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Energy content of krill and amphipods in the Barents Sea from summer to winter: variation across species and size. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractArctic zooplankton develop large energy reserves, as an adaptation to strong seasonality, making them valuable prey items. We quantified the energy content (kJ g−1 dry weight) of abundant krill (arcto-boreal, Thysanoessa inermis and boreal, Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and amphipods (Arctic, Themisto libellula and sub-Arctic-boreal, Themisto abyssorum) in the Barents Sea in late summer (August) and early winter (December). Variation in energy content was attributed to species-specific traits and body size categories, the latter in part as a proxy for ontogeny. T. inermis had the highest energy content, (Aug: 26.8 ± 1.5 (SD) kJ g−1) and remained similar from summer to winter. Energy content increased in M. norvegica and decreased in both amphipod species, with the lowest energy content being in T. abyssorum (Dec: 17.8 ± 0.8 kJ g−1). The effect of body size varied between species, with energy content increasing with size in T. inermis and T. libellula, and no change with size in M. norvegica and T. abyssorum. The reproductive stages of T. libellula differed in energy content, being highest in gravid females. Energy content varied with species’ dependence on energy storage. Our findings highlight how phylogenetically and morphologically similar prey items cannot necessarily be considered equal from a predator´s perspective. Energetically, the northern T. inermis was higher quality compared to the more southern M. norvegica, and mostly so during summer. Ecological models and management strategies should consider such variation in prey quality, especially as Arctic borealization is expected to change species composition and the energetic landscape for predators.
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Under-ice observations by trawls and multi-frequency acoustics in the Central Arctic Ocean reveals abundance and composition of pelagic fauna. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1000. [PMID: 36653387 PMCID: PMC9849409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid ongoing changes in the Central Arctic Ocean call for baseline information on the pelagic fauna. However, sampling for motile organisms which easily escape vertically towed nets is challenging. Here, we report the species composition and catch weight of pelagic fishes and larger zooplankton from 12 trawl hauls conducted in ice covered waters in the Central Arctic Ocean beyond the continental slopes in late summer. Combined trawl catches with acoustics data revealed low amounts of fish and zooplankton from the advective influenced slope region in the Nansen Basin in the south to the ice-covered deep Amundsen Basin in the north. Both arctic and subarctic-boreal species, including the ones considered as Atlantic expatriate species were found all the way to 87.5o N. We found three fish species (Boreogadus saida, Benthosema glaciale and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), but the catch was limited to only seven individuals. Euphausiids, amphipods and gelatinous zooplankton dominated the catch weight in the Nansen Basin in the mesopelagic communities. Euphausiids were almost absent in the Amundsen Basin with copepods, amphipods, chaetognaths and gelatinous zooplankton dominating. We postulate asymmetric conditions in the pelagic ecosystems of the western and eastern Eurasian Basin caused by ice and ocean circulation regimes.
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Botterell ZLR, Bergmann M, Hildebrandt N, Krumpen T, Steinke M, Thompson RC, Lindeque PK. Microplastic ingestion in zooplankton from the Fram Strait in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154886. [PMID: 35364160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some of the highest microplastic concentrations in marine environments have been reported from the Fram Strait in the Arctic. This region supports a diverse ecosystem dependent on high concentrations of zooplankton at the base of the food web. Zooplankton samples were collected during research cruises using Bongo and MOCNESS nets in the boreal summers of 2018 and 2019. Using FTIR scanning spectroscopy in combination with an automated polymer identification approach, we show that all five species of Arctic zooplankton investigated had ingested microplastics. Amphipod species, found in surface waters or closely associated with sea ice, had ingested significantly more microplastic per individual (Themisto libellula: 1.8, Themisto abyssorrum: 1, Apherusa glacialis: 1) than copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus: 0.21, Calanus glacialis/finmarchicus: 0.01). The majority of microplastics ingested were below 50 μm in size, all were fragments and several different polymer types were present. We quantified microplastics in water samples collected at six of the same stations as the Calanus using an underway sampling system (inlet at 6.5 m water depth). Fragments of several polymer types and anthropogenic cellulosic fibres were present, with an average concentration of 7 microplastic particles (MP) L-1 (0-18.5 MP L-1). In comparison to the water samples, those microplastics found ingested by zooplankton were significantly smaller, highlighting that the smaller-sized microplastics were being selected for by the zooplankton. High levels of microplastic ingestion in zooplankton have been associated with negative effects on growth, development, and fecundity. As Arctic zooplankton only have a short window of biological productivity, any negative effect could have broad consequences. As global plastic consumption continues to increase and climate change continues to reduce sea ice cover, releasing ice-bound microplastics and leaving ice free areas open to exploitation, the Arctic could be exposed to further plastic pollution which could place additional strain on this fragile ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara L R Botterell
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar - und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nicole Hildebrandt
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar - und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Krumpen
- Climate Sciences, Sea Ice Physics, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar - und Meeresforschung, Bussestraße 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Michael Steinke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Richard C Thompson
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre (MBERC), School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Penelope K Lindeque
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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Schaafsma FL, David CL, Kohlbach D, Ehrlich J, Castellani G, Lange BA, Vortkamp M, Meijboom A, Fortuna-Wünsch A, Immerz A, Cantzler H, Klasmeier A, Zakharova N, Schmidt K, Van de Putte AP, van Franeker JA, Flores H. Allometric relationships of ecologically important Antarctic and Arctic zooplankton and fish species. Polar Biol 2022; 45:203-224. [PMID: 35210695 PMCID: PMC8827386 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Allometric relationships between body properties of animals are useful for a wide variety of purposes, such as estimation of biomass, growth, population structure, bioenergetic modelling and carbon flux studies. This study summarizes allometric relationships of zooplankton and nekton species that play major roles in polar marine food webs. Measurements were performed on 639 individuals of 15 species sampled during three expeditions in the Southern Ocean (winter and summer) and 2374 individuals of 14 species sampled during three expeditions in the Arctic Ocean (spring and summer). The information provided by this study fills current knowledge gaps on relationships between length and wet/dry mass of understudied animals, such as various gelatinous zooplankton, and of animals from understudied seasons and maturity stages, for example, for the krill Thysanoessa macrura and larval Euphausia superba caught in winter. Comparisons show that there is intra-specific variation in length–mass relationships of several species depending on season, e.g. for the amphipod Themisto libellula. To investigate the potential use of generalized regression models, comparisons between sexes, maturity stages or age classes were performed and are discussed, such as for the several krill species and T. libellula. Regression model comparisons on age classes of the fish E. antarctica were inconclusive about their general use. Other allometric measurements performed on carapaces, eyes, heads, telsons, tails and otoliths provided models that proved to be useful for estimating length or mass in, e.g. diet studies. In some cases, the suitability of these models may depend on species or developmental stages.
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Węsławski JM, Legeżyńska J, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M. Will shrinking body size and increasing species diversity of crustaceans follow the warming of the Arctic littoral? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10305-10313. [PMID: 33072260 PMCID: PMC7548195 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thirty species of littoral marine Gammaridea occur along the coasts of the North Atlantic. From one to several species can coexist in a single region. There is an evident, inverse relationship between egg incubation time and temperature (from 14 to >120 days) and consequent trends in the size of the animals on reaching maturity (from 5 mm in warmer waters to 30 mm in the coldest ones) and in lifespan (from <6 months to >5 years). Littoral gammarids are a good example of the shrinking size effect of increasing temperatures and size-related species diversity. In large species, the annual cohorts of the population (3-5 annual size groups) functionally replace the adults of smaller species. The ongoing warming of the European Arctic seas may extend the distribution limits of boreal species so that more Gammarus species may appear on northern coasts hitherto occupied by just one or at most two species.
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Tempestini A, Pinchuk AI, Dufresne F. Spatial genetic structure in Themisto libellula (Amphipoda: Hyperiidae) from the coastal Gulf of Alaska, Bering and Chukchi seas. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Potapov AM, Brose U, Scheu S, Tiunov AV. Trophic Position of Consumers and Size Structure of Food Webs across Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Am Nat 2019; 194:823-839. [DOI: 10.1086/705811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Havermans C, Auel H, Hagen W, Held C, Ensor NS, A Tarling G. Predatory zooplankton on the move: Themisto amphipods in high-latitude marine pelagic food webs. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2019; 82:51-92. [PMID: 31229150 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperiid amphipods are predatory pelagic crustaceans that are particularly prevalent in high-latitude oceans. Many species are likely to have co-evolved with soft-bodied zooplankton groups such as salps and medusae, using them as substrate, for food, shelter or reproduction. Compared to other pelagic groups, such as fish, euphausiids and soft-bodied zooplankton, hyperiid amphipods are poorly studied especially in terms of their distribution and ecology. Hyperiids of the genus Themisto, comprising seven distinct species, are key players in temperate and cold-water pelagic ecosystems where they reach enormous levels of biomass. In these areas, they are important components of marine food webs, and they are major prey for many commercially important fish and squid stocks. In northern parts of the Southern Ocean, Themisto are so prevalent that they are considered to take on the role that Antarctic krill play further south. Nevertheless, although they are around the same size as krill, and may also occur in swarms, their feeding behaviour and mode of reproduction are completely different, hence their respective impacts on ecosystem structure differ. Themisto are major predators of meso- and macrozooplankton in several major oceanic regions covering shelves to open ocean from the polar regions to the subtropics. Based on a combination of published and unpublished occurrence data, we plot out the distributions of the seven species of Themisto. Further, we consider the different predators that rely on Themisto for a large fraction of their diet, demonstrating their major importance for higher trophic levels such as fish, seabirds and mammals. For instance, T. gaudichaudii in the Southern Ocean comprises a major part of the diets of around 80 different species of squid, fish, seabirds and marine mammals, while T. libellula in the Bering Sea and Greenland waters is a main prey item for commercially exploited fish species. We also consider the ongoing and predicted range expansions of Themisto species in light of environmental changes. In northern high latitudes, sub-Arctic Themisto species are replacing truly Arctic, ice-bound, species. In the Southern Ocean, a range expansion of T. gaudichaudii is expected as water masses warm, impacting higher trophic levels and biogeochemical cycles. We identify the many knowlegde gaps that must be filled in order to evaluate, monitor and predict the ecological shifts that will result from the changing patterns of distribution and abundance of this important pelagic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Havermans
- BreMarE-Bremen Marine Ecology, Marine Zoology, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Holger Auel
- BreMarE-Bremen Marine Ecology, Marine Zoology, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hagen
- BreMarE-Bremen Marine Ecology, Marine Zoology, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Held
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Natalie S Ensor
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint A Tarling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Dalpadado P, Hop H, Rønning J, Pavlov V, Sperfeld E, Buchholz F, Rey A, Wold A. Distribution and abundance of euphausiids and pelagic amphipods in Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden and Rijpfjorden (Svalbard) and changes in their relative importance as key prey in a warming marine ecosystem. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Distribution and diet of demersal Arctic Cod, Boreogadus saida, in relation to habitat characteristics in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hirche HJ, Laudien J, Buchholz F. Near-bottom zooplankton aggregations in Kongsfjorden: implications for pelago–benthic coupling. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dynamics of lipid and fatty acid composition of the hyperiid amphipod Themisto: a bipolar comparison with special emphasis on seasonality. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Noyon M, Narcy F, Gasparini S, Mayzaud P. Growth and lipid class composition of the Arctic pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula. MARINE BIOLOGY 2011; 158:883-892. [PMID: 24391262 PMCID: PMC3873011 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-010-1615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous zooplankton is a key element to the energy transfer through the arctic food web, linking lipid rich herbivores to the top predators. We investigated the growth and lipid dynamic of the Arctic pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, 79°N) from May to October 2007. Additional samplings were performed in spring and summer 2006 and further north in Rijpfjorden (80°N), in September 2006 and 2007. In Kongsfjorden, the first free-swimming stages (3 mm) appeared early May and reached their adult length (25 mm), in October. During their first year, they grew according to a Von Bertalanffy model and most probably constituted a single cohort. Juveniles had the highest growth rate (0.19 mm day-1) and revealed relatively low total lipid (TL) content (about 2.5% wet weight (WW)) with phospholipids as the major lipid class. Sub-adults showed a distinct decrease of growth rates which coincided with the increase of neutral lipid storage, reflecting a switch in energy allocation, from somatic growth to lipid storage. Indeed wax esters (WE) increased up to 48.5% TL on average in adults in 2006 while triacylglycerols (TAG) remained almost constant below 25.2% TL. The absence of lipid accumulation (in disproportion of the weight) in 2007 could be explained by a higher metabolism of T. libellula or preys of lower quality. In Rijpfjorden, adults in their second year continued accumulating lipid (up to 10% WW) with high and similar proportions of both lipid classes, WE and TAG. We highlighted that T. libellula exhibited a variable lipid metabolism along its life cycle depending on its physiological needs and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Noyon
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Present Address: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Southern Ocean Group, Rhodes University, Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Fanny Narcy
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stéphane Gasparini
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Patrick Mayzaud
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, UMR 7093, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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Prokopowicz AJ, Rueckert S, Leander BS, Michaud J, Fortier L. Parasitic infection of the hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean), with a description of Ganymedes themistos sp. n. (Apicomplexa, Eugregarinorida). Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moline MA, Karnovsky NJ, Brown Z, Divoky GJ, Frazer TK, Jacoby CA, Torres JJ, Fraser WR. High Latitude Changes in Ice Dynamics and Their Impact on Polar Marine Ecosystems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1134:267-319. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1439.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Rees DJ, Dufresne F, Glémet H, Belzile C. Amphipod genome sizes: first estimates for Arctic species reveal genomic giants. Genome 2007; 50:151-8. [PMID: 17546080 DOI: 10.1139/g06-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome sizes of 8 species of amphipods collected from the Canadian Arctic were estimated by flow cytometry. Haploid genome sizes ranged from 2.94 +/- 0.04 pg DNA in Acanthostepheia malmgreni (Oedicerotidae) to 64.62 +/- 2.85 pg in Ampelisca macrocephala (Ampeliscidae). The value for Ampelisca macrocephala represents the largest crustacean genome size recorded to date (and also the largest within the Arthropoda) and indicates a 400-fold variation in genome size among crustaceans. The presence of such large genomes within a relatively small sample of Arctic amphipods is striking and highlights the need to further explore the relationships between genome size, development rates, and body size in both Arctic and temperate amphipods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rees
- Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
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Dale K, Falk-Petersen S, Hop H, Fevolden SE. Population dynamics and body composition of the Arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula in Svalbard fjords. Polar Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-006-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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