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Wu CY, Zhou Y, Yin X, Peng R, Xie HN. Prenatal ultrasound findings and clinical outcomes of uniparental disomy: a retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:288. [PMID: 38637738 PMCID: PMC11027273 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uniparental disomy is the inheritance of a homologous chromosome pair or part of homologous chromosomes from only one parent. However, the clinical significance of uniparental disomy and the difference among the prognosis of involvement of different chromosomes remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the associated prenatal ultrasound presentations and clinical outcomes of uniparental disomy on different chromosomes and to analyze the relationship between prenatal ultrasound markers and clinical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed data from fetuses with uniparental disomy diagnosed using chromosome microarray analysis with the Affymetrix CytoScan HD array at our institution between January 2013 and September 2022. The relationship between prenatal ultrasound findings, the involved chromosome(s), and clinical outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS During the study period, 36 fetuses with uniparental disomy were diagnosed, and two cases were excluded for non-available postnatal data. Finally, 34 fetuses were included in our study, of which 30 (88.2%) had uniparental disomy occurring on a single chromosome, while four (11.8%) were identified with uniparental disomy on different chromosomes. The most frequently involved chromosomes were chromosomes 16, X and 2, which presented in 8 (23.5%), 5 (14.7%) and 4 (11.8%), respectively. Prenatal ultrasound abnormalities were detected in 21 fetuses, with the most common category being multiple abnormalities (12 (57.1%)). Fetal growth restriction was identified in 14 (41.2%) fetuses, all of which coexisted with other abnormal findings. The rate of adverse perinatal outcomes in patients with uniparental disomy and fetal abnormalities was significantly higher than those without abnormalities (76.2% versus 15.4%, P = 0.002). The incidence of fetal or neonatal death was significantly higher in fetuses with fetal growth restriction than those without (85.7% versus 30.0%, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of fetuses with uniparental disomy combined with fetal abnormalities, especially fetal growth restriction, was much poorer than those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Yi Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Fetal Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Yin
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Fetal Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruan Peng
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Fetal Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hong-Ning Xie
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Fetal Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Chen CP, Hsu TY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wang LK, Wu FT, Pan YT, Lee CC, Chen YY, Wang W. Mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis in a twin pregnancy associated with a favorable fetal outcome, maternal uniparental disomy 21 and postnatal decrease of the trisomy 21 cell line. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 62:137-141. [PMID: 36720527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis in a twin pregnancy associated with a favorable fetal outcome, maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 21 and postnatal decrease of the trisomy 21 cell line. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old woman underwent elective amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age, and an abnormal non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) result suggesting trisomy 21. Amniocentesis revealed the karyotype of 46, XX in co-twin A and the karyotype of 47,XY,+21[12]/46,XY[21] in co-twin B in the cultured amniocytes by in situ culture method. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed the result of arr (21) × 3 [0.40] in co-twin B, consistent with 40% mosaicism for trisomy 21. Prenatal ultrasound was unremarkable, and the parental karyotypes were normal. Following genetic counseling, the parents decided to continue the pregnancy. At 36 weeks of gestation, a 2140-g female co-twin A and a 1800-g male co-twin B were delivered without any phenotypical abnormality. The karyotypes of the umbilical cord and placenta of co-twin B were 47,XY,+21[16]/46,XY[24] and 47,XY,+21 (40/40 cells), respectively. Quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) analysis on the DNA extracted from parental bloods and umbilical cord, cord blood and placenta and peripheral blood at age five months of co-twin B confirmed a maternal origin of trisomy 21 and maternal uniparental isodisomy 21. aCGH analysis on the cord blood revealed the result of arr 21q11.2q22.3 × 2.25 consistent with 20%-25% (log2 ratio = 0.15-0.2) mosaicism for trisomy 21. When follow-up at age five months, the co-twin B was phenotypically normal. His peripheral blood had a karyotype of 47,XY,+21[3]/46,XY[37]. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on 100 buccal mucosal cells detected no trisomy 21 signals. The peripheral blood had uniparental isodisomy 21. CONCLUSION Mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis can be a transient and benign condition and should alert the possibility of UPD 21. The abnormal trisomy 21 cell line in mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis may decrease and disappear after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Yao Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chien SC, Chen CP, Liou JD. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling of uniparental disomy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:210-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chen CP, Liou JD, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee MS, Chen YY, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of maternal uniparental disomy 21 in association with low-level mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis in a pregnancy associated with intrauterine growth restriction and a favorable outcome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:146-149. [PMID: 35181027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 21 in association with low-level mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis in a pregnancy associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT A 42-year-old, gravida 2, para 0, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis initially revealed a karyotype of 46,XX in 20/20 colonies of cultured amniocytes. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed a result of arr [GRCh37] (21) × 3 [0.16], (X) × 2, compatible with mosaic trisomy 21. After extensive investigation, the final result of conventional cytogenetic analysis of cultured amniocytes was 47,XX,+21[1]/46,XX[40]. The parental karyotypes were normal. Repeat amniocentesis was performed at 21 weeks of gestation. The cultured amniocytes had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[3]/46,XX[27] and the uncultured amniocytes had a mosaic trisomy 21 level of 8.8% (10/114 cells) by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a mosaic trisomy 21 level of 10% (log2 ratio = 0.08) by aCGH, and maternal UPD 21 by polymorphic DNA marker analysis. Prenatal ultrasound revealed IUGR. At 38 weeks of gestation, a phenotypically normal 2695-g baby was delivered. The cord blood and umbilical cord had the karyotype of 46,XX and maternal UPD 21. The placenta had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[8]/46,XX[32] and a maternal origin of trisomy 21. Postnatal FISH analysis on 101 buccal mucosal cells showed 6.9% (7/101 cells) mosaicism compared with 2% (2/100 cells) in the normal control. The baby was doing well at age four months. CONCLUSION Pregnancy with low-level mosaic trisomy 21 and maternal UPD 21 at amniocentesis can be associated with IUGR and a favorable outcome. Fetuses with maternal UPD 21 can be associated with mosaic trisomy 21 at amniocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Der Liou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin-Kong Wu-Ho-SU Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liehr T. Uniparental disomy is a chromosomic disorder in the first place. Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:5. [PMID: 35177099 PMCID: PMC8851757 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uniparental disomy (UPD) is well-known to be closely intermingled with imprinting disorders. Besides, UPD can lead to a disease by ‘activation’ of a recessive gene mutation or due to incomplete (cryptic) trisomic rescue. Corresponding to all common theories how UPD forms, it takes place as a consequence of a “chromosomic problem”, like an aneuploidy or a chromosomal rearrangement. Nonetheless, UPD is rarely considered as a cytogenetic, but most often as a molecular genetic problem. Results Here a review on the ~ 4900 published UPD-cases is provided, and even though being biased as discussed in the paper, the following insights have been given from that analysis: (1) the rate of maternal to paternal UPD is 2~3 to 1; (2) at most only ~ 0.03% of the available UPD cases are grasped scientifically, yet; (3) frequencies of single whole-chromosome UPDs are non-random, with UPD(16) and UPD(15) being most frequent in clinically healthy and diseased people, respectively; (4) there is a direct correlation of UPD frequency and known frequent first trimester trisomies, except for chromosomes 1, 5, 11 and 18 (which can be explained); (5) heterodisomy is under- and UPD-mosaicism is over-represented in recent reports; and (6) cytogenetics is not considered enough when a UPD is identified. Conclusions As UPD is diagnosed using molecular genetic approaches, and thus by specialists considering chromosomes at best as a whim of nature, most UPD reports lack the chromosomal aspect. Here it is affirmed and substantiated by corresponding data that UPD is a chromosomic disorder in the first place and cytogenetic analyses is indicated in each diagnosed UPD-case. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13039-022-00585-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Chen CP, Ko TM, Chen YY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen YY, Chen WL, Pan CW, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of low-level mosaicism for trisomy 21 by amniocentesis in a pregnancy associated with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 21 in the fetus and a favorable outcome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:754-757. [PMID: 32917331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present perinatal molecular cytogenetic analysis of low-level mosaicism for trisomy 21 in a pregnancy with maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 21 in the fetus. CASE REPORT A 39-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[6]/46,XX[25]. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed arr (21) × 2-3, (X) × 2 with about 18% gene dosage increase in chromosome 21 consistent with mosaic trisomy 21. Cordocentesis was performed at 20 weeks of gestation, and the cord blood lymphocytes had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[3]/46,XX[72]. Prenatal ultrasound findings were unremarkable. After genetic counseling, the parents decided to continue the pregnancy. At 39 weeks of gestation, a 3,494-g phenotypically normal female baby was delivered without phenotypic features of Down syndrome. There was no dysplasia of middle phalanx of the fifth fingers of both hands. The cord blood had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[2]/46,XX[48]. The placenta had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[37]/46,XX[3]. The umbilical cord had a karyotype of 47,XX,+21[1]/46,XX[39]. aCGH analysis on the DNA extracted from cord blood revealed no genomic imbalance. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis on the DNAs extracted from cord blood and parental bloods revealed maternal uniparental heterodisomy 21 in the baby. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on buccal mucosal cells revealed trisomy 21 signals in 15/101 (14.9%) buccal cells at birth and in 1/122 (0.82%) buccal cells at age 45 days. CONCLUSION Low-level mosaicism for trisomy 21 at amniocentesis associated with maternal UPD 21 in the fetus can have a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsang-Ming Ko
- Genephile Bioscience Laboratory, Ko's Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yung Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Confirmation of Paternity despite Three Genetic Incompatibilities at Chromosome 2. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010062. [PMID: 33406744 PMCID: PMC7824413 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA testing in cases of disputed paternity is a routine analysis carried out in genetic laboratories. The purpose of the test is to demonstrate similarities and differences in analyzed genetic markers between the alleged father, mother, and a child. The existence of differences in the examined loci between the child and the presumed father may indicate the exclusion of biological parenthood. However, another reason for such differences is genetic mutations, including chromosome aberrations and genome mutations. The presented results relate to genetic analyses carried out on three persons for the purposes of disputed paternity testing. A deviation from inheritance based on Mendel’s Law was found in 7 out of 53 STR-type loci examined. All polymorphic loci that ruled out the paternity of the alleged father were located on chromosome 2. Additional analysis of 32 insertion–deletion markers (DIPplex, Qiagen) and sequencing of 94 polymorphic positions of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) type (Illumina, ForenSeq) did not exclude the defendant’s biological paternity. A sequence analysis of STR alleles and their flanking regions confirmed the hypothesis that the alleles on chromosome 2 of the child may originate only from the mother. The results of the tests did not allow exclusion of the paternity of the alleged father, but are an example of uniparental maternal disomy, which is briefly described in the literature.
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Deng H, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Xiao H, Su B, Xu K, Guan N, Ding J, Wang F. Interpretation of Autosomal Recessive Kidney Diseases With "Presumed Homozygous" Pathogenic Variants Should Consider Technical Pitfalls. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:165. [PMID: 32363171 PMCID: PMC7180205 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A false interpretation of homozygosity for pathogenic variants causing autosomal recessive disorders can lead to improper genetic counseling. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the underlying etiologies of presumed homozygous disease-causing variants harbored in six unrelated children with five different genetic renal diseases when the same variant was identified in a heterozygous state in only one of the two parents from each family using direct sequencing. Methods: Peripheral blood genomic DNA samples were extracted. Six short tandem repeats were used to verify the biological relationships between the probands and their parents. Quantitative PCR was performed to detect mutant exons with deletions. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and genotyping with polymorphic microsatellite markers were performed to identify uniparental disomy (UPD). Results: Each proband and his/her parents had biological relationships. Patients 2, 4, and 6 were characterized by large deletions encompassing a missense/small deletion in DGKE, NPHP1, and NPHS1, respectively. Patients 1 and 5 were caused by segmental UPD in NPHS2 and SMARCAL1, respectively. In patient 6, maternal UPD, mosaicism in paternal sperm or de novo variant in NPHP1 could not be ruled out. Conclusions: When a variant analysis report shows that a patient of non-consanguineous parents has a pathogenic presumed homozygous variant, we should remember the need to assess real homozygosity for the variant, and a segregation analysis of the variants within the parental DNAs and comprehensive molecular tests to evaluate the potential molecular etiologies, such as a point variant and an overlapping exon deletion, UPD, germline mosaicism and de novo variant, are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baige Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Multiple methods used for type detection of uniparental disomy in paternity testing. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:885-893. [PMID: 31807870 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) has attracted more attention recently in paternity testing, though it is an infrequent genetic event. Although short tandem repeat (STR) profiling has been widely used in paternity testing, it is not sufficient to use STR only to judge the genetic relationship, because the existence of UPD will inevitably affect the results of genotyping. Compared with complete UPD, segmental UPD is more difficult to detect because it does not affect all genotypes on the same chromosome. It is necessary to determine the type of UPD with multiple methods because a single method is not sufficient. Therefore, it is advisable to detect UPD in paternity testing with multiple methods. In this study, after autosomal STR profiling was used, we found that there were several gene loci on the same chromosome that did not conform to Mendelian genetic law, thus we highly suspected the existence of UPD and performed X-STR profiling immediately. Then whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis was performed to identify the type, and the results provided straightforward evidence for distinguishing complete from segmental UPD. Lastly, we used deletion insertion polymorphism (DIP)-SNP SNaPshot assay and Miseq FGx sequencing (for SNP and STR) to determine whether the mutation source is maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) or paternal uniparental disomy (pUPD). To avoid false exclusion of kinship, it is vital to determine the type of UPD in paternity testing and effective strategies based on multiple methods to detect the type of UPD are provided in this study.
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Characterization of Prevalence and Health Consequences of Uniparental Disomy in Four Million Individuals from the General Population. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:921-932. [PMID: 31607426 PMCID: PMC6848996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic nondisjunction and resulting aneuploidy can lead to severe health consequences in humans. Aneuploidy rescue can restore euploidy but may result in uniparental disomy (UPD), the inheritance of both homologs of a chromosome from one parent with no representative copy from the other. Current understanding of UPD is limited to ∼3,300 case subjects for which UPD was associated with clinical presentation due to imprinting disorders or recessive diseases. Thus, the prevalence of UPD and its phenotypic consequences in the general population are unknown. We searched for instances of UPD across 4,400,363 consented research participants from the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc., and 431,094 UK Biobank participants. Using computationally detected DNA segments identical-by-descent (IBD) and runs of homozygosity (ROH), we identified 675 instances of UPD across both databases. We estimate that UPD is twice as common as previously thought, and we present a machine-learning framework to detect UPD using ROH. While we find a nominally significant association between UPD of chromosome 22 and autism risk, we do not find significant associations between UPD and deleterious traits in the 23andMe database.
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Moradkhani K, Cuisset L, Boisseau P, Pichon O, Lebrun M, Hamdi-Rozé H, Maurin ML, Gruchy N, Manca-Pellissier MC, Malzac P, Bilan F, Audrezet MP, Saugier-Veber P, Fauret-Amsellem AL, Missirian C, Kuentz P, Egea G, Guichet A, Creveaux I, Janel C, Harzallah I, Touraine R, Goumy C, Joyé N, Puechberty J, Haquet E, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Schmitt S, Gosset P, Duban-Bedu B, Delobel B, Vago P, Vialard F, Gomes DM, Siffroi JP, Bonnefont JP, Dupont JM, Jonveaux P, Doco-Fenzy M, Sanlaville D, Le Caignec C. Risk estimation of uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 or 15 in a fetus with a parent carrying a non-homologous Robertsonian translocation. Should we still perform prenatal diagnosis? Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:986-992. [PMID: 31273809 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uniparental disomy (UPD) testing is currently recommended during pregnancy in fetuses carrying a balanced Robertsonian translocation (ROB) involving chromosome 14 or 15, both chromosomes containing imprinted genes. The overall risk that such a fetus presents a UPD has been previously estimated to be around ~0.6-0.8%. However, because UPD are rare events and this estimate has been calculated from a number of studies of limited size, we have reevaluated the risk of UPD in fetuses for whom one of the parents was known to carry a nonhomologous ROB (NHROB). METHOD We focused our multicentric study on NHROB involving chromosome 14 and/or 15. A total of 1747 UPD testing were performed in fetuses during pregnancy for the presence of UPD(14) and/or UPD(15). RESULT All fetuses were negative except one with a UPD(14) associated with a maternally inherited rob(13;14). CONCLUSION Considering these data, the risk of UPD following prenatal diagnosis of an inherited ROB involving chromosome 14 and/or 15 could be estimated to be around 0.06%, far less than the previous estimation. Importantly, the risk of miscarriage following an invasive prenatal sampling is higher than the risk of UPD. Therefore, we do not recommend prenatal testing for UPD for these pregnancies and parents should be reassured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Cuisset
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute Cochin and Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Pichon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marine Lebrun
- Service de Génétique-Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Houda Hamdi-Rozé
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Maurin
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique., Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gruchy
- Service de Génétique, CHU Caen, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | - Perrine Malzac
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pascale Saugier-Veber
- Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Laure Fauret-Amsellem
- Department of Genetics, Robert-Debré Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Génétique Biologique Histologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Gregory Egea
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale GEN-BIO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Isabelle Creveaux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Caroline Janel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ines Harzallah
- Service de Génétique-Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique-Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Carole Goumy
- Cytogénétique Médicale, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicole Joyé
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Génétiques d'Expression Pédiatrique, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Haquet
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Gosset
- Diagnostic Préimplantatoire, Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bénédicte Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, GH de l'Institut Catholique de Lille-Hopital Saint Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, GH de l'Institut Catholique de Lille-Hopital Saint Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Vago
- Cytogénétique Médicale, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François Vialard
- Unité de Cytogénétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France.,EA7404-GIG, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, UVSQ, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Denise Molina Gomes
- Unité de Cytogénétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France.,EA7404-GIG, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, UVSQ, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Génétiques d'Expression Pédiatrique, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique., Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dupont
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, HUPC Hôpital Cochin, APHP; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique, CHRU Nancy, Inserm U1256, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, CHU REIMS, EA3801, UFR de Médecine REIMS, Reims, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon I University; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM, Lyon, France
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12
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Kovaleva NV. Homologous Robertsonian Translocations: Spectrum, Sex Ratios, and Reproductive Risks. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Alves da Silva AF, Machado FB, Pavarino ÉC, Biselli-Périco JM, Zampieri BL, da Silva Francisco Junior R, Mozer Rodrigues PT, Terra Machado D, Santos-Rebouças CB, Gomes Fernandes M, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Lopes Rios ÁF, Medina-Acosta E. Trisomy 21 Alters DNA Methylation in Parent-of-Origin-Dependent and -Independent Manners. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154108. [PMID: 27100087 PMCID: PMC4839675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The supernumerary chromosome 21 in Down syndrome differentially affects the methylation statuses at CpG dinucleotide sites and creates genome-wide transcriptional dysregulation of parental alleles, ultimately causing diverse pathologies. At present, it is unknown whether those effects are dependent or independent of the parental origin of the nondisjoined chromosome 21. Linkage analysis is a standard method for the determination of the parental origin of this aneuploidy, although it is inadequate in cases with deficiency of samples from the progenitors. Here, we assessed the reliability of the epigenetic 5mCpG imprints resulting in the maternally (oocyte)-derived allele methylation at a differentially methylated region (DMR) of the candidate imprinted WRB gene for asserting the parental origin of chromosome 21. We developed a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme-specific PCR assay, based on the WRB DMR, across single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to examine the methylation statuses in the parental alleles. In genomic DNA from blood cells of either disomic or trisomic subjects, the maternal alleles were consistently methylated, while the paternal alleles were unmethylated. However, the supernumerary chromosome 21 did alter the methylation patterns at the RUNX1 (chromosome 21) and TMEM131 (chromosome 2) CpG sites in a parent-of-origin-independent manner. To evaluate the 5mCpG imprints, we conducted a computational comparative epigenomic analysis of transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and histone modification expression patterns. We found allele fractions consistent with the transcriptional biallelic expression of WRB and ten neighboring genes, despite the similarities in the confluence of both a 17-histone modification activation backbone module and a 5-histone modification repressive module between the WRB DMR and the DMRs of six imprinted genes. We concluded that the maternally inherited 5mCpG imprints at the WRB DMR are uncoupled from the parental allele expression of WRB and ten neighboring genes in several tissues and that trisomy 21 alters DNA methylation in parent-of-origin-dependent and -independent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Francisco Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AFAS); (FBM); (EM-A)
| | - Filipe Brum Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AFAS); (FBM); (EM-A)
| | | | | | | | - Ronaldo da Silva Francisco Junior
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Thyago Mozer Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas Terra Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | | | - Álvaro Fabricio Lopes Rios
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrique Medina-Acosta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AFAS); (FBM); (EM-A)
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14
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Wang L, Wheeler DA, Prchal JT. Acquired uniparental disomy of chromosome 9p in hematologic malignancies. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:644-52. [PMID: 26646991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD) is a common and recurrent molecular event in human cancers that leads to homozygosity for tumor suppressor genes as well as oncogenes, while retaining the diploid chromosomal complement. Because of the lack of copy number change, aUPD is undetectable by comparative genome hybridization, so the magnitude of this genetic change was underappreciated in the past. 9p aUPD was first described in 2002 in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Since then, systematic application of genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays has indicated that 9p aUPD is the most common chromosomal aberration in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), contributing to discovery of the PV-defining mutation JAK2V617F21. It was also found in other myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, though at a relatively lower frequency. By leading to JAK2V617F 23 homozygosity, 9p aUPD plays a causal role in the development of PV and is also associated with less favorable clinical outcomes. It is also possible that new targets other than JAK2V617F 25 are present within 9p aUPD that may contribute to diversity of PV outcome and phenotype. This review summarizes recent discoveries on 9p aUPD in hematologic malignancies and discusses possible underlying mechanisms and potential roles of 9p aUPD in the pathogenesis of PV, the relationship between 9p aUPD and JAK2V617F29, and possible new cancer-related targets within the 9p aUPD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Wang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine and VAH, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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15
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Liehr T, Ewers E, Hamid AB, Kosyakova N, Voigt M, Weise A, Manvelyan M. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes and uniparental disomy have a story to tell. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:842-8. [PMID: 21673185 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411412780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary maker chromosomes (sSMC) and uniparental disomy (UPD) are rare, and a combination of both is rarely encountered. Accordingly, only 46 sSMC cases UPD have been reported. Despite of its rareness, UPD has to be considered, especially in prenatal cases with sSMC. Here, the authors reviewed all sSMC cases with UPD (sSMC(U+)) and compared them to sSMC without UPD (sSMC(U-)), which resulted in the following correlations: 1) every sSMC, irrespective of its chromosomal origin, may be principally connected with UPD; 2) mixed hetero- and iso-UPD (hUPD/iUPD) can be observed most often in sSMC(U+) cases followed by complete iUPD, complete hUPD, and segmental iUPD; 3) UPD of chromosomes 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, and 20 is most often reported in sSMC(U+); 4) maternal UPD was approximately nine times more frequent than paternal UPD; 5) if mosaic with a normal cell line, acrocentric-derived sSMC had a three times higher chance of occurrence than the corresponding nonmosaic sSMC cases; 6) UPD in connection with a parentally inherited sSMC is, if existent at all, a rare event; and 7) the gender type and shape of sSMC had no effect on UPD formation. Overall, sSMC(U+) cases may have a story to tell about chromosome number control mechanisms in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Papenhausen P, Schwartz S, Risheg H, Keitges E, Gadi I, Burnside RD, Jaswaney V, Pappas J, Pasion R, Friedman K, Tepperberg J. UPD detection using homozygosity profiling with a SNP genotyping microarray. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:757-68. [PMID: 21594998 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based chromosome microarrays provide both a high-density whole genome analysis of copy number and genotype. In the past 21 months we have analyzed over 13,000 samples primarily referred for developmental delay using the Affymetrix SNP/CN 6.0 version array platform. In addition to copy number, we have focused on the relative distribution of allele homozygosity (HZ) throughout the genome to confirm a strong association of uniparental disomy (UPD) with regions of isoallelism found in most confirmed cases of UPD. We sought to determine whether a long contiguous stretch of HZ (LCSH) greater than a threshold value found only in a single chromosome would correlate with UPD of that chromosome. Nine confirmed UPD cases were retrospectively analyzed with the array in the study, each showing the anticipated LCSH with the smallest 13.5 Mb in length. This length is well above the average longest run of HZ in a set of control patients and was then set as the prospective threshold for reporting possible UPD correlation. Ninety-two cases qualified at that threshold, 46 of those had molecular UPD testing and 29 were positive. Including retrospective cases, 16 showed complete HZ across the chromosome, consistent with total isoUPD. The average size LCSH in the 19 cases that were not completely HZ was 46.3 Mb with a range of 13.5-127.8 Mb. Three patients showed only segmental UPD. Both the size and location of the LCSH are relevant to correlation with UPD. Further studies will continue to delineate an optimal threshold for LCSH/UPD correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Papenhausen
- Laboratory Corporation of Cytogenetics Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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17
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Liehr T. Cytogenetic contribution to uniparental disomy (UPD). Mol Cytogenet 2010; 3:8. [PMID: 20350319 PMCID: PMC2853554 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is often considered as an event to be characterized exclusively by molecular genetic or epigenetic approaches. This review shows that at least one third of UPD cases emerge in connection with or due to a chromosomal rearrangement. Thus, additional (molecular) cytogenetic characterization of UPD cases is essential. Up to now > 1,100 UPD cases detected in clinical, non-tumor cases are reported in the literature. Recently, these cases were summarized in a regularly updated, freely available online database http://www.med.uni-jena.de/fish/sSMC/00START-UPD.htm. Based of this, here the presently known imprinting syndromes, the chromosomal contribution to UPD phenomenon, and the cytogenetic subgroups of UPD, including cases with normal, abnormal balanced or unbalanced karyotype (like e.g. small supernumerary marker chromosomes and Robertsonian translocations) and segmental UPD are reviewed. Furthermore, chromosome fragmentation as a possible mechanism of trisomic rescue is discussed, which might help to explain the observed 1:9 rate of maternal versus paternal UPD present in cases with original trisomic karyotypes. Overall, as UPD is more but an interesting rarity, the genetic background of each "UPD-patient" needs to be characterized besides by molecular methods, also by molecular cytogenetics in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Engel E. A fascination with chromosome rescue in uniparental disomy: Mendelian recessive outlaws and imprinting copyrights infringements. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1158-69. [PMID: 16724013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With uniparental disomy (UPD), the presence in a diploid genome of a chromosome pair derived from one genitor carries two main types of developmental risk: the inheritance of a recessive trait or the occurrence of an imprinting disorder. When the uniparentally derived pair carries two homozygous sequences (isodisomy) with a duplicated mutant, this 'reduction to homozygosity' determines a recessive phenotype solely inherited from one heterozygote. Thus far, some 40 examples of such recessive trait transmission have been reported in the medical literature and, among the current 32 known types of UPDs, UPD of chromosomes 1, 2, and 7 have contributed to the larger contingent of these conditions. Being at variance with the traditional mode of transmission, they constitute a group of 'Mendelian outlaws'. Several imprinted chromosome domains and loci have been, for a large part, identified through different UPDs. Thus, disomies for paternal 6, maternal 7, paternal 11, paternal and maternal 14 and 15, maternal 20 (and paternal 20q) and possibly maternal 16 cause as many syndromes, as at the biological level the loss or duplication of monoparentally expressed allele sequences constitutes 'imprinting rights infringements'. The above pitfalls represent the price to pay when, instead of a Mendelian even segregation and independent assortment of the chromosomes, the fertilized product with a nondisjunctional meiotic error undergoes correction (for unknown or fortuitous reasons) through a mitotic adjustment as a means to restore euploidy, thereby resulting in UPD. Happily enough, UPDs leading to the healthy rescue from some chromosomal mishaps also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Engel
- Department of Medical Genetics and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Kotzot D, Utermann G. Uniparental disomy (UPD) other than 15: Phenotypes and bibliography updated. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:287-305. [PMID: 15957160 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) describes the inheritance of a pair of chromosomes from only one parent. The concept was introduced in Medical Genetics by Engel (1980); Am J Med Genet 6:137-143. Aside UPD 15, which is the most frequent one, up to now (February 2005) 197 cases with whole chromosome maternal UPD other than 15 (124 X heterodisomy, 59 X isodisomy, and 14 cases without information of the mode of UPD) and 68 cases with whole chromosome paternal UPD other than 15 (13 X heterdisomy, 53 X isodisomy, and 2 cases without information of the mode of UPD) have been reported. In this review we discuss briefly the problems associated with UPD and provide a comprehensive clinical summary with a bibliography for each UPD other than 15 as a guide for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Kovaleva NV, Shaffer LG. Under-ascertainment of mosaic carriers of balanced homologous acrocentric translocations and isochromosomes. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 121A:180-7. [PMID: 12910502 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acrocentric rearrangements are the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans. Carriers of homologous acrocentric rearrangements (Robertsonian translocations (ROBs) between homologous chromosomes and isochromosomes) are at very high risk of having multiple spontaneous abortions and chromosomally abnormal offspring. Parents of fetuses and children with unbalanced homologous acrocentric rearrangements are rarely found to be carriers or mosaic for the same rearrangement. Even though recurrent miscarriages may indicate a carrier parent, carriers are rarely identified. Comparison of non-chromosome 21 homologous rearrangements to rea(21q21q) culled from the literature revealed a 7-fold decrease in the number of mosaic cases among the parents of non-rea(21q21q) offspring. This under-ascertainment in parents may be due to low level mosaicism confined to the gonads, a true biological difference between chromosome 21 rearrangements and other homologous acrocentric rearrangements, or simply to the lack of rigorous clinical investigation of the parental karyotypes to uncover mosaicism. We recommend that polymorphic marker analysis be applied to apparently de novo acrocentric rearrangements to distinguish those resulting from biparental postzygotic formation from those resulting from meiotic formation; the latter of which may indicate a potential carrier parent. Parental chromosomal constitutions could then be screened in a large number of cells and in more than one tissue type to identify mosaicism. Identification of mosaicism allows for accurate genetic counseling and discussion of reproductive options. However, given that mosaicism may be restricted to the gonads, prenatal testing is likely to be desired by the family whether or not mosaicism is found.
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21
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Kotzot D. Review and meta-analysis of systematic searches for uniparental disomy (UPD) other than UPD 15. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:366-75. [PMID: 12210294 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All systematic searches for uniparental disomy (UPD) so far published and comprising clinically defined populations (Silver-Russell syndrome/primordial growth retardation (SRS/PGR) (n = 14), multiple malformations (n = 2), or rare syndromes (n = 12)) or situations at risk (confined placental mosaicism (CPM) (n = 13), spontaneous abortions (n = 6), additional marker chromosomes (n = 15), balanced non-Robertsonian translocations (n = 3), or balanced Robertsonian translocations (n = 15)) were reviewed. In many studies clinical and/or cytogenetic information on fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) results was very scarce. Meta-analysis concerning an adequate number of cases was possible for SRS/PGR, CPM, additional marker chromosomes, and balanced Robertsonian translocations only. As expected, the highest risk for UPD was found in cases with translocations between homologous acrocentric chromosomes (11 cases with UPD of 15 investigated) and in CPM due to a meiotic error (25 of 51 cases). In prenatal investigations or in cases with a normal phenotype, translocations between nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes implied a risk for UPD of less than 0.5%. The risks for maternal UPD 7 in cases with SRS/PGR, for UPD 15 in cases with an additional inv dup(15) marker chromosome, and for UPD of any chromosome in cases with multiple malformation/mental retardation were approximately 5.5%, and approximately 1.3%, respectively. Searches for UPD in well-defined syndromes (Brachmann-De Lange syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Rett syndrome, Weaver syndrome, or XX true hermaphroditism) were disappointing. Not a single case was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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22
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Fritz B, Aslan M, Kalscheuer V, Ramsing M, Saar K, Fuchs B, Rehder H. Low incidence of UPD in spontaneous abortions beyond the 5th gestational week. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:910-6. [PMID: 11840192 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Revised: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 10/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15-20% of all clinically recognised pregnancies abort, most commonly between 8-12 gestational weeks. While the majority of early pregnancy losses is attributed to cytogenetic abnormalities, the aetiology of approximately 40% of early abortions remains unclear. To determine additional factors causing spontaneous abortions we retrospectively searched for uniparental disomies (UPD) in 77 cytogenetically normal diploid spontaneous abortions. In all cases an unbalanced chromosome anomaly was ruled out by cytogenetic investigation of chorionic/amniotic membranes and/or chorionic villi. For UPD screening microsatellite analyses were performed on DNA of abortion specimens and parental blood using highly polymorphic markers showing UPD in two cases. The distribution of markers analysed indicated maternal heterodisomy for chromosome 9 (UPhD(9)mat) in case 1 and paternal isodisomy for chromosome 21 (UPiD(21)pat) in case 2. The originating mechanism suggested was monosomy complementation in UPiD(21)pat and trisomy rescue in UPhD(9)mat. In the case of UPhD(9)mat purulent chorioamnionitis was noted and a distinctly growth retarded embryo of 3 cm crown-rump length showing no gross external malformations. Histological analysis in the case of UPiD(21)pat suggested a primary anlage defect. Our results indicate that less than 3% of genetically unexplained pregnancy wastage is associated with total chromosome UPD. UPD may contribute to anlage defects of human conception. Chromosome aneuploidy correction can occur in very early cleavage stages. More research, however, ought to be performed into placental mosaicism to further clarify timing and mechanisms involved in foetal UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fritz
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.
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23
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Kotzot D. Complex and segmental uniparental disomy (UPD): review and lessons from rare chromosomal complements. J Med Genet 2001; 38:497-507. [PMID: 11483637 PMCID: PMC1734925 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.8.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review all cases with segmental and/or complex uniparental disomy (UPD), to study aetiology and mechanisms of formation, and to draw conclusions. DESIGN Searching published reports in Medline. RESULTS The survey found at least nine cases with segmental UPD and a normal karyotype, 22 cases with UPD of a whole chromosome and a simple or a non-homologous Robertsonian translocation, eight cases with UPD and two isochromosomes, one of the short arm and one of the long arm of a non-acrocentric chromosome, 39 cases with UPD and an isochromosome of the long arm of two homologous acrocentric chromosomes, one case of UPD and an isochromosome 8 associated with a homozygous del(8)(p23.3pter), and 21 cases with UPD of a whole or parts of a chromosome associated with a complex karyotype. Segmental UPD is formed by somatic recombination (isodisomy) or by trisomy rescue. In the latter mechanism, a meiosis I error is associated with meiotic recombination and an additional somatic exchange between two non-uniparental chromatids. Subsequently, the chromatid that originated from the disomic gamete is lost (iso- and heterodisomy). In cases of UPD associated with one isochromosome of the short arm and one isochromosome of the long arm of a non-acrocentric chromosome and in cases of UPD associated with a true isochromosome of an acrocentric chromosome, mitotic complementation is assumed. This term describes the formation by misdivision at the centromere during an early mitosis of a monosomic zygote. In cases of UPD associated with an additional marker chromosome, either mitotic formation of the marker chromosome in a trisomic zygote or fertilisation of a gamete with a marker chromosome formed in meiosis by a disomic gamete or by a normal gamete and subsequent duplication are possible. CONCLUSIONS Research in the field of segmental and/or complex UPD may help to explain undiagnosed non-Mendelian disorders, to recognise hotspots for meiotic and mitotic recombinations, and to show that chromosomal segregation is more complex than previously thought. It may also be helpful to map autosomal recessively inherited genes, genes/regions of genomic imprinting, and dysmorphic phenotypes. Last but not least it would improve genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kotzot
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 32, D-81675 München, Germany.
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Abstract
Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 21 [upd(21)mat] was found previously in a normal female and in 2 cases of early embryonic failure. We present a phenotypically normal child with upd(21)mat due to a de novo der(21;21)(q10;10). This finding suggests that chromosome 21 is not imprinted in the maternal germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Rogan
- Department of Human Genetics, MCP Hahnemann University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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25
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Kotzot D. Abnormal phenotypes in uniparental disomy (UPD): Fundamental aspects and a critical review with bibliography of UPD other than 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990129)82:3<265::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Shaffer LG, McCaskill C, Adkins K, Hassold TJ. Systematic search for uniparental disomy in early fetal losses: The results and a review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19981012)79:5<366::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Smith MJ, Creasy MR, Clarke A, Upadhyaya M. Sex ratio and absence of uniparental disomy in spontaneous abortions with a normal karyotype. Clin Genet 1998; 53:258-61. [PMID: 9650761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of spontaneous abortions collected in the South Wales region over a period of 18 months was karyotyped to identify those with a normal chromosome complement. Microsatellite polymorphisms distributed throughout all autosomes were typed by the polymerase chain reaction to determine the parental origin of each autosome pair in karyotypically normal spontaneous abortions. In 35 cases biparental inheritance of every autosome pair was demonstrated. The sex ratio of the normal spontaneous abortions of proven biparental origin was 0.77, but this was not significantly different from 1.00.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smith
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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28
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Hurst LD, McVean GT. Growth effects of uniparental disomies and the conflict theory of genomic imprinting. Trends Genet 1997; 13:436-43. [PMID: 9385840 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While numerous theories have been proposed for the evolution of genomic imprinting, few have been tested. The conflict theory proposes that imprinting is an intra-individual manifestation of classical parent-offspring conflict. This theory is unique in predicting that imprinted genes expressed from the paternally derived genome should be enhancers of pre- and post-natal growth, while those expressed from the maternally derived genome should be growth suppressors. We examine this prediction by reviewing the literature on growth of human and mouse progeny that have inherited both copies (or part thereof) of a particular chromosome from only one parent. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that much of the data do not support the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Hurst
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.
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29
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Walter CA, Shaffer LG, Kaye CI, Huff RW, Ghidoni PD, McCaskill C, McFarland MB, Moore CM. Short-limb dwarfism and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a patient with paternal isodisomy 14: 45,XY,idic(14)(p11). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 65:259-65. [PMID: 8923931 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19961111)65:4<259::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) has been shown to result in specific disorders either due to imprinting and/or homozygosity of mutant alleles. Here we present the findings in a child with paternal UPD14. Ultrasound evaluation was performed at 30 weeks of gestation because of abnormally large uterine size. Pertinent ultrasound findings included polyhydramnios, short limbs, abnormal position of hands, small thorax, and nonvisualization of the fetal stomach. Post-natally the infant was found to have a low birth weight, short birth length, contractures, short limbs, and a small thorax with upslanting ribs. Assisted ventilation and gastrostomy were required. At age 6 months, the infant required hospitalization for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which responded to Atenolol. Initial cytogenetic studies demonstrated an apparently balanced de novo Robertsonian translocation involving chromosomes 14 and a karyotype designation of 45,XY,t(14q14q). No indication of mosaicism for trisomy 14 was observed in metaphase spreads prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes or skin-derived fibroblasts. C-band and fluorescence in situ hybridization results demonstrated that the chromosome was dicentric. DNA analyses showed paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 14. Based on the cytogenetic and DNA results a final karyotype designation of 45,XY,idic(14)(p11) was assigned to this infant with paternal isodisomy of chromosome 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7762, USA
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30
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Engel E. Uniparental disomy and genome imprinting: an overview. ACTA GENETICAE MEDICAE ET GEMELLOLOGIAE 1996; 45:19-39. [PMID: 8872007 DOI: 10.1017/s0001566000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The following paper is concerned with potential changes in the normal epigenetic process in a diploid individual, when a chromosome pair or segment is inherited from one parent only, instead of the expected biparental contribution. This aberrant mode of transmission arises from the high rate of gamete aneuploidy in humans. It has received the name uniparental disomy (UPD), and has emerged as an important factor in the new field of nontraditional inheritance, depicted in Table 1.The following definitions may foster a better understanding of this discussion.UPDis the inheritance ofbothcopies of a chromosome [or chromosomal segment(s)] from asingleparent, instead of the normal biparental transmission of the pair. Inisodisomy,the two uniparental copies areidentical, being derived from the same parental chromosome. Inheterodisomy, the two uniparental chromosomes aredifferent, being derived from the homologues of a pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engel
- University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
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31
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Rogan PK, Close P, Blouin JL, Seip JR, Gannutz L, Ladda RL, Antonarakis SE. Duplication and loss of chromosome 21 in two children with Down syndrome and acute leukemia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 59:174-81. [PMID: 8588582 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320590212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute leukemia in Down syndrome (DS) is often associated with additional changes in the number or structure of chromosome 21. We present two DS patients whose leukemic karyotypes were associated with changes in chromosome 21 ploidy. Patient 1 developed acute lymphocytic leukemia (type L1); disomy for chromosome 21 was evident in all blast cells examined. Loss of the paternal chromosome in the leukemic clone produced maternal uniparental disomy with isodisomy over a 25-cM interval. The second patient had acute monoblastic leukemia (type M5) with tetrasomy 21 in all leukemic cells. DNA polymorphism analysis showed duplicate paternal chromosomes in the constitutional genotype. The maternal chromosome was subsequently duplicated in the leukemic clone. The distinct inheritance patterns of chromosome 21 in the blast cells of these patients would appear to indicate that leukemogenesis occurred by different genetic mechanisms in each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Rogan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, USA
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32
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Stallard R, Krueger S, James RS, Schwartz S. Uniparental isodisomy 13 in a normal female due to transmission of a maternal t(13q13q). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:14-8. [PMID: 7645591 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes from a normal 23-year-old, primigravid woman were examined at 10 weeks of gestation because of her mother's history: 8 miscarriages and two liveborn infants (the proposita and a brother who died at 3 days with multiple anomalies). Karyotypes of the proposita and her normal mother were 45,XX,t(13q13q). No evidence of mosaicism was encountered. When the proposita inherited the t(13q13q), she received two copies of 13q from her mother. Moreover, she and her mother shared the same homozygous pattern of alleles from 7 highly polymorphic microsatellite repeats localized along 13q. No evidence of paternal markers from 13 was detected, although biparental inheritance was demonstrated with DNA markers from chromosomes 2 and 17. Cytogenetic and molecular findings indicated that the proposita's chromosomal complement included mUPD 13q. The proposita's normal phenotype suggested that no maternally imprinted genes map to 13q.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stallard
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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33
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Slater H, Shaw JH, Dawson G, Bankier A, Forrest SM. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 13 in a phenotypically normal child. J Med Genet 1994; 31:644-6. [PMID: 7815424 PMCID: PMC1050029 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.8.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A case of maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 13 is described. The subject is a phenotypically normal male who inherited a t(13;13)(p11.2;p11.2) from his mother who is a carrier of this translocation. The mother was ascertained through a history of recurrent abortion and is phenotypically normal. The translocation in both subjects was studied by cytogenetic and DNA analysis and appears to be a true dicentric isochromosome. These findings show that maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 13 has had no pathological consequences and suggests that there is no imprinting of genes on maternally derived chromosome 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Slater
- Murdoch Institute, Royal Childrens' Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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34
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Blouin JL, Binkert F, Antonarakis SE. Biparental inheritance of chromosome 21 polymorphic markers indicates that some Robertsonian translocations t(21;21) occur postzygotically. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 49:363-8. [PMID: 8209906 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320490333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Robertsonian translocations between acrocentric chromosomes are the most common structural chromosomal rearrangements in humans and many other organisms, and several mechanisms for their formation have been proposed. We have analyzed highly informative DNA polymorphisms in a family with a non-mosaic de novo Robertsonian translocation 21q;21q, to determine the parental origin of the two 21q arms of the rearranged chromosome. The genotypes indicated a biparental origin, i.e. one 21q was paternal and the other maternal. These results imply that in some cases the formation of the rob(21q;21q) occurs in the zygote or in the first few postzygotic mitotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Blouin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Driscoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610
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36
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Delabar JM, Créau N, Sinet PM, Ritter O, Antonarakis SE, Burmeister M, Chakravarti A, Nizetic D, Ohki M, Patterson D. Report of the Fourth International Workshop on Human Chromosome 21. Genomics 1993; 18:735-45. [PMID: 8307590 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Delabar
- URA CNRS 1335, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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37
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Theodossiou C, Scalise A, Silverman L, Najfeld V. Chromosome 21 rearrangement in acute biphenotypic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 64:56-9. [PMID: 1360869 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A patient with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and a 47,XY,+21 karyotype at diagnosis, was documented to have a clonal chromosome 21 rearrangement, i(21q), four months before transformation to acute biphenotypic leukemia. For 4 months after transformation, isochromosome 21 persisted while the patient was receiving treatment with zidovudine. Vitamin D3 was added to zidovudine for an additional month, during which time the trisomy 21 clone reappeared as the predominant cell population. The unique aspects of this patient are the atypical evolution of chromosome 21, the transformation to biphenotypic leukemia, and the occurrence of i(21q) associated with biphenotypic leukemia evolving from an MDS.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/complications
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/drug therapy
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/genetics
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- CD13 Antigens
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cholecalciferol/therapeutic use
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Trisomy
- Zidovudine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- C Theodossiou
- Tumor Cytogenetics Laboratory, Poly Annenberg Levy Hematology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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38
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Detection of DNA polymorphisms between two inbred mouse strains--limitations of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Mol Cell Probes 1990; 4:497-504. [PMID: 1982336 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(90)90008-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes in humans is characterized by a T cell mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. This autoimmune response is very similar to that seen in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain. Originally bred from the ICR cataract-prone strain, NOD mice spontaneously develop T cell mediated insulitis and type I diabetes by the age of 6 months. Backcross studies with the NOD mouse strain indicate segregation of at least three recessive genes. One of these, Iddm-1, has been shown to be tightly linked to the mouse MHC, H-2 on chromosome 17. Comparative studies with diabetic patients has also shown linkage to human HLA with protective and predisposing haplotypes being present within the population. In this study we have attempted to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) between the genomes of the NOD mouse strain and the diabetes-resistant strain C57BL/10. Such polymorphic loci will be used to screen DNAs from backcross animals that are diagnosed diabetic in an attempt to identify probes linked to the non-H2 disease susceptibility genes.
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39
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Rahmani Z, Blouin JL, Creau-Goldberg N, Watkins PC, Mattei JF, Poissonnier M, Prieur M, Chettouh Z, Nicole A, Aurias A. Critical role of the D21S55 region on chromosome 21 in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5958-62. [PMID: 2527368 PMCID: PMC297750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The duplication of a specific region of chromosome 21 could be responsible for the main features of Down syndrome. To define and localize this region, we analyzed at the molecular level the DNA of two patients with partial duplication of chromosome 21. These patients belong to two groups of Down syndrome patients characterized by different partial trisomies 21: (i) duplication of the long arm, proximal to 21q22.2, and (ii) duplication of the end of the chromosome, distal to 21q22.2 We assessed the copy number of five chromosome 21 sequences (SOD1, D21S17, D21S55, ETS2, and D21S15) and found that D21S55 was duplicated in both cases. By means of pulsed-field gel analysis and with the knowledge of regional mapping of the probes D21S17, D21S55 and ETS2, we estimated the size of the common duplicated region to be between 400 and 3000 kilobases. This region, localized on the proximal part of 21q22.3, is suspected to contain genes the overexpression of which is crucial in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahmani
- URA 1335 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biochimie Génétique, Paris, France
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40
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Warren AC, Slaugenhaupt SA, Lewis JG, Chakravarti A, Antonarakis SE. A genetic linkage map of 17 markers on human chromosome 21. Genomics 1989; 4:579-91. [PMID: 2568330 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a genetic linkage map of 17 markers on the long arm of human chromosome 21, including six genes and two anonymous loci with a variable number of tandem repeats. The estimated length of the map is 103 cM in males and 140 cM in females, assuming Kosambi interference. Recombination in females was approximately twice that in males between proximal markers. However, over half of the recombination events in either sex occur distally, in 21q22.3, although this region accounts for only about 15% of the physical length of chromosome 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Warren
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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