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Seifati SM, Nasirizadeh N, Azimzadeh M. Nano-biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles, for detection of phenylketonuria-associated DNA mutation. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:417-422. [PMID: 29768223 PMCID: PMC8676255 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU)-associated DNA mutation in newborn children can be harmful to his health and early detection is the best way to inhibit consequences. A novel electrochemical nano-biosensor was developed for PKU detection, based on signal amplification using nanomaterials, e.g. gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated on the reduced graphene oxide sheet on the screen-printed carbon electrode. The fabrication steps were checked by field emission scanning electron microscope imaging as well as cyclic voltammetry analysis. The specific alkanethiol single-stranded DNA probes were attached by self-assembly methodology on the AuNPs surface and Oracet blue was used as an intercalating electrochemical label. The results showed the detection limit of 21.3 fM and the dynamic range of 80-1200 fM. Moreover, the selectivity results represented a great specificity of the nano-biosensor for its specific target DNA oligo versus other non-specific sequences. The real sample simulation was performed successfully with almost no difference than a synthetic buffer solution environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Seifati
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, 8941673155 Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, 8916871967 Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 8916188635 Yazd, Iran
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2
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Tighe O, Dunican D, O'Neill C, Bertorelle G, Beattie D, Graham C, Zschocke J, Cali F, Romano V, Hrabincova E, Kozak L, Nechyporenko M, Livshits L, Guldberg P, Jurkowska M, Zekanowski C, Perez B, Desviat LR, Ugarte M, Kucinskas V, Knappskog P, Treacy E, Naughten E, Tyfield L, Byck S, Scriver CR, Mayne PD, Croke DT. Genetic diversity within the R408W phenylketonuria mutation lineages in Europe. Hum Mutat 2003; 21:387-93. [PMID: 12655548 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The R408W phenylketonuria mutation in Europe has arisen by recurrent mutation in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus and is associated with two major PAH haplotypes. R408W-2.3 exhibits a west-to-east cline of relative frequency reaching its maximum in the Balto-Slavic region, while R408W-1.8 exhibits an east-to-west cline peaking in Connacht, the most westerly province of Ireland. Spatial autocorrelation analysis has demonstrated that the R408W-2.3 cline, like that of R408W-1.8, is consistent with a pattern likely to have been established by human dispersal. Genetic diversity within wild-type and R408W chromosomes in Europe was assessed through variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) nucleotide sequence variation and tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) allelic associations. Wild-type VNTR-8 chromosomes exhibited two major cassette sequence organizations: (a1)5-b3-b2-c1 and (a1)5-b5-b2-c1. R408W-1.8 was predominantly associated with (a1)5-B5-B2-C1. Both wild-type vntr-3 and r408w-2.3 chromosomes exhibited a single invariant cassette sequence organization, a2-b2-c1. STR allele distributions associated with the cassette variants were consistent with greater diversity in the wild-type VNTR-8 lineage and were suggestive of different levels of diversity between R408W-1.8 and R408W-2.3. The finding of greater genetic diversity within the wild-type VNTR-8 lineage compared to VNTR-3 suggests that VNTR-8 may be older within the European population. However, in the absence of a more extensive STR data-set, no such conclusions are possible for the respective R408W mutant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Tighe
- Department of Pathology and National Centre for Newborn Screening, The Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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O'Donnell KA, O'Neill C, Tighe O, Bertorelle G, Naughten E, Mayne PD, Croke DT. The mutation spectrum of hyperphenylalaninaemia in the Republic of Ireland: the population history of the Irish revisited. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:530-8. [PMID: 12173030 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 05/13/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuric and hyperphenylalaninaemic patients in the population of the Republic of Ireland were screened for mutations at the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus. A composite data set for the island of Ireland was generated by merging the findings of this study with extant data for Northern Ireland. Analysis of this data on the basis of the four historic provinces (Munster, Leinster, Connacht and Ulster) revealed genetic diversity that is informative in terms of demographic forces that shaped the Irish population. R408W, the predominant Irish PAH mutation associated with haplotype 1.8, reached its highest relative frequency in the most westerly province, Connacht. This suggests that the gradient of R408W-1.8 observed across north-western Europe continues into Ireland and peaks in Connacht. Spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrated that the gradient is consistent with a localised cline of R408W-1.8 likely to have been established by human migration. This and parallel allele frequency clines may represent the genetic traces of the Palaeolithic colonisation of Europe, a pattern not substantially altered in north-western Europe by subsequent Neolithic migrations. An analysis of mutant allele distributions in Ulster, Scotland and the rest of Ireland confirmed that Ulster has been a zone of considerable admixture between the Irish and Scottish populations, indicating a proportion of Scottish admixture in Ulster approaching 46%. Mutations primarily associated with Scandinavia accounted for 6.1% of mutations overall, illustrating the influence of Viking incursions on Irish population history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A O'Donnell
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Republic of Ireland
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4
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Abstract
The primary objective of this article was to overview the present-day knowledge on genetic features of the Lithuanian population. Genetic differentiation within the Lithuanian population and the relationship between Lithuanians and other European populations was analysed by means of blood groups, serum protein polymorphisms and DNA markers including mtDNA. The results of the research have shown small differences between present-day Lithuanian ethnolinguistic groups, which probably go back to the prehistoric Baltic tribal structure. The Baltic peoples show a mixture of eastern and western genetic traits, e.g. a high frequency of the blood group B combined with a very high frequency of the Rh-negative blood group. Studies of the Baltic 'tribal gene' LWb indicate the presence of a considerable Baltic admixture in the neighbouring Finno-Ugric and Slavic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ku inskas
- Human Genetics Centre, Vilnius University, Lithuania.
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5
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Varon R, Stuhrmann M, Macek M, Kufardjieva A, Angelicheva D, Magdorf K, Jordanova A, Savov A, Wahn U, Macek M. Pancreatic insufficiency and pulmonary disease in German and Slavic cystic fibrosis patients with the R347P mutation. Hum Mutat 1995; 6:219-25. [PMID: 8535440 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that codes for a cAMP-regulated chloride channel. The R347P is a missense mutation located within the first membrane spanning domain (MSD1) of the CFTR protein. This mutation occurs with an overall worldwide frequency of about 0.2%. The patients, originally described with this mutation were compound heterozygotes with the delta F508 mutation and had a very mild course of CF, suggesting that R347P, similar to other missense mutations affecting the MSD1 domain, causes a mild phenotype. We report here a group of 19 CF patients with the R347P mutation of German, Bulgarian, Czech, and Slovak origin, including two homozygotes. Most patients presented with early disease onset, pancreas insufficiency (PI), and early pulmonary involvement, suggesting that this mutation can lead to a severe course of CF. Most R347P alleles in the group studied share a common polymorphic haplotype. In addition, these analyses gave evidence for recurrence of the mutation in two CF patients of German and Czech origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Varon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Free University, Berlin, Germany
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Kádasi L, Poláková H, Feráková E, Hudecová S, Bohusová T, Szomolayová I, Strnová J, Hruskovic I, Moschonas NK, Ferák V. PKU in Slovakia: mutation screening and haplotype analysis. Hum Genet 1995; 95:112-4. [PMID: 7814013 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotypes and seven common mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene were analysed in 49 unrelated Slovak phenylketonuria (PKU) families of Caucasian origin. The predominant mutation in this population sample is R408W, with a frequency of 45.9%. In addition, four other mutations have been identified at relatively high frequencies: IVS12nt1, 10.2%; R158Q, 7.1%; R261Q, 7.1%; R252W, 2.0%. The mutation-haplotype associations correspond to those described in other European populations. The high proportion of mutations (72.4%) amenable to simple rapid detection based on the polymerase chain reaction provides a good basis for direct DNA-diagnosis of PKU in the Slovak population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kádasi
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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7
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Eisensmith RC, Woo SL. Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria: from molecular anthropology to gene therapy. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1995; 32:199-271. [PMID: 7741023 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Eisensmith
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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8
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O'Neill CA, Eisensmith RC, Croke DT, Naughten ER, Cahalane SF, Woo SL. Molecular analysis of PKU in Ireland. ACTA PAEDIATRICA (OSLO, NORWAY : 1992). SUPPLEMENT 1994; 407:43-4. [PMID: 7766956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Classical phenylketonuria (PKU: McKusick No. 261600) is caused by mutations occurring at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus on chromosome 12 and has a prevalence in Ireland of 1 in 4500. We examined 304 independent alleles from 350 patients for the presence of six mutations and have characterized VNTR alleles within the minisatellite region 3' to the PAH gene in patients carrying the most prevalent mutation. R408W was the most common mutation found, with a relative frequency of 42%. All other mutations had relative frequencies of < 10%. VNTR analysis showed that the R408W mutation is associated with the VNTR-8 allele in the Irish population, indicating that R408W is associated with RFLP haplotype 1. This differs from that reported from eastern Europe where R408W is associated with RFLP haplotype 2/VNTR-3; an observation which has led several groups to propose a Balto-Slavic origin for this mutation. These results support the hypothesis of a second, independent founding event for the R408W mutation on an RFLP haplotype 1 VNTR-8 chromosome background in the Irish/Celtic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A O'Neill
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Eisensmith RC, Woo SL. Population genetics of phenylketonuria. ACTA PAEDIATRICA (OSLO, NORWAY : 1992). SUPPLEMENT 1994; 407:19-26. [PMID: 7766949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a large number of mutations at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus, most of which are strongly associated with specific RFLP or VNTR haplotypes. One of the major questions remaining in PKU research is why this apparently maladaptive disorder has been maintained at a frequency of approximately 1 in 10,000 among Caucasians. A growing number of studies have provided evidence that both the relatively high frequency of PKU and the strong mutation/haplotype associations might reflect the existence of multiple founding populations for PKU. Examples of putative founding populations for PKU in both Europe and Asia will be presented. Some PAH mutations are associated with multiple haplotypes, suggesting recurrence. Evidence for and against recurrence as the mechanism responsible for the association of the R408W mutation with RFLP haplotypes 1 and 2 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Eisensmith
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jaruzelska J, Matuszak R, Lyonnet S, Rey F, Rey J, Filipowicz J, Borski K, Munnich A. Genetic background of clinical homogeneity of phenylketonuria in Poland. J Med Genet 1993; 30:232-4. [PMID: 8097262 PMCID: PMC1016306 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the clinical homogeneity and severity of the hyperphenylalaninaemias in Poland, a total of 71 children with typical phenylketonuria (PKU) originating from western and northern Poland were screened for 13 mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Eighty percent of all PKU alleles tested were found to carry an identified mutation. One mutation, namely the R408W mutation, accounted for more than 63% of mutant PAH alleles in Poland, the other 27% being accounted for by six mutations: IVS12nt1 (5%), IVSnt546 (5%), Y414C (4%), R252W (1.5%), R261Q (< 1%), and G272ter (< 1%). The predominance of the R408W mutation resulted in a high rate of homozygotes (35.2%) and compound heterozygotes for this mutation in children from western and northern Poland. The frequency and deleterious nature of this mutation probably accounts for the clinical homogeneity and severity of the hyperphenylalaninaemias in Poland. In addition, the high rate of the R408W mutation and its association with mutant haplotype 2 at the PAH locus in Poland give additional support to the Balto-Slavic origin of this mutant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaruzelska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań
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11
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Kozák L, Dvoráková D, Pijácková A, Kamarýt J. Haplotype distribution at the phenylalanine hydroxylase locus in PKU families from the Moravian area of Czechoslovakia. J Inherit Metab Dis 1993; 16:451-6. [PMID: 8105144 DOI: 10.1007/bf00710297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of 21 families affected with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) from the Moravian area of Czechoslovakia has revealed 12 different RFLP haplotypes. Nine and eight haplotypes were associated with the normal and with the mutant alleles, respectively. Most normal alleles are associated with haplotype 1 (42.9%). Almost 80% of all mutant alleles are confined within only three haplotypes (1, 2 and 4). There was a strong association between haplotype 2 and the Czech mutant alleles (61.9% of the mutant alleles compared with 4.8% of the normal alleles). There was linkage disequilibrium between this haplotype and the R408W mutation in exon 12. Two mutant haplotypes 7 were found and in both cases they were tightly linked with G272ter mutation. Our finding is in agreement with observations in other Eastern European countries. These data provide further support for the theories of the spread of the R408W mutation from east to west in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kozák
- Research Institute of Child Health, Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, Brno, Czechoslovakia
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12
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Barić I, Mardesić D, Gjurić G, Sarnavka V, Göbel-Schreiner B, Lichter-Konecki U, Konecki DS, Trefz FK. Haplotype distribution and mutations at the PAH locus in Croatia. Hum Genet 1992; 90:155-7. [PMID: 1358784 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes and mutations at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus have been studied in 25 unrelated families from Croatia. The results of RFLP analysis demonstrated that 80% of the mutant alleles were associated with three haplotypes (1, 2 and 4). Eight mutations were detected on the background of six mutant haplotypes, comprising 68% of phenylketonuria (PKU) alleles in Croatia. The mutation in codon 408 was most frequent, as was the haplotype 2 allele with which it was associated. These data are in accordance with formerly published population genetic analyses at the PAH locus, and with studies revealing the molecular basis of the phenotypic heterogeneity of PKU. The codon 281 mutation was more frequent in Croatia than previously observed in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Rebro, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Kalaydjieva L, Dworniczak B, Kremensky I, Koprivarova K, Radeva B, Milusheva R, Aulehla-Scholz C, Horst J. Heterogeneity of mutations in Bulgarian phenylketonuria haplotype 1 and 4 alleles. Clin Genet 1992; 41:123-8. [PMID: 1563085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1992.tb03647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A study of Bulgarian patients with classical PKU demonstrated that haplotypes 1 and 4 carry a significant number of rare molecular defects resulting from independent mutational events. Differences in mutations associated with these common haplotypes exist even between populations which share a common major PKU mutation. Some amino acid substitutions, previously reported to lead to mild phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, were detected in the present study in compound heterozygotes with severe PKU. These findings preclude carrier testing and hyperphenylalaninemia typing by genomic analysis at least in the heterogeneous Bulgarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kalaydjieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Dworniczak B, Kalaydjieva L, Pankoke S, Aulehla-Scholz C, Allen G, Horst J. Analysis of exon 7 of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: A mutation hot spot? Hum Mutat 1992; 1:138-46. [PMID: 1363786 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Complete sequence analysis of 194 human phenylalanine hydroxylase genes from PKU patients originating from West Germany and Bulgaria revealed 13 different mutations within exon 7 of the gene. Four of these mutations (T238P: ACT-->CCT; L242F:CTC-->TTC; R252G:CGG-->GGG; and 1043 delta 11: nt 1043-nt 1053 deleted) have so far not been described in the literature. Including these new mutations at least 21 different gene lesions and one sequence polymorphism exist for exon 7. Despite this large number unbiased calculation of the mutation frequency/exon size ratio does not provide conclusive evidence that exon 7 is a hot spot for disease causing mutations. Extensive screening during our experiments also failed to demonstrate the existence of excessive polymorphism in this part of the gene. It might therefore be speculated that the functional importance of the highly conserved exon 7 sequence accounts for the clustering of observed mutations which result in clinically manifest PKU. In addition we report our experience in regard to the resolution capacity of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a nonradioactive technique for the rapid screening of unknown mutations in exon 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dworniczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, WWU, Münster, Germany
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15
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Kleiman S, Bernstein J, Schwartz G, Eisensmith RC, Woo SL, Shiloh Y. A defective splice site at the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria and benign hyperphenylalaninemia among Palestinian Arabs. Hum Mutat 1992; 1:340-3. [PMID: 1301942 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and benign hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) result from different combinations of mutations at the locus for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). While some of these mutations show widespread ethnic distribution, others are unique to specific communities. We report here the first point mutation common among Palestinian Arabs. The mutation (IVS2nt1) involves a dinucleotide substitution (Gg-->Aa) at the donor splice site of intron 2 of the PAH gene and abolishes a recognition site of the restriction enzyme MnlI. IVS2nt1 is associated with two PAH polymorphic haplotypes, 7 and 42. Homozygotes for this mutation are affected with severe, classical PKU. Compound heterozygotes carrying the IVS2nt1 allele and one of several other yet unknown mutations show different degrees of benign HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kleiman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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16
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Zygulska M, Eigel A, Dworniczak B, Sutkowska A, Pietrzyk JJ, Horst J. Phenylketonuria in Poland: 66% of PKU alleles are caused by three mutations. Hum Genet 1991; 88:91-4. [PMID: 1683647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00204935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the molecular basis of phenylketonuria (PKU) in the Polish population, we screened 44 mutant chromosomes from PKU probands for six known mutations, frequently occurring in western European countries, by polymerase chain reaction amplification of their genomic DNA and hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotides. Our results show that the majority (66%) of all PKU alleles are characterized by three different mutations: in codon 408 (56.8%), codon 158 (6.8%) and codon 261 (2.27%). Of the mutant haplotype 2 alleles, 96% were linked to the mutation in codon 408. Out of five mutant haplotype 4 alleles, three showed the codon 158 mutation, and out of four mutant haplotype 1 alleles, one had the codon 261 mutation. In two families, MspI digests revealed an additional 13.5-kb band similar in length to that previously reported. However, analysis of exon 9 excluded the presence of the T to C transition originally described, indicating a new MspI variant in the Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zygulska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Academy, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Dworniczak B, Aulehla-Scholz C, Kalaydjieva L, Bartholomé K, Grudda K, Horst J. Aberrant splicing of phenylalanine hydroxylase mRNA: the major cause for phenylketonuria in parts of southern Europe. Genomics 1991; 11:242-6. [PMID: 1769645 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a mutation within the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene that causes aberrant splicing of the mRNA and that is in tight association with chromosomal haplotypes 6, 10, and 36. Because of the high frequency of these particular haplotypes in Bulgaria, Italy, and Turkey, it appears to be one of the more frequent defects in the PAH gene causing classical phenylketonuria in this part of Europe. The mutation is a G to A transition at position 546 in intron 10 of the PAH gene, 11 bp upstream from the intron 10/exon 11 boundary. It activates a cryptic splice site and results in an in-frame insertion of 9 nucleotides between exon 10 and exon 11 of the processed mRNA. Normal amounts of liver PAH protein are present in homozygous patients, but no catalytic activity can be detected. This loss of enzyme activity is probably caused by conformational changes resulting from the insertion of three additional amino acids (Gly-Leu-Gln) between the normal sequences encoded by exon 10 and exon 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dworniczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, WWU, Münster, Germany
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