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Ji H, Wang Y, Bai Y, Li X, Qiu L, Jin Z. Application of cyclodextrinase in non-complexant production of γ-cyclodextrin. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2930. [PMID: 31622540 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The production of γ-cyclodextrin usually includes the utilization of organic complexants. However, the non-complexant production of γ-cyclodextrin is always being explored due to the defects of organic complexants. However, in non-complexant production, the separation of γ-cyclodextrin from α- and β-cyclodextrin is still a challenge. Here, the selective hydrolysis ability of a cyclodextrinase designated PpCD (cyclodextrinase from Palaeococcus pacificus) on α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin was proved. The kcat /Km values of PpCD for α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin were roughly 12-fold and 5-fold higher than that of γ-cyclodextrin. It was proved that PpCD had selective hydrolysis ability and its γ-cyclodextrin purification performance was apparent on various simulated cyclodextrin mixtures with reported proportions derived from different CGTases. Besides, the hydrolysis temperature was optimized and it could be seen that 85°C was appropriate for the production of γ-cyclodextrin. In addition, the production of γ-cyclodextrin was achieved by using PpCD in the γ-CGTase reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lizhong Qiu
- Zhucheng Xingmao Corn Developing Co., Ltd, Weifang, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Sonnendecker C, Melzer S, Zimmermann W. Engineered cyclodextrin glucanotransferases from Bacillus sp. G-825-6 produce large-ring cyclodextrins with high specificity. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00757. [PMID: 30358941 PMCID: PMC6562119 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) synthesize cyclic oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins, CD) from starch. A CGTase from Bacillus sp. G-825-6 was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis at two positions by the construction of the variants Y183W, Y183R, D358R, Y183W/D358R, and Y183R/D358R. Among CD composed of 7-12 glucose units (CD7-CD12), Y183W mainly produced CD8. Y183R had completely lost its ability to synthesize CD7, and CD8 and the larger CD were the only cyclic oligosaccharides produced. D358R also formed mainly CD8-CD12 during a reaction time of 24 hr. The double mutant Y183W/D358R showed combined characteristics of the single mutations with very low CD7 cyclization activity and an increased formation of the larger CD. The results show that CGTases synthesizing mainly CD8-CD12 can be constructed allowing a convenient production of larger CD in significant amounts as host molecules in supramolecular complexing reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonnendecker
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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3
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Kabacaoğlu E, Karakaş Budak B. Heterologous expression of β-γ-type cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of newly isolated alkaliphilic Bacillussp. SD5 in Pichia pastoris. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Kabacaoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering; Department of Food Engineering; Akdeniz University; Antalya Turkey
| | - Barçın Karakaş Budak
- Faculty of Engineering; Department of Food Engineering; Akdeniz University; Antalya Turkey
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4
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Cyclodextrin Glycosyl Transferase (CGTase): An Overview of Their Production and Biotechnological Applications. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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5
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Coelho SLDA, Magalhães VC, Marbach PAS, Cazetta ML. A new alkalophilic isolate of Bacillus as a producer of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase using cassava flour. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:120-8. [PMID: 26887234 PMCID: PMC4822754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes the conversion of starch into non-reducing cyclic sugars, cyclodextrins, which have several industrial applications. This study aimed to establish optimal culture conditions for β-CGTase production by Bacillus sp. SM-02, isolated from soil of cassava industries waste water lake. The optimization was performed by Central Composite Design (CCD) 2, using cassava flour and corn steep liquor as substrates. The maximum production of 1087.9UmL(-1) was obtained with 25.0gL(-1) of cassava flour and 3.5gL(-1) of corn steep after 72h by submerged fermentation. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 55°C, and maintained thermal stability at 55°C for 3h. The enzymatic activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg(+2), Ca(+2), EDTA, K(+), Ba(+2) and Na(+) and inhibited in the presence of Hg(+2), Cu(+2), Fe(+2) and Zn(+2). The results showed that Bacillus sp. SM-02 have good potential for β-CGTase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Lorena de Araújo Coelho
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valter Cruz Magalhães
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phellippe Arthur Santos Marbach
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcia Luciana Cazetta
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
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6
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Melzer S, Sonnendecker C, Föllner C, Zimmermann W. Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activity range and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:528-34. [PMID: 26155461 PMCID: PMC4491590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed random mutagenesis experiments with a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling steps were combined. Variants with a broad pH activity range could be obtained. Several variants showed increased product specificity for γ-cyclodextrin.
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G-825-6 converts starch mainly to γ-cyclodextrin (CD8). A combination of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling was used to obtain variants of this enzyme with higher product specificity for CD8 and a broad pH activity range. The variant S54 with seven amino acid substitutions showed a 1.2-fold increase in CD8-synthesizing activity and the product ratio of CD7:CD8 was shifted to 1:7 compared to 1:3 of the wild-type enzyme. Nine amino acid substitutions of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase were performed to generate the variant S35 active in a pH range 4.0–10.0. Compared to the wild-type enzyme which is inactive below pH 6.0, S35 retained 70% of its CD8-synthesizing activity at pH 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sonnendecker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Föllner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Sequence analysis, cloning and extracellular expression of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase gene from the alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudalcaliphilus 8SB in Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Atanasova N, Kitayska T, Bojadjieva I, Yankov D, Tonkova A. A novel cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudalcaliphilus 20RF: Purification and properties. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Leemhuis H, Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:823-35. [PMID: 19763564 PMCID: PMC2804789 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan M. Kelly
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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10
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Molecular cloning of a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase gene from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. TS1-1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Kanai R, Haga K, Akiba T, Yamane K, Harata K. Role of Phe283 in enzymatic reaction of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp.1011: Substrate binding and arrangement of the catalytic site. Protein Sci 2004; 13:457-65. [PMID: 14739329 PMCID: PMC2286706 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03408504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) belonging to the alpha-amylase family mainly catalyzes transglycosylation and produces cyclodextrins from starch and related alpha-1,4-glucans. The catalytic site of CGTase specifically conserves four aromatic residues, Phe183, Tyr195, Phe259, and Phe283, which are not found in alpha-amylase. To elucidate the structural role of Phe283, we determined the crystal structures of native and acarbose-complexed mutant CGTases in which Phe283 was replaced with leucine (F283L) or tyrosine (F283Y). The temperature factors of the region 259-269 in native F283L increased >10 A(2) compared with the wild type. The complex formation with acarbose not only increased the temperature factors (>10 A(2)) but also changed the structure of the region 257-267. This region is stabilized by interactions of Phe283 with Phe259 and Leu260 and plays an important role in the cyclodextrin binding. The conformation of the side-chains of Glu257, Phe259, His327, and Asp328 in the catalytic site was altered by the mutation of Phe283 with leucine, and this indicates that Phe283 partly arranges the structure of the catalytic site through contacts with Glu257 and Phe259. The replacement of Phe283 with tyrosine decreased the enzymatic activity in the basic pH range. The hydroxyl group of Tyr283 forms hydrogen bonds with the carboxyl group of Glu257, and the pK(a) of Glu257 in F283Y may be lower than that in the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kanai
- Biological Information Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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12
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Lee KW, Shin HD, Lee YH. Catalytic function and affinity purification of site-directed mutant β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus firmus var. alkalophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Kato Y, Asano Y. High-level expression of a novel FMN-dependent heme-containing lyase, phenylacetaldoxime dehydratase of Bacillus sp. strain OxB-1, in heterologous hosts. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 28:131-9. [PMID: 12651117 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the overexpression of a novel FMN-dependent heme-containing lyase, phenylacetaldoxime dehydratase (Oxd) of Bacillus sp. strain OxB-1, in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Several plasmids were constructed to express the enzyme under the control of the lac promoter or its own promoter, together with or without nitrilase and a possible regulatory protein that is present in the wild-type genome. The enzyme was expressed using E. coli transfected with the plasmid pOxD-9OF. Expression was under the control of the lac promoter in the pUC18 vector and was much more effective when the start codon was changed from TTG to ATG. When the transfected cells were grown at 37 degrees C, the enzyme was produced mainly in inactive inclusion bodies, whereas the enzyme was largely soluble and active when the cells were grown at 30 degrees C. The production of active enzyme was markedly enhanced by increasing the volume of culture medium. This had the effect of slowing the rate of apoenzyme synthesis. A slow rate of synthesis allows for a more efficient incorporation of heme cofactor into the apoenzyme than a fast rate of synthesis. Under optimized conditions, the enzyme was produced in an active and soluble form at 15,000U/L of culture, which is about 1500-fold higher than the amount produced by the wild-type strain. Moreover, the enzyme comprised over 40% of total extractable cellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kato
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kosugi, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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14
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Janecek S, Svensson B, MacGregor EA. Relation between domain evolution, specificity, and taxonomy of the alpha-amylase family members containing a C-terminal starch-binding domain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:635-45. [PMID: 12581203 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-amylase family (glycoside hydrolase family 13; GH 13) contains enzymes with approximately 30 specificities. Six types of enzyme from the family can possess a C-terminal starch-binding domain (SBD): alpha-amylase, maltotetraohydrolase, maltopentaohydrolase, maltogenic alpha-amylase, acarviose transferase, and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). Such enzymes are multidomain proteins and those that contain an SBD consist of four or five domains, the former enzymes being mainly hydrolases and the latter mainly transglycosidases. The individual domains are labelled A [the catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel], B, C, D and E (SBD), but D is lacking from the four-domain enzymes. Evolutionary trees were constructed for domains A, B, C and E and compared with the 'complete-sequence tree'. The trees for domains A and B and the complete-sequence tree were very similar and contain two main groups of enzymes, an amylase group and a CGTase group. The tree for domain C changed substantially, the separation between the amylase and CGTase groups being shortened, and a new border line being suggested to include the Klebsiella and Nostoc CGTases (both four-domain proteins) with the four-domain amylases. In the 'SBD tree' the border between hydrolases (mainly alpha-amylases) and transglycosidases (principally CGTases) was not readily defined, because maltogenic alpha-amylase, acarviose transferase, and the archaeal CGTase clustered together at a distance from the main CGTase cluster. Moreover the four-domain CGTases were rooted in the amylase group, reflecting sequence relationships for the SBD. It appears that with respect to the SBD, evolution in GH 13 shows a transition in the segment of the proteins C-terminal to the catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel(domain A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Janecek
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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15
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Uitdehaag JC, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase reaction and product specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1543:336-360. [PMID: 11150613 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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van der Veen BA, Uitdehaag JC, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. The role of arginine 47 in the cyclization and coupling reactions of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans strain 251 implications for product inhibition and product specificity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:3432-41. [PMID: 10848958 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) (EC 2.4.1.19) is used for the industrial production of cyclodextrins. Its application, however, is hampered by the limited cyclodextrin product specificity and the strong inhibitory effect of cyclodextrins on CGTase activity. Recent structural studies have identified Arg47 in the Bacillus circulans strain 251 CGTase as an active-site residue interacting with cyclodextrins, but not with linear oligosaccharides. Arg47 thus may specifically affect CGTase reactions with cyclic substrates or products. Here we show that mutations in Arg47 (to Leu or Gln) indeed have a negative effect on the cyclization and coupling activities; Arg47 specifically stabilizes the oligosaccharide chain in the transition state for these reactions. As a result, the mutant proteins display a shift in product specificity towards formation of larger cyclodextrins. As expected, both mutants also showed lower affinities for cyclodextrins in the coupling reaction, and a reduced competitive (product) inhibition of the disproportionation reaction by cyclodextrins. Both mutants also provide valuable information about the processes taking place during cyclodextrin production assays. Mutant Arg47-->Leu displayed an increased hydrolyzing activity, causing accumulation of increasing amounts of short oligosaccharides in the reaction mixture, which resulted in lower final amounts of cyclodextrins produced from starch. Interestingly, mutant Arg47-->Gln displayed an increased ratio of cyclization/coupling and a decreased hydrolyzing activity. Due to the decreased coupling activity, which especially affects the production of larger cyclodextrins, this CGTase variant produced the various cyclodextrins in a stable ratio in time. This feature is very promising for the industrial application of CGTase enzymes with improved product specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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17
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Yamamoto T, Shiraki K, Fujiwara S, Takagi M, Fukui K, Imanaka T. In vitro heat effect on functional and conformational changes of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from hyperthermophilic archaea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:57-61. [PMID: 10548490 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro heat effect on protein characteristics of thermostable enzyme was examined using a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sp. B1001 as a model protein. The recombinant form of CGTase was obtained as an inclusion body from Escherichia coli cells harboring a plasmid which carried the B1001 CGTase gene (cgtA). CGTase was solubilized by 6 M urea, refolded, purified to homogeneity, and heat treated at 80 degrees C for 20 min. Enzyme characteristics were examined compared with those of unheated CGTase. Cyclization activity was increased by in vitro heat treatment, while hydrolysis activity was decreased. The heated and unheated CGTases were analyzed for structures by circular dichroism (CD). The near- and far-UV CD spectra indicated that the structure of unheated CGTase with low cyclization activity was different from that of heated CGTase with high activity. Differential scanning calorimetry of unheated CGTase showed two absorption peaks at 87 and 106 degrees C with increasing temperature. After heat treatment, the minor peak at 87 degrees C disappeared, suggesting that heat-dependent structural conversion occurred in CGTase. These results indicate that the thermal environment plays an important role for the protein folding process of thermostable CGTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Kim MH, Sohn CB, Oh TK. Cloning and sequencing of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase gene from Brevibacillus brevis CD162 and its expression in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 164:411-8. [PMID: 9682490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) gene of Brevibacillus brevis CD162 was cloned into Escherichia coli using pUC19 as a vector. Determination of the nucleotide sequence showed the presence of an open reading frame of 2079 bp encoding a polypeptide of 693 amino acid residues, composed of a 20-amino acid signal sequence and a 673-amino acid mature enzyme. Neither a TATA- nor a TTGA-like sequence was observed within the cloned DNA fragment. However, the fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli by the lac promoter of pUC19 and 74% of the total activity was secreted into the fermentation medium. The amino acid sequence of the mature CGTase showed the highest homology of 86% to that of Bacillus sp. KC201. The CGTase purified to homogeneity from the recombinant E. coli exhibited the same properties as those of native CGTase from Brevibacillus brevis CD162 in terms of molecular mass, reaction conditions, stability and the production of cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yusung, Taejon, South Korea
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19
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20
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Janecek S. alpha-Amylase family: molecular biology and evolution. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 67:67-97. [PMID: 9401418 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(97)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Nishida T, Nakamura A, Masaki H, Uozumi T. Regulation of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase synthesis in Bacillus ohbensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 149:221-6. [PMID: 9141663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) by Bacillus ohbensis is dependent on the presence of starch and inhibited by glucose in the medium. Northern blot analysis revealed that the CGTase gene (cgt) was transcribed to almost the same level irrespective of the presence or absence of starch, but glucose completely repressed the transcription. Furthermore, a relatively high amount of CGTase protein was detected on Western blotting only in the medium with starch, showing the lack of posttranslational control of the CGTase activity. These findings suggest some starch induction mechanism for the cgt gene, possibly at the posttranscriptional level, besides negative transcriptional regulation by glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishida
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Nógrády N, Pócsi I, Katona É, Jeney V, Boross P, Tözsér J, Fachet J, Szentirmai A. Soluble cell-bound and extracellular cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases ofBacillus macerans show identical enzymological characteristics and antigenicity. J Basic Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620360507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Wind RD, Liebl W, Buitelaar RM, Penninga D, Spreinat A, Dijkhuizen L, Bahl H. Cyclodextrin formation by the thermostable alpha-amylase of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes EM1 and reclassification of the enzyme as a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1257-65. [PMID: 7747949 PMCID: PMC167382 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1257-1265.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive characterization of the thermostable alpha-amylase of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1, recently reclassified as Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes, clearly demonstrated that the enzyme is a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). Product analysis after incubation of the enzyme with starch revealed formation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins, as well as linear sugars. The specific activity for cyclization of this CGTase was similar to those of other CGTases, whereas the specific activity for hydrolysis was relatively high in comparison with other CGTases. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the T. thermosulfurigenes enzyme with sequences from known bacterial CGTases showed high homology. The four consensus regions of carbohydrate-converting enzymes, as well as a C-terminal raw-starch binding motif, could be identified in the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Wind
- Agrotechnological Research Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Mattsson P, Battchikova N, Sippola K, Korpela T. The role of histidine residues in the catalytic act of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1247:97-103. [PMID: 7873597 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study on cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) by chemical modification implied the importance of one or two histidine residues in the cyclization reaction of the enzyme. Based on a computer modelled three-dimensional structure of the CGTase, five histidine residues were chosen as targets for the site-directed mutagenesis. The histidine residues 98, 140, 233 and 327 were replaced by aspartate and His-177 by proline using polymerase chain reaction-mediated techniques. The CGTase variants H98D, H140D, H233D and H327D resulted in a profound decrease in the cyclizing and amylolytic activities, while mutation H177P had little influence on the activities but affected the thermal stability and the width of the pH optimum. It is suggested that His-98 functions as (or as a significant part of) the subsite 2 for the binding of the substrate in CGTase and therefore H98D destabilizes the intermediate for cyclization, but does not markedly affect the hydrolytic reactions. Mutants H140D and H233D produced only minor amounts of alpha-cyclodextrin, did not exhibit substrate inhibition with maltotriose and showed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It is proposed that the variants H140D, H233D and H327D cause steric hindrances near the active center, while mutation H177D has similar consequences on the same site spatially.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattsson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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25
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Sin KA, Nakamura A, Masaki H, Matsuura Y, Uozumi T. Replacement of an amino acid residue of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase of Bacillus ohbensis doubles the production of gamma-cyclodextrin. J Biotechnol 1994; 32:283-8. [PMID: 7764720 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase; EC 2.4.1.19) produces cyclodextrin (CD) from starch through an intramolecular transglucosylation reaction. To obtain a better understanding of the amylolytic and cyclization mechanisms of CGTase, and furthermore to improve the production of gamma-CD, mutant CGTases were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of the CGTase gene of Bacillus ohbensis replacing Tyr at position 188 by 19 other amino acids. All mutant enzymes retained both starch-degrading and CD synthesizing activities to various extents. Among them, a mutant enzyme having Trp instead of Tyr-188 produced 15% of gamma-CD from soluble starch, which is about twice as much as the amount produced by the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Kitamoto N, Kimura T, Kito Y, Ohmiya K. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. KC201. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(92)90029-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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