neurogenesis in P19 cells, sumoylation of Kctd15 was associated with a negative effect. Prox1, Sall4a, and Kctd15 were further analyzed in the vertebrate neural tube of living embryos, with similar results. Finally, a detailed analysis of Utf1 showed the sumoylation dependence of Utf1 function in controlling the expression of bivalent genes. Interestingly, this effect seems to rely on two mechanisms: sumoylation modulates binding of Utf1 to the chromatin and mediates recruitment of the messenger RNA-decapping enzyme Dcp1a through a conserved SIM (Sumo-interacting motif). Altogether, our results indicate that the combined sumoylation status of key proteins determines the proper progress of neurogenesis.
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Lubega J, Umbreen S, Loake GJ. Recent advances in the regulation of plant immunity by S-nitrosylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:864-872. [PMID: 33005916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) moiety to a reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiol, to form a protein S-nitrosothiol (SNO), is emerging as a key regulatory post-translational modification (PTM) to control the plant immune response. NO also S-nitrosylates the antioxidant tripeptide, glutathione, to form S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), both a storage reservoir of NO bioactivity and a natural NO donor. GSNO and, by extension, S-nitrosylation, are controlled by GSNO reductase1 (GSNOR1). The emerging data suggest that GSNOR1 itself is a target of NO-mediated S-nitrosylation, which subsequently controls its selective autophagy, regulating cellular protein SNO levels. Recent findings also suggest that S-nitrosylation may be deployed by pathogen-challenged host cells to counteract the effect of delivered microbial effector proteins that promote pathogenesis and by the pathogens themselves to augment virulence. Significantly, it also appears that S-nitrosylation may regulate plant immune functions by controlling SUMOylation, a peptide-based PTM. In this context, global SUMOylation is regulated by S-nitrosylation of SUMO conjugating enzyme 1 (SCE1) at Cys139. This redox-based PTM has also been shown to control the function of a key zinc finger transcriptional regulator during the establishment of plant immunity. Here, we provide an update of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Holm KN, Herren AW, Taylor SL, Randol JL, Kim K, Espinal G, Martiínez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Human Cerebral Cortex Proteome of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:600840. [PMID: 33585555 PMCID: PMC7879451 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.600840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder associated with premutation CGG-repeat expansions (55–200 repeats) in the 5′ non-coding portion of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Core features of FXTAS include progressive tremor/ataxia, cognitive decline, variable brain volume loss, and white matter disease. The principal histopathological feature of FXTAS is the presence of central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS intranuclear inclusions. Objective: To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of FXTAS through the proteomic characterization of human FXTAS cortexes. Results: Proteomic analysis of FXTAS brain cortical tissue (n = 8) identified minor differences in protein abundance compared to control brains (n = 6). Significant differences in FXTAS relative to control brain predominantly involved decreased abundance of proteins, with the greatest decreases observed for tenascin-C (TNC), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), and phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1); proteins typically increased in other neurodegenerative diseases. Proteins with the greatest increased abundance include potentially novel neurodegeneration-related proteins and small ubiquitin-like modifier 1/2 (SUMO1/2). The FMRpolyG peptide, proposed in models of FXTAS pathogenesis but only identified in trace amounts in the earlier study of FXTAS inclusions, was not identified in any of the FXTAS or control brains in the current study. Discussion: The observed proteomic shifts, while generally relatively modest, do show a bias toward decreased protein abundance with FXTAS. Such shifts in protein abundance also suggest altered RNA binding as well as loss of cell–cell adhesion/structural integrity. Unlike other neurodegenerative diseases, the proteome of end-stage FXTAS does not suggest a strong inflammation-mediated degenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Nichole Holm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Mass Spectrometry Research Core, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandra L Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jamie L Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Verónica Martiínez-Cerdeño
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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Morozko EL, Smith-Geater C, Monteys AM, Pradhan S, Lim RG, Langfelder P, Kachemov M, Kulkarni JA, Zaifman J, Hill A, Stocksdale JT, Cullis PR, Wu J, Ochaba J, Miramontes R, Chakraborty A, Hazra TK, Lau A, St-Cyr S, Orellana I, Kopan L, Wang KQ, Yeung S, Leavitt BR, Reidling JC, Yang XW, Steffan JS, Davidson BL, Sarkar PS, Thompson LM. PIAS1 modulates striatal transcription, DNA damage repair, and SUMOylation with relevance to Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021836118. [PMID: 33468657 PMCID: PMC7848703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021836118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair genes are modifiers of disease onset in Huntington's disease (HD), but how this process intersects with associated disease pathways remains unclear. Here we evaluated the mechanistic contributions of protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 (PIAS1) in HD mice and HD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and find a link between PIAS1 and DNA damage repair pathways. We show that PIAS1 is a component of the transcription-coupled repair complex, that includes the DNA damage end processing enzyme polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP), and that PIAS1 is a SUMO E3 ligase for PNKP. Pias1 knockdown (KD) in HD mice had a normalizing effect on HD transcriptional dysregulation associated with synaptic function and disease-associated transcriptional coexpression modules enriched for DNA damage repair mechanisms as did reduction of PIAS1 in HD iPSC-derived neurons. KD also restored mutant HTT-perturbed enzymatic activity of PNKP and modulated genomic integrity of several transcriptionally normalized genes. The findings here now link SUMO modifying machinery to DNA damage repair responses and transcriptional modulation in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Morozko
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Charlene Smith-Geater
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alejandro Mas Monteys
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Subrata Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Ryan G Lim
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marketta Kachemov
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jayesh A Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Josh Zaifman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Austin Hill
- Incisive Genetics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6A 0H9
| | | | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
- NanoMedicines Innovation Network, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ricardo Miramontes
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Alice Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sophie St-Cyr
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Iliana Orellana
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lexi Kopan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Keona Q Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sylvia Yeung
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jack C Reidling
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joan S Steffan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Partha S Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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PIAS1 and TIF1γ collaborate to promote SnoN SUMOylation and suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:267-282. [PMID: 32770107 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMO E3 ligases specify protein substrates for SUMOylation. The SUMO E3 ligases PIAS1 and TIF1γ target the transcriptional regulator SnoN for SUMOylation leading to suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Whether and how TIF1γ and PIAS1 might coordinate SnoN SUMOylation and regulation of EMT remained unknown. Here, we reveal that SnoN associates simultaneously with both TIF1γ and PIAS1, leading to a trimeric protein complex. Hence, PIAS1 and TIF1γ collaborate to promote the SUMOylation of SnoN. Importantly, loss of function studies of PIAS1 and TIF1γ suggest that these E3 ligases act in an interdependent manner to suppress EMT of breast cell-derived tissue organoids. Collectively, our findings unveil a novel mechanism by which SUMO E3 ligases coordinate substrate SUMOylation with biological implications.
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19
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Prieto M, Folci A, Martin S. Post-translational modifications of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in neuronal function and dysfunction. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1688-1703. [PMID: 31822816 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein essential to the regulation of local translation at synapses. In the mammalian brain, synapses are constantly formed and eliminated throughout development to achieve functional neuronal networks. At the molecular level, thousands of proteins cooperate to accomplish efficient neuronal communication. Therefore, synaptic protein levels and their functional interactions need to be tightly regulated. FMRP generally acts as a translational repressor of its mRNA targets. FMRP is the target of several post-translational modifications (PTMs) that dynamically regulate its function. Here we provide an overview of the PTMs controlling the FMRP function and discuss how their spatiotemporal interplay contributes to the physiological regulation of FMRP. Importantly, FMRP loss-of-function leads to Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a rare genetic developmental condition causing a range of neurological alterations including intellectual disability (ID), learning and memory impairments, autistic-like features and seizures. Here, we also explore the possibility that recently reported missense mutations in the FMR1 gene disrupt the PTM homoeostasis of FMRP, thus participating in the aetiology of FXS. This suggests that the pharmacological targeting of PTMs may be a promising strategy to develop innovative therapies for patients carrying such missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prieto
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Stéphane Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France.
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20
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Cuomo O, Casamassa A, Brancaccio P, Laudati G, Valsecchi V, Anzilotti S, Vinciguerra A, Pignataro G, Annunziato L. Sumoylation of sodium/calcium exchanger in brain ischemia and ischemic preconditioning. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Elmatboly AM, Sherif AM, Deeb DA, Benmelouka A, Bin-Jumah MN, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. The impact of proteostasis dysfunction secondary to environmental and genetic causes on neurodegenerative diseases progression and potential therapeutic intervention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11461-11483. [PMID: 32072427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of particular proteins in the form of inclusion bodies or plaques followed by neuronal death is a hallmark of neurodegenerative proteopathies such as primary Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, and Huntington's chorea. Complex polygenic and environmental factors implicated in these proteopathies. Accumulation of proteins in these disorders indicates a substantial disruption in protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Proteostasis or cellular proteome homeostasis is attained by the synchronization of a group of cellular mechanisms called the proteostasis network (PN), which is responsible for the stability of the proteome and achieves the equilibrium between synthesis, folding, and degradation of proteins. In this review, we will discuss the different types of PN and the impact of PN component dysfunction on the four major neurodegenerative diseases mentioned earlier. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed M Sherif
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Deeb
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Amira Benmelouka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Sidi M'Hamed, Algeria
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College Of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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22
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Yau TY, Molina O, Courey AJ. SUMOylation in development and neurodegeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/6/dev175703. [PMID: 32188601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In essentially all eukaryotes, proteins can be modified by the attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins to lysine side chains to produce branched proteins. This process of 'SUMOylation' plays essential roles in plant and animal development by altering protein function in spatially and temporally controlled ways. In this Primer, we explain the process of SUMOylation and summarize how SUMOylation regulates a number of signal transduction pathways. Next, we discuss multiple roles of SUMOylation in the epigenetic control of transcription. In addition, we evaluate the role of SUMOylation in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on Parkinson's disease and cerebral ischemia. Finally, we discuss the possibility that SUMOylation may stimulate survival and neurogenesis of neuronal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Yu Yau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Oscar Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Albert J Courey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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23
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Sedighi F, Adegbuyiro A, Legleiter J. SUMOylation Prevents Huntingtin Fibrillization and Localization onto Lipid Membranes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:328-343. [PMID: 31880908 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic neurodegenerative disease, is caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domain in the first exon of the huntingtin protein (htt). PolyQ expansion destabilizes protein structure, resulting in aggregation into a variety of oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils. Beyond the polyQ domain, adjacent protein sequences influence the aggregation process. Specifically, the first 17 N-terminal amino acids (Nt17) directly preceding the polyQ domain promote the formation of α-helix-rich oligomers that represent intermediate species associated with fibrillization. Due to its propensity to form an amphipathic α-helix, Nt17 also facilitates lipid binding. Three lysine residues (K6, K9, and K15) within Nt17 can be SUMOylated, which modifies htt's accumulation and toxicity within cells in a variety of HD models. The impact of SUMOylation on htt aggregation and direct interaction with lipid membranes was investigated. SUMOylation of htt-exon1 inhibited fibril formation while promoting larger, amorphous aggregate species. These amorphous aggregates were SDS soluble but nonetheless exhibited levels of β-sheet structure similar to that of htt-exon1 fibrils. In addition, SUMOylation prevented htt binding, aggregation, and accumulation on model lipid bilayers comprised of total brain lipid extract. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that SUMOylation promotes a distinct htt aggregation pathway that may affect htt toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Sedighi
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Adewale Adegbuyiro
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institutes, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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24
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Chen Z, Xie M, Ma Y, Wu G, Huang X, Luo C, Huang Z, Sun Y, Huang Y, Li X, Hou Y, Chen J. Zfp521 SUMOylation facilities erythroid hematopoietic reconstitution under stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:943-953. [PMID: 31916512 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1703639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 521 (Zfp521) is a key transcriptional factor in regulation of hematopoiesis. SUMOylation, a protein post-translational modification process, plays important roles in various biological process including hematopoiesis. However, whether Zfp521 can be SUMOylated and how it affects hematopoiesis is unknown. In this study, we confirmed that Zfp521 can be modified by SUMO1 and lysine 1146 was the primary SUMOylation site. Under homeostatic condition, Zfp521 SUMOylation-deficient mice had normal mature blood cells and primitive cells. However, in bone marrow (BM) transplantation assay, recipient mice transplanted with BM cells from Zfp521 SUMOylation-deficient mice had a significantly decreased R2 population of erythroid lineage in BM and spleen compared with those transplanted with BM cells from wild-type mice. Our results found a novel function of Zfp521 SUMOylation in erythroid reconstitution under stress, which might be a new therapeutic target in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangnian Xu
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingling Xie
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Ma
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixian Wu
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Luo
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Sun
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiu Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hou
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Liberman AC, Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini RP, Ugo MB, Arzt E. SUMO conjugation as regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor-FKBP51 cellular response to stress. Steroids 2020; 153:108520. [PMID: 31604074 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to adequately respond to stressful stimuli, glucocorticoids (GCs) target almost every tissue of the body. By exerting a negative feedback loop in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis GCs inhibit their own synthesis and restore homeostasis. GCs actions are mostly mediated by the GC receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Alterations of the GR activity have been associatedto different diseases including mood disorders and can lead to severe complication. Therefore, understanding the molecular complexity of GR modulation is mandatory for the development of new and effective drugs for treating GR-associated disorders. FKBP51 is a GR chaperone that has gained much attention because it is a strong inhibitor of GR activity and has a crucial role in psychiatric diseases. Both GR and FKBP51 activity are regulated by SUMOylation, a posttranslational (PTM). In this review, we focus on the impact of SUMO-conjugation as a regulator of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina.
| | - Maia L Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Clara Sokn
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Romina P Gobbini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Maria B Ugo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
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26
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SUMOylation Evoked by Oxidative Stress Reduced Lens Epithelial Cell Antioxidant Functions by Increasing the Stability and Transcription of TP53INP1 in Age-Related Cataracts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7898069. [PMID: 31281592 PMCID: PMC6590620 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7898069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cataracts. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins have great effects on cell stress response. Previous studies have shown that TP53INP1 can arrest cell growth and induce apoptosis by modulating p53 transcriptional activity and that both TP53INP1 and p53 are substrates of SUMOylation. However, no previous research has studied the effect of SUMOylation on the oxidative stress response in cataracts. This is the first study to investigate the effect of SUMOylation of TP53INP1 in oxidative stress-induced lens epithelial cell injury and age-related cataract formation. We found that the oxidative stress-induced endogenous SUMOylation of TP53INP1 promoted human lens epithelial cell (holed) apoptosis and regulated hLEC antioxidant effects by increasing the stability and transcription of TP53INP1 in age-related cataracts. SUMO-1, SUMOylation, and TP53INP1 were upregulated in lens tissues affected by age-related cataracts. A SUMO-1-specific protease, SENP1, acted as an oxidative stress-sensitive target gene in hLECs. This study identified for the first time that TP53INP1 can be SUMOylated in vivo, that the SUMOylation of TP53INP1 is induced by oxidative stress, and that SUMOylation/deSUMOylation can affect the stability and transcription of TP53INP1 in hLECs.
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27
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Yavvari PS, Verma P, Mustfa SA, Pal S, Kumar S, Awasthi AK, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV, Srivastava A, Bajaj A. A nanogel based oral gene delivery system targeting SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4970-4986. [PMID: 30839018 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor success rates and challenges associated with the current therapeutic strategies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have accelerated the emergence of gene therapy as an alternative treatment option with great promise. However, oral delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) to an inflamed colon is challenged by multiple barriers presented by the gastrointestinal, extracellular and intracellular compartments. Therefore, we screened a series of polyaspartic acid-derived amphiphilic cationic polymers with varied hydrophobicity for their ability to deliver NAs into mammalian cells. Using the most effective TAC6 polymer, we then engineered biocompatible and stable nanogels composed of polyplexes (TAC6, NA) and an anionic polymer, sodium polyaspartate, that were able to deliver the NAs across mammalian cells using caveolae-mediated cellular uptake. We then utilized these nanogels for oral delivery of PIAS1 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1), a SUMO 3 ligase, encoding plasmid DNA since PIAS1 is a key nodal therapeutic target for IBD due to its ability to control NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. We show that plasmid delivery using TAC6-derived nanogels diminished gut inflammation in a murine colitis model. Therefore, our study presents engineering of orally deliverable nanogels that can target SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation with very high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Srinivas Yavvari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462030, India.
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28
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Lack of androgen receptor SUMOylation results in male infertility due to epididymal dysfunction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 30770815 PMCID: PMC6377611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is regulated by SUMOylation at its transactivation domain. In vitro, the SUMOylation is linked to transcriptional repression and/or target gene-selective regulation. Here, we generated a mouse model (ArKI) in which the conserved SUMO acceptor lysines of AR are permanently abolished (ArK381R, K500R). ArKI males develop normally, without apparent defects in their systemic androgen action in reproductive tissues. However, the ArKI males are infertile. Their spermatogenesis appears unaffected, but their epididymal sperm maturation is defective, shown by severely compromised motility and fertilization capacity of the sperm. Fittingly, their epididymal AR chromatin-binding and gene expression associated with sperm maturation and function are misregulated. AR is SUMOylated in the wild-type epididymis but not in the testis, which could explain the tissue-specific response to the lack of AR SUMOylation. Our studies thus indicate that epididymal AR SUMOylation is essential for the post-testicular sperm maturation and normal reproductive capability of male mice. SUMOylation is known to regulate androgen receptor (AR) activity in cultured cells. Here, using SUMOylation-deficient AR knock-in mice, the authors demonstrate that SUMOylation is required for AR-related gene expression specifically in the epididymal tissues, but not the testis.
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29
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Zhang DY, Yu K, Yang Z, Liu XZ, Ma XF, Li YX. Variation in expression of small ubiquitin-like modifiers in injured sciatic nerve of mice. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1455-1461. [PMID: 30964073 PMCID: PMC6524499 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) have been shown to regulate axonal regeneration, signal transduction, neuronal migration, and myelination, by covalently and reversibly attaching to the protein substrates during neuronal cell growth, development, and differentiation. It has not been reported whether SUMOs play a role in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. To investigate any association between SUMOylation and potential neuroprotective effects during peripheral nerve injury and regeneration, C57/BL mice were randomly divided into sham and experimental groups. The sciatic nerve was exposed only in the sham group. The experimental group underwent neurotomy and epineurial neurorrhaphy. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay results revealed different mRNA and protein expression levels of SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3 and UBC9 in sciatic nerve tissue (containing both 5 mm of proximal and distal stumps at the injury site) at various time points after injury. Compared with the sham group, protein levels of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 increased in both their covalent and free states after sciatic nerve injury in the experimental group, especially in the covalent state. UBC9 protein levels showed similar changes to those of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in the covalent states. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 immunopositivities were higher in the experimental group than in the sham group. Our results verified that during the repair of sciatic nerve injury, the mRNA and protein expression of SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3 and UBC9 in injured nerve tissues changed in varying patterns and there were clear changes in the expression of SUMO-related proteins. These findings reveal that SUMOs possibly play an important role in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, China (approval No. TJWZXLL2018041) on November 8, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Wang Z, Yang W. Impaired capacity to restore proteostasis in the aged brain after ischemia: Implications for translational brain ischemia research. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:87-93. [PMID: 30599146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemia induced by cardiac arrest or ischemic stroke is a severe form of metabolic stress that substantially disrupts cellular homeostasis, especially protein homeostasis (proteostasis). As proteostasis is fundamental for cellular and organismal health, cells have developed a complex network to restore proteostasis impaired by stress. Many components of this network - including ubiquitination, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation, autophagy, and the unfolded protein response (UPR) - are activated in the post-ischemic brain, and play a crucial role in cell survival and recovery of neurologic function. Importantly, recent studies have shown that ischemia-induced activation of these proteostasis-related pathways in the aged brain is impaired, indicating an aging-related decline in the self-healing capacity of the brain. This impaired capacity is a significant factor for consideration in the field of brain ischemia because the vast majority of cardiac arrest and stroke patients are elderly. In this review, we focus on the effects of aging on these critical proteostasis-related pathways in the brain, and discuss their implications in translational brain ischemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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31
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Junqueira SC, Centeno EGZ, Wilkinson KA, Cimarosti H. Post-translational modifications of Parkinson's disease-related proteins: Phosphorylation, SUMOylation and Ubiquitination. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:2001-2007. [PMID: 30412791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. The etiology of PD remains unclear and most cases are sporadic, however genetic mutations in more than 20 proteins have been shown to cause inherited forms of PD. Many of these proteins are linked to mitochondrial function, defects in which are a central characteristic of PD. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow rapid and reversible control over protein function. Largely focussing on mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, here we review findings on the PTMs phosphorylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitination that have been shown to affect PD-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella C Junqueira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G Z Centeno
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Singh P, Singh DP. Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6 repairs aberrant Sumoylation-mediated Sp1 dysregulation-dependent Prdx6 repression and cell injury in aging and oxidative stress. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:2284-2315. [PMID: 30215601 PMCID: PMC6188488 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progressive deterioration of antioxidant response in aging is a major culprit in the initiation of age-related pathobiology induced by oxidative stress. We previously reported that oxidative stress leads to a marked reduction in transcription factor Sp1 and its mediated Prdx6 expression in lens epithelial cells (LECs) leading to cell death. Herein, we examined how Sp1 activity goes awry during oxidative stress/aging, and whether it is remediable. We found that Sp1 is hyper-Sumoylated at lysine (K) 16 residue in aging LECs. DNA binding and promoter assays revealed, in aging and oxidative stress, a significant reduction in Sp1 overall binding, and specifically to Prdx6 promoter. Expression/overexpression assay revealed that the observed reduction in Sp1-DNA binding activity was connected to its hyper-Sumoylation due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Sumo1 levels, and reduced levels of Senp1, Prdx6 and Sp1. Mutagenesis of Sp1 at K16R (arginine) residue restored steady-state, and improved Sp1-DNA binding activity and transactivation potential. Extrinsic expression of Sp1K16R increased cell survival and reduced ROS levels by upregulating Prdx6 expression in LECs under aging/oxidative stress, demonstrating that Sp1K16R escapes the aberrant Sumoylation processes. Intriguingly, the deleterious processes are reversible by the delivery of Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6, an antioxidant, which would be a candidate molecule to restrict aging pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Chhunchha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Prerna Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Chanda A, Sarkar A, Bonni S. The SUMO System and TGFβ Signaling Interplay in Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Implications for Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080264. [PMID: 30096838 PMCID: PMC6115711 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), or SUMOylation, can regulate the stability, subcellular localization or interactome of a protein substrate with key consequences for cellular processes including the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). The secreted protein Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) is a potent inducer of EMT in development and homeostasis. Importantly, the ability of TGFβ to induce EMT has been implicated in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis, resistance to chemo/radio therapy, and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, TGFβ-induced EMT and the SUMO system intersect with important implications for cancer formation and progression, and novel therapeutics identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Anusi Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Sharma S, Young RJ, Chen J, Chen X, Oh EC, Schiller MR. Minimotifs dysfunction is pervasive in neurodegenerative disorders. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2018; 4:414-432. [PMID: 30225339 PMCID: PMC6139474 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minimotifs are modular contiguous peptide sequences in proteins that are important for posttranslational modifications, binding to other molecules, and trafficking to specific subcellular compartments. Some molecular functions of proteins in cellular pathways can be predicted from minimotif consensus sequences identified through experimentation. While a role for minimotifs in regulating signal transduction and gene regulation during disease pathogenesis (such as infectious diseases and cancer) is established, the therapeutic use of minimotif mimetic drugs is limited. In this review, we discuss a general theme identifying a pervasive role of minimotifs in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond their longstanding history in the genetics of familial neurodegeneration, minimotifs are also major players in neurotoxic protein aggregation, aberrant protein trafficking, and epigenetic regulation. Generalizing the importance of minimotifs in neurodegenerative diseases offers a new perspective for the future study of neurodegenerative mechanisms and the investigation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Richard J. Young
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Department of Psychology, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Edwin C. Oh
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Site-specific characterization of endogenous SUMOylation across species and organs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2456. [PMID: 29942033 PMCID: PMC6018634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are post-translational modifications that play crucial roles in most cellular processes. While methods exist to study exogenous SUMOylation, large-scale characterization of endogenous SUMO2/3 has remained technically daunting. Here, we describe a proteomics approach facilitating system-wide and in vivo identification of lysines modified by endogenous and native SUMO2. Using a peptide-level immunoprecipitation enrichment strategy, we identify 14,869 endogenous SUMO2/3 sites in human cells during heat stress and proteasomal inhibition, and quantitatively map 1963 SUMO sites across eight mouse tissues. Characterization of the SUMO equilibrium highlights striking differences in SUMO metabolism between cultured cancer cells and normal tissues. Targeting preferences of SUMO2/3 vary across different organ types, coinciding with markedly differential SUMOylation states of all enzymes involved in the SUMO conjugation cascade. Collectively, our systemic investigation details the SUMOylation architecture across species and organs and provides a resource of endogenous SUMOylation sites on factors important in organ-specific functions. Proteomics is a powerful method to study protein SUMOylation, but system-wide insights into endogenous SUMO2/3 modification events are still sparse. Here, the authors develop a more sensitive SUMO proteomics approach, providing detailed maps of endogenous SUMO2/3 sites in human cells and mouse tissues.
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Abstract
Post-translational modification of substrate proteins by SUMO conjugation regulates a diverse array of cellular processes. While predominantly a nuclear protein modification, there is a growing appreciation that SUMOylation of proteins outside the nucleus plays direct roles in controlling synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and adaptive responses to cell stress. Furthermore, alterations in protein SUMOylation are observed in a wide range of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, and several extranuclear disease-associated proteins have been shown to be directly SUMOylated. Here, focusing mainly on SUMOylation of synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, we outline recent developments and discoveries, and present our opinion as to the most exciting avenues for future research to define how SUMOylation of extranuclear proteins regulates neuronal and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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PFN2a, a new partner of RARα in the cytoplasm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:846-853. [PMID: 29158086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are classically considered as nuclear ligand-dependent regulators of transcription. Here we highlighted a novel face of the RARα subtype: RARα is present in low amounts in the cytoplasm of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) where it interacts with profilin2a (PFN2A), a small actin-binding protein involved in filaments polymerization. The interaction involves the N-terminal proline-rich motif (PRM) of RARα and the SH3-like domain of PFN2a. When increased in the cytoplasm, RARα competes with other PFN2a-binding proteins bearing PRMs and involved in actin filaments elongation. Consequently, the actin filament network is altered and MEFs adhesion is decreased. This novel role opens novel avenues for the understanding of pathologies characterized by increased levels of cytoplasmic RARα.
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SUMOylation and calcium signalling: potential roles in the brain and beyond. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160010. [PMID: 32714579 PMCID: PMC7373246 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (or SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modification implicated in alterations to protein expression, localization and function. Despite a number of nuclear roles for SUMO being well characterized, this process has only started to be explored in relation to membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Calcium ion (Ca2+) signalling is crucial for the normal functioning of cells and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying relevant neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are tightly regulated; at rest, most Ca2+ is retained in organelles, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or in the extracellular space, whereas depolarization triggers a series of events leading to Ca2+ entry, followed by extrusion and reuptake. The mechanisms that maintain Ca2+ homoeostasis are candidates for modulation at the post-translational level. Here, we review the effects of protein SUMOylation, including Ca2+ channels, their proteome and other proteins associated with Ca2+ signalling, on vital cellular functions, such as neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS) and in additional systems, most prominently here, in the cardiac system.
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Structure-activity relationships for flavone interactions with amyloid β reveal a novel anti-aggregatory and neuroprotective effect of 2′,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavone (2-D08). Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3827-3834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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