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Koçak R, Daştan A. Synthesis of dibenzosuberenone-based novel polycyclic π-conjugated dihydropyridazines, pyridazines and pyrroles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:719-729. [PMID: 33796159 PMCID: PMC7991620 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel polycyclic π-conjugated dihydropyridazines, pyridazines, and pyrroles was studied. Dihydropyridazine dyes were synthesized by inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions between a dibenzosuberenone and tetrazines that bear various substituents. The pyridazines were synthesized in high yields by oxidation of dihydropyridazine-appended dibenzosuberenones with PIFA or NO. p-Quinone derivatives of pyridazines were also obtained by H-shift isomerization following the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction of tetrazines with p-quinone dibenzosuberenone. Then these pyridazines were converted to the corresponding pyrroles by reductive treatment with zinc. It was observed that all the dihydropyridazines obtained gave absorbance and emission at long wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Koçak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Arif Daştan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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Parnetti L, Sommacal S, Labate AMM, Senin U. Multicentre Controlled Randomised Double-Blind Placebo Study of Minaprine in Elderly Patients Suffering from Prolonged Depressive Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Riedel G, Kang SH, Choi DY, Platt B. Scopolamine-induced deficits in social memory in mice: reversal by donepezil. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:217-25. [PMID: 19527754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in social behaviour is a characteristic of numerous mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression and Alzheimer's disease. For the assessment of pharmacological and genetic experimental disease models, conventional social interaction tasks bear the uncertainty that any drug-induced abnormality of the investigator may feed back to the drug-free companion modifying its reactions. A considerable technical improvement was recently reported by Moy et al. [Moy SS, Nadler JJ, Perez A, Barbaro RP, Johns JM, Magnuson T, et al. Sociability and preference for social novelty in five inbred strains: an approach to assess autistic-like behaviours in mice. Genes Brain Behav 2004;3:287-302] in which the drug free partner is confined to a small cage and social contacts of the investigator are recorded uncontaminated of any social reactions of the stranger. Using this novel behavioural paradigm, we here show in C57Bl/6 female mice that sociability (social interaction with a stranger mouse) is not impaired after administration of the anxiolytic diazepam (0.1-1 mg/kg) or the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (0.1-1 mg/kg). However, social memory tested after a short time interval was impaired by both drugs in a dose-dependent manner (diazepam: > or = 0.5mg/kg; scopolamine: > or = 0.3mg/kg). The scopolamine-induced short-term memory deficit was reversed to normal by the choline esterase inhibitor donepezil (1 mg/kg). Given this dependence of social recognition on the cholinergic system, combined with the clinical observation of reduced social contacts in dementia patients, sociability may offer a novel endpoint biomarker with translational value in experimental models of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Riedel
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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5
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Du H, Li M, Yang P. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, 3-benzidino-5-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine, blocking outward potassium currents in acutely isolated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miranda MI, Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Cholinergic activity in the insular cortex is necessary for acquisition and consolidation of contextual memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 87:343-51. [PMID: 17098452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiences with a high emotional content (aversive) tend to be stored as long-term memories; however, there are also contextual recollections, which form a significant part of our memories. Different research has shown that the insular cortex (IC) plays an important role during aversive memory formation, yet its role during incidental/non-aversive learning like pre-exposure contextual memory formation has received little attention. The objective of this research was to establish the role of cholinergic activity in the IC through its muscarinic receptors during the formation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory, as well as during pre-exposure contextual memory, using a paradigm such as latent inhibition (LI). Rats with bilateral cannulae directed into the IC were trained in the LI paradigm of IA or IA task alone. The muscarinic antagonist receptor scopolamine was infused bilaterally into the IC 5 min before the pre-exposure into the dark chamber of the IA cage, one day before the conventional IA training or during the IA training day. During the IA test, the entrance latency into the dark chamber of the IA cage was measured as an index of contextual memory. The results showed that scopolamine infused before and after IA training disrupts inhibitory avoidance memory. Also, it showed that the pre-exposed saline-infused animals (LI) had a lower entrance latency compared to the group not pre-exposed (IA). However, the group that received scopolamine into the IC before, but not after, the pre-exposure to the dark chamber, presented a similar latency to the IA group, showing a blockade of the latent inhibition of the IA. These results suggest that cholinergic activity in the insular cortex is necessary during the acquisition and consolidation of avoidance memory, but appears necessary only during the acquisition of pre-exposure non-aversive contextual memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Miranda
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 96230, Mexico.
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Du HZ, Zhang CF, Li MY, Yang P. 3-Benzidino-6(4-chlorophenyl) pyridazine blocks delayed rectifier and transient outward potassium current in acutely isolated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2006; 402:159-63. [PMID: 16647816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
3-[(beta-morpholinoethyl)amino]-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine (minaprine) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. 3-Benzidino-6(4-chlorophenyl) pyridazine (BCP) and minaprine have a central pyridazine ring in common. In this study, we investigated the effects of BCP on delayed rectifier potassium current (IK(DR)) and transient outward potassium current (IK(A)) in acutely isolated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons by using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. IK(DR) and IK(A) were inhibited by BCP (0.01-500 microM) in a concentration-dependent and voltage-dependent manner. The IC50 value for the blocking action of BCP on IK(DR) and IK(A) was calculated as 7.13+/-0.18 microM and 0.55+/-0.11 microM, respectively. At the concentration of 10 microM, BCP shifted the activation curve of IK(DR) to positive potential by 29.09 mV. Meanwhile, at the concentration of 10 microM, BCP also shifted the activation and inactivation curve of IK(A) to positive potential by 34.18 and 22.47 mV, respectively. In conclusion, BCP potently inhibits IK(DR) and IK(A) in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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EDWARDS JGUY, DINAN TIMOTHYG, WALLER DEREKG, GREENTREE STEPHENG. Double-blind comparative study of the antidepressant, unwanted and cardiac effects of minaprine and amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Vitális B, Bakonyi A, Csillik-Perczel V, Horváth E, Horváth K, Máté I, Székely JI, Yemane T, Abraham G, Sólyom S, Hársing LG. The Pharmacology of GYKI-46 903, a New Cognition Enhancer. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1995.tb00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Winslow JT, Camacho F. Cholinergic modulation of a decrement in social investigation following repeated contacts between mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 121:164-72. [PMID: 8545521 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Social recognition has been inferred from a decline in olfactory investigation of conspecific intruders during repeated or protracted confrontation with a resident rat. A stimulus-response relationship defined by lack of response remains somewhat ambiguous. Since it is likely that behavior continues to be emitted by the resident animal, how behavior reorganizes as the resident becomes familiar with an intruder represents an important issue in the characterization of recognition. We examined the decline in olfactory investigation of ovariectomized females by adult male mice. The duration and frequency of olfactory investigation was measured during four 1 minute confrontations with 10-min intertrial intervals (Training trials). If the same female was presented in each trial, investigation declined to less than 50% of initial levels. Aggressive behavior gradually increased with repeated trials. No decline in investigation or increased aggression was measured when females were changed in each trial. Administration of doses of scopolamine (0.16-1.0 mg/kg, IP) blocked decrements in olfactory investigation in repeated confrontations and significantly reduced aggression. Co-administration of heptylphysostigmine (0.32-5.0 mg/kg, IP) reversed scopolamine's effects on olfactory investigation but not aggression. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors heptylphysostigmine, galanthamine (0.63-2.5 mg/kg, IP) and tacrine (0.63-10.0 mg/kg, IP) all enhanced the rate of decrement of olfactory investigation when administered alone, but had differential effects on aggression. The decline in investigation corresponds to criteria for habituation. Increased responsivity expressed as aggression indicates recognition may also be characterized as a change in behavioral strategy dependent on the sexual and social status of the stimulus animal. Pharmacological data support a role for acetylcholine release in the development of social recognition as an olfactory memory, or through modulation of olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Winslow
- Neuroscience Product GroupUnit, Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Somerville, NJ 08876-1258, USA
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11
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Boigegrain R, Kan JP, Olliero D, Brodin R, Soubrié P, Bourguignon JJ, Wermuth CG. SR 46559A, AN ATYPICAL MUSCARINIC COMPOUND WITH NO CHOLINERGIC SYNDROME : CHEMICAL APPROACH AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE. Eur J Med Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(23)00123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Gheusi G, Bluthe RM, Goodall G, Dantzer R. Ethological study of the effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on social recognition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 114:644-50. [PMID: 7855227 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two major difficulties confront ethopharmacological investigations on cognitive abilities such as social recognition in drug-treated animals involved in free social interactions. The first concerns the choice of the most relevant behaviours, those reflecting the cognitive abilities attributed to the animals and assessing the specificity of the drug activity, and those reflecting non-specific drug effects. The second refers to the experimenter's awareness that in contrast to physical objects, social stimuli respond to drug-treated subjects and that their own level of responsiveness may influence the changes of drug-treated subjects' social interest. In addition, their contribution may vary according to the different treatments the drug-treated subjects receive. In examining the effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) at doses of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg on the ability of adult male rats to recognize previously encountered conspecifics, we attempted to take into consideration such difficulties. A detailed behavioural profile of drug-treated rats was reported to separate specific from non-specific effects of THA. In addition, rats were assigned an index of responsibility for contact which takes into account the interactive dimension of each dyad and allows relevant comparisons between different treatments. The doses of THA which were found to decrease the duration of exploration of a familiar juvenile were also found to decrease the number of contacts initiated by the drug-treated subjects. THA induced a relative increase in body care by comparison to saline treatment. However, it had no effect of locomotor activity and rearing of the subjects. These findings enable dissociation of the effects of THA on cognitive versus non-cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gheusi
- Neurobiologie Intégrative, INSERM U. 394, Bordeaux, France
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Imperato A, Obinu MC, Cabib S, Cestari V, Puglisi-Allegra S. Effects of subchronic minaprine on dopamine release in the ventral striatum and on immobility in the forced swimming test. Neurosci Lett 1994; 166:69-72. [PMID: 8190361 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Subchronic (5 mg/kg daily for 9 consecutive days) but not acute minaprine treatment enhanced in vivo dopamine release in the limbic part of the striatum of rats as revealed by intracerebral microdialysis. Moreover, the same subchronic treatment with minaprine reduced immobility in the forced swimming test. The anti-immobility effect of minaprine was not evident after a single injection of the antidepressant. Finally, the subchronic treatment with minaprine was devoid of effects in an activity test. These results suggest that enhanced dopaminergic transmission may contribute to the pharmacological and clinical profile of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imperato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze B. Brodie, Universita' di Cagliari, Italy
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Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S, Cestari V, Castellano C. Post-training minaprine enhances memory storage in mice: involvement of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 113:476-80. [PMID: 7862862 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-training administration of minaprine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently improved retention of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice. Animals receiving nine daily injections of 5 mg/kg and administered a challenge dose post-training showed an improvement in memory consolidation similar to that produced by acute injection of 10 mg/kg. The effects on retention performance induced by the drug appear to be due to an effect on memory consolidation. They were observed when drugs were given at short, but not long, periods of time after training, i.e. when the memory trace was susceptible to modulation. Moreover, these effects are not to be ascribed to an aversive or a rewarding or non-specific action of the drugs on retention performance, as the latencies during the retention test of those mice that had not received a footshock during training were not affected by post-training drug administration. The effects of an acutely injected dose (10 mg/kg) of minaprine as well as those of a challenge dose (5 mg/kg) of the drug administered to repeatedly treated animals were reversed by pretreatment with either selective D1 or D2 dopamine receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and (-)-sulpiride administered at per se non-effective doses (0.025 and 6 mg/kg, respectively), thus suggesting that D1 and D2 receptor types are similarly involved in the effects of minaprine on memory consolidation. These results show that minaprine improves memory consolidation and that repeated drug administration leads to potentiation of this effect. Moreover, the effects of minaprine on memory consolidation are related to its dopaminergic action.
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Lorenzini CA, Baldi E, Bucherelli C, Tassoni G. Minaprine facilitates acquisition and retrieval of an active avoidance response in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 45:481-5. [PMID: 8327555 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nootropic activity of 3-(2-morpholino-ethylamino)-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride (minaprine) has been investigated in intact male, adult Long Evans rats by means of an active avoidance paradigm. In the light-dark box apparatus, the rat had to learn the active avoidance response of going out of the normally preferred dark chamber to avoid electric foot-shocks. These were administered during one trial per day for 3 consecutive days (acquisition period). After a 72-h interval, rats underwent, for 3 consecutive days, one trial per day in which punishments were omitted (retrieval period). In the first experiment, rats were injected IP with minaprine (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg b.w.) 30 min before each trial of both periods. Rats injected with the two lower dosages showed better responding during the retrieval period than controls (saline). On the contrary, the highest dosage impaired active avoidance during both periods. In Experiment 2, minaprine (10 mg/kg b.w.) was administered either only during the acquisition or only during the retrieval period. In both instances, active avoidance was equally enhanced, if compared to controls (saline), only during the retrieval period. The results are discussed on the basis of the known facilitating activity on cholinergic systems of this compound. It is concluded that minaprine acts positively both on acquisition and retrieval of mnemonic traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lorenzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Viale G.B. Morgagni 43, Firenze, Italy
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Kan JP, Steinberg R, Oury-Donat F, Michaud JC, Thurneyssen O, Terranova JP, Gueudet C, Souilhac J, Brodin R, Boigegrain R. SR 46559A: a novel and potent muscarinic compound with no cholinergic syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993; 112:219-27. [PMID: 7871023 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic activities of SR 46559A, 3-[N-(2 diethyl-amino-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-5-propyl] pyridazinamine sesquifumarate, have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, in rodents. Using rat brain cortical membranes, SR 46559A was a competitive ligand (Ki = 112 nM) at muscarinic M1 receptors, its affinity for muscarinic M2 (cardiac) and M3 (glandular) receptors being 6-7 times lower. SR 46559A did not interact with brain nicotinic receptors and high affinity choline uptake sites nor did it inhibit brain acetylcholinesterase activity. In contrast to reference muscarinic agonists, SR 46559A (1 mM) did not inhibit the forskolin-induced activation of cAMP synthesis nor did it stimulate phosphoinositides breakdown in various brain preparations. However, this compound enhanced (+67% at 1 mM) diacylglycerol formation in rat striatal miniprisms, an effect fully reversed by atropine. As shown with reference agonists, SR 46559A inhibited (IC50 = 10 microM) the K(+)-evoked release of [3H]GABA from rat striatal slices and reduced at 0.5 and 1 microM, the population spike amplitude of the CA1 pyramidal cells induced by stimulation of the Schaffer's collateral commissural pathway in rat hippocampal slices. In mice, SR 46559A at a near lethal dose (200 mg/kg PO) did not induce the typical cholinergic syndrome nor did it modify at 30 mg/kg PO the oxotremorine-induced hypothermia. Like muscarinic agonists, SR 46559A (1 mg/kg PO) potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats and inhibited (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg PO) rotations induced in mice by intrastriatal injection of pirenzepine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kan
- Neuropsychiatry Research Group, Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France
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Mohamed AS, Forray C, Aly MH, el-Fakahany EE. Lack of intrinsic activity and significant subtype selectivity of SR 95639A at muscarinic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 227:181-7. [PMID: 1330650 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(92)90126-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the intrinsic activity of the purported selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonist SR 95639A (morpholinoethylamino-3-benzocyclohepta-(5,6-c)-pyridazine) in inducing several receptor-mediated signals. Our results indicate that SR 95639A lacks the ability to activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortex or in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the genes of the muscarinic m1 and m3 receptors. Similarly, this compound did not exhibit intrinsic activity in stimulating muscarinic receptors which inhibit cyclic AMP synthesis and did not suppress acetylcholine release in rat striatum. In addition, SR 95639A did not show a marked selectivity at the level of the ligand recognition site at the muscarinic M1, M2 and M3 receptors, since it bound to these receptor subtypes with equilibrium dissociation constants of 4, 6 and 11 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore 21201
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Wermuth CG, Bourguignon JJ, Hoffmann R, Boigegrain R, Brodin R, Kan JP, Soubrié P. SR 46559 A and related aminopyridazines are potent muscarinic agonists with no cholinergic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karasawa Y, Araki H, Otomo S. Cholinomimetic activity of minaprine is related to the amelioration of delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Physiol Behav 1992; 52:141-7. [PMID: 1528997 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to determine if the cholinomimetic activity of the psychotropic drug minaprine was related to the amelioration of the delayed neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Minaprine improved the passive avoidance deficit induced by cerebral ischemia, and the histopathological ischemic neuronal changes in the hippocampal CA1 neurons were diminished. These effects were completely inhibited by treatment with the cholinergic blocker scopolamine. Rectal temperature fell about 1.5 degrees C immediately after cerebral ischemia and hyperthermia occurred 30 and 60 min after recirculation. Minaprine had no effect on body temperature before or after ischemia. Physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), drugs which stimulate the cholinergic system, improved passive avoidance deficits and prevented the delayed neuronal death. These effects of physostigmine and THA were completely inhibited by scopolamine. Pentobarbital and diazepam also improved the passive avoidance deficit and prevented the destruction of CA1 neurons. In contrast with minaprine, these effects of pentobarbital and diazepam were not inhibited by scopolamine. As the protective effect of minaprine against ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death is related to cholinomimetic activities, these events differ from those seen with pentobarbital and diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Ambrogi Lorenzini C, Baldi E, Bucherelli C, Tassoni G. Minaprine cancels scopolamine effects on the rat's acquisition of passive avoidance responses in two multitrial paradigms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 41:715-8. [PMID: 1594638 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The antiamnesic activity of minaprine has been studied in male Wistar rats. Two multitrial paradigms were employed: the light-dark box test (aversive stimulus: 0.6-mA foot-shocks) and the tail-handling test (aversive stimulus: manual tail-handling). In both paradigms, intraperitoneal scopolamine administration 30 min before testing significantly impaired the acquisition of the passive avoidance conditioned response. There were no significant differences in either paradigm between control rats and those to whom scopolamine and minaprine were simultaneously administered. These results show that minaprine fully protects the acquisition process of conditioned responses against scopolamine impairment not only in one-trial tests but also in multitrial paradigms. The effects of minaprine in reversing memory deficits are discussed in relation to its stimulating activity on central cholinergic systems.
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Davi H, Bonnet JM, Berger Y. Disposition of minaprine in animals and in human extensive and limited debrisoquine hydroxylators. Xenobiotica 1992; 22:171-84. [PMID: 1632106 DOI: 10.3109/00498259209046615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The disposition of 14C-minaprine was studied after oral administration of 5 and 20 mg/kg to rats, dogs and macaques, and of 200 mg to human volunteers with a genetic status of either limited or extensive hydroxylation of debrisoquine. 2. The drug was readily absorbed and a large proportion of the administered radioactivity was excreted within 48 h. The total excretion over 5 days ranged from 83% in monkeys to almost 100% in human with a status of extensive hydroxylators. 3. In the two limited hydroxylators Cmax values of total radioactivity in plasma were 4.6 and 3.7 mg equiv/l respectively. Those in the two extensive hydroxylators were 1.9 and 1.6 respectively. The highest value in the animal species was 8.1 in rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Plasma Cmax values of minaprine were 4.0 and 1.4 mg/l in limited hydroxylators and 0.35 and 0.23 mg/l in extensive ones. The highest value in the animal species was 2.7 mg/l in dogs treated with 20 mg/kg. 4. In rats and dogs, the ratios of the plasma AUC values for 20 mg/5 mg doses were close to those of the ratios of the doses administered, whereas in the macaque a slower clearance of radioactivity occurred with the higher dose (t 1/2 beta 5.5 h at 5 mg/kg dose versus 25.7 h at 20 mg/kg dose). 5. Marked species differences were observed in the metabolic pathways. The dog and limited hydroxylators showed higher levels of minaprine and its N-oxide (M4) whereas p-hydroxy-minaprine (M3) prevailed in monkey, rat and extensive hydroxylators. 6. In dogs only, seizures appeared within 10-15 min after dosage with minaprine at 20 mg/kg, when the concentrations of minaprine in erythrocytes (6.9 mg/l) and of M4 in plasma (0.40 mg/l) and erythrocytes (0.25 mg/l), were high. 7. The measurements and clinical observations indicate that onset of an adverse behavioural response in humans is unlikely at the dose of 200 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Davi
- Sanofi Recherche, Service de Métabolisme et Pharmacocinétique, Montpellier, France
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Kuznetsov SG, Ramsh SM, Zmyvalova AG. Selective muscarinic ligands (a review). Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00773189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Anderson DJ, Decker MW, Arneric SP, Cadman E, Buckley MJ, Vella-Rountree L, Williams M. Aminopyridazine muscarinic agonist, SR 95639A, is a functional M2 receptor antagonist in rat brain. Drug Dev Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430240109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fantetti L, Ghelardini C, Malcangio M, Malmberg-Aiello, P, Giotti A, Bartolini A. Central antinociceptive effect of minaprine. Pharmacol Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(09)80229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Araki H, Karasawa Y, Okuyama S, Otomo S. Cholinomimetic activity of minaprine is related to the amerioration of delayed neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. Eur J Pharmacol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)94263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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