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Klepeisz P, Sagmeister S, Haudek-Prinz V, Pichlbauer M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Gerner C. Phenobarbital induces alterations in the proteome of hepatocytes and mesenchymal cells of rat livers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76137. [PMID: 24204595 PMCID: PMC3812042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preceding studies on the mode of action of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGCs) have concentrated on alterations induced in hepatocytes (HCs). A potential role of non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs) in NGC-driven hepatocarcinogenesis has been largely neglected so far. The aim of this study is to characterize NGC-induced alterations in the proteome profiles of HCs as well as NPCs. We chose the prototypic NGC phenobarbital (PB) which was applied to male rats for a period of 14 days. The livers of PB-treated rats were perfused by collagenase and the cell suspensions obtained were subjected to density gradient centrifugation to separate HCs from NPCs. In addition, HCs and NPC isolated from untreated animals were treated with PB in vitro. Proteome profiling was done by CHIP-HPLC and ion trap mass spectrometry. Proteome analyses of the in vivo experiments showed many of the PB effects previously described in HCs by other methods, e.g. induction of phase I and phase II drug metabolising enzymes. In NPCs proteins related to inflammation and immune regulation such as PAI-1 and S100-A10, ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1 and to cell migration such as kinesin-1 heavy chain, myosin regulatory light chain RLC-A and dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1 were found to be induced, indicating major PB effects on these cells. Remarkably, in vitro treatment of HCs and NPCs with PB hardly reproduced the proteome alterations observed in vivo, indicating differences of NGC induced responses of cells at culture conditions compared to the intact organism. To conclude, the present study clearly demonstrated that PB induces proteome alterations not only in HCs but also in NPCs. Thus, any profound molecular understanding on the mode of action of NGCs has to consider effects on cells of the hepatic mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Klepeisz
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Sagmeister
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Haudek-Prinz
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Pichlbauer
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Mišík M, Knasmueller S, Ferk F, Cichna-Markl M, Grummt T, Schaar H, Kreuzinger N. Impact of ozonation on the genotoxic activity of tertiary treated municipal wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3681-3691. [PMID: 21565381 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an emerging technology for the removal of micropollutants from treated wastewater. Aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of ozone treatment on genotoxic and acute toxic effects of tertiary treated municipal wastewater. It is known that DNA-damaging chemicals cause adverse effects in the environment and that exposure to humans leads to cancer and other diseases. Toxicity was tested in organisms from three trophic levels namely in bacteria (Salmonella/microsome assays) which enable the detection of gene mutations, in a plant bioassay (micronucleus assay with root tip cells of Allium cepa) which reflects clastogenic and aneugenic effects and in single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) tests with mammalian cells which detect DNA migration caused by single-, double strand breaks and alkali labile sites. In the bacterial tests negative results were obtained with untreated samples but after concentration with C(18) cartridges a positive result was found in strains TA1537 and TA98 which are sensitive to frameshift mutagens while no mutations were induced in other tester strains (TA100, TA102 and YG1024). Ozone treatment led to a decrease of the mutagenic activity of the samples. In the SCGE experiments, DNA migration was detected with the unconcentrated effluent of the treatment plant and ozonation led to a substantial decrease of this effect. In the plant bioassays, negative results were obtained with the effluent and ozone treatment did not cause an alteration of the micronucleus frequencies. Also acute toxic effects were monitored in the different indicator organisms under all experimental conditions. The bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic effects which were seen with the concentrated samples were reduced by ozonation. In the experiments with the eukaryotic (plant and animal) cells no acute toxicity was seen with the effluents and ozonation had no impact on their viability. In conclusion findings of this study indicate that ozonation of tertiary effluents of a municipal treatment plant reduces the adverse effects caused by release of mutagens in aquatic ecosystems and does not decrease the viability of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. However, future research is required to find out if, and to which extent these findings can be generalized and which mechanisms account for the detoxification of the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ferk F, Mišík M, Grummt T, Majer B, Fuerhacker M, Buchmann C, Vital M, Uhl M, Lenz K, Grillitsch B, Parzefall W, Nersesyan A, Knasmüller S. Genotoxic effects of wastewater from an oncological ward. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Bungay A, Selden C, Brown D, Malik R, Hubank M, Hodgson H. Microarray analysis of mitogenic effects of T3 on the rat liver. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1926-33. [PMID: 18717759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A single dose of the thyroid hormone tri-iodothyronine, T3, can enhance both size and function of normal rodent liver, which is potentially of value in the treatment of liver disease. However the mechanism of this has not been fully elucidated, and it cannot be modeled in vitro. We therefore investigated the transcriptome response to T3 in rat liver in vivo. METHODS After adult rats were administered 5 microg T3 subcutaneously, a whole rat genome microarray comparing global hepatic gene expression against vehicle-only treated liver after 3 h was performed. RESULTS Informative transcripts which had identifiable gene ontology biological processes were grouped according to function, broadly reflecting general metabolic effects and those linked to cell-proliferation control. We then compared the transcriptome response after 5-microg T3 initiating hepatocyte DNA synthesis (mitogenic) with that after 0.1 microg T3, a supraphysiological amount not initiating hepatocyte DNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS We compared the results with published results of the response to other primary mitogens, and identified the Gadd45beta/MyD118 gene as a common early factor upregulated during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bungay
- Royal Free & University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London
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5
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Combes R, Grindon C, Cronin MT, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Acute Systemic Toxicity and Toxicokinetics with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36 Suppl 1:91-109. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803601s08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a joint research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetic testing. The paper reviews in vitro tests based on basal cytotoxicity and target organ toxicity, along with QSAR models and expert systems available for this endpoint. The use of PBPK modelling for the prediction of ADME properties is also discussed. These tests are then incorporated into a decision-tree style, integrated testing strategy, which also includes the use of refined in vivo acute toxicity tests, as a last resort. The implementation of the strategy is intended to minimise the use of animals in the testing of acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics, whilst satisfying the scientific and logistical demands of the EU REACH legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F. Garrod
- Chemicals and Nanotechnologies Division, Defra, London, UK
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6
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Combes R, Grindon C, Cronin MTD, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated decision-tree testing strategies for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics with respect to the requirements of the EU REACH legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36:45-63. [PMID: 18333714 DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a joint research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetic testing. The paper reviews in vitro tests based on basal cytotoxicity and target organ toxicity, along with QSAR models and expert systems available for this endpoint. The use of PBPK modelling for the prediction of ADME properties is also discussed. These tests are then incorporated into a decision-tree style, integrated testing strategy, which also includes the use of refined in vivo acute toxicity tests, as a last resort. The implementation of the strategy is intended to minimise the use of animals in the testing of acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics, whilst satisfying the scientific and logistical demands of the EU REACH legislation.
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7
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Rohr-Udilova N, Stolze K, Sagmeister S, Parzefall W, Marian B, Nohl H, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Cytotoxicity of the novel spin trapping compound 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (3,5-EDPO) and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5698-703. [PMID: 17804223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ESR spin trapping allows detection of superoxide radicals. Novel spin traps forming more stable superoxide adducts (t(1/2) ca. 12-55 min) were tested for their toxicity to cultured cells. The following toxicity ranking was obtained: 4,5-DPPO>4-BEMPO approximately 3-BEMPO>trans-3,5-EDPO>3,5-DPPO approximately 4,5-DiPPO approximately 4,5-EDPO>cis-3,5-EDPO approximately 3,5-DiPPO>DEPMPO. In conclusion, 4,5-EDPO, cis-3,5-EDPO and 3,5-DiPPO can be recommended for further investigation of superoxide in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Plant KE, Everett DM, Gordon Gibson G, Lyon J, Plant NJ. Transcriptomic and phylogenetic analysis of Kpna genes: a family of nuclear import factors modulated in xenobiotic-mediated liver growth. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:647-58. [PMID: 16906019 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000220570.82842.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have identified a member of the karyopherin (importin) alpha family of nuclear import factors as being modulated in rat liver following exposure to the hypolipidaemic and liver growth agent Wy-14,643. To examine the hypothetical role of this protein family as a checkpoint in receptor-mediated signalling, we characterized the rat karyopherin alpha (Kpna) gene family and present cDNA sequences and gene structures for all six rat Kpna genes. Further, we have assembled a comprehensive panel of Kpna coding regions from a range of metazoa, which we have subjected to phylogenetic analysis: This represents by far the most complete phylogenetic study of metazoan karyopherins, including several evolutionary intermediates not previously examined. The phylogeny reveals three Kpna subfamilies with distinct, conserved gene structures, shedding light on the evolutionary origins of this multigene family in metazoa. METHODS AND RESULTS Using quantitative PCR, we have analysed Kpna transcript levels in 44 rat tissues; Kpna transcripts show a wide variation in their distribution both in absolute and relative terms, suggestive of specialized roles for each member. We also demonstrate that Kpna genes are regulated in rat liver and isolated hepatocytes in a xenobiotic-specific manner for a number of chemically distinct liver growth agents. CONCLUSIONS In light of the crucial role of nuclear import in mediating the genomic changes elicited through nuclear receptor activation, we postulate that changes in the levels of specific karyopherins alpha during xenobiotic-mediated liver growth represent an important component of the cellular response to the external stimuli that trigger these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Plant
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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9
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Grusch M, Drucker C, Peter-Vörösmarty B, Erlach N, Lackner A, Losert A, Macheiner D, Schneider WJ, Hermann M, Groome NP, Parzefall W, Berger W, Grasl-Kraupp B, Schulte-Hermann R. Deregulation of the activin/follistatin system in hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2006; 45:673-80. [PMID: 16935389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Activins A and E negatively regulate hepatic cell number by inhibiting cell replication and inducing apoptosis. Follistatin and follistatin-like 3 bind activins and antagonise their biological activities. Aim of our study was to investigate, whether activins and follistatins may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS Expression levels of follistatin, follistatin-like 3, and activin subunits beta(A) as well as beta(E) were investigated in chemically induced rat and human liver tumours by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effects of follistatin and activin A on DNA synthesis of normal as well as preneoplastic hepatocytes and hepatoma cells were analysed. RESULTS Follistatin was overexpressed while both activin subunits were downregulated in the majority of rat and human liver tumours. Follistatin-like 3 expression was low in normal but enhanced in malignant rat liver. In human normal liver, in contrast, it was abundantly expressed but downregulated in liver cancer. Administration of follistatin to normal and preneoplastic hepatocytes stimulated DNA synthesis preferentially in preneoplastic rat hepatocytes, whereas activin A repressed it. CONCLUSIONS The balanced expression of follistatins and activins becomes deregulated during hepatocarcinogenesis. The sensitivity of preneoplastic hepatocytes to activin signals suggests the activin/follistatin system as promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Drucker C, Parzefall W, Teufelhofer O, Grusch M, Ellinger A, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Non-parenchymal liver cells support the growth advantage in the first stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:152-61. [PMID: 16081514 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma almost always arises in chronically inflamed livers. We developed a culture model to study the role of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) for inflammation-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Rats were treated with the carcinogen N-nitrosomorpholine, which induced initiated hepatocytes expressing the marker placental glutathione-S-transferase (GSTp). After 21 days two preparations of hepatocytes were made: (i) conventional ones (Hep-conv) containing NPCs and (ii) hepatocytes purified of NPCs (Hep-pur). Initiated hepatocytes, being positive for GSTp (GSTp-pos) were present in both preparations and were cultured along with normal hepatocytes, being negative for GSTp (GSTp-neg). Under any culture condition DNA synthesis was approximately 4-fold higher in GSTp-pos than in GSTp-neg hepatocytes demonstrating the inherent growth advantage of the first stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocytes showed approximately 3-fold lower rates of DNA synthesis in Hep-pur than in Hep-conv, which was elevated above Hep-conv levels by addition of NPC or NPC-supernatant. Pretreatment of NPCs with proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further increased DNA synthesis. Thus, NPCs release soluble growth stimulators. Next we investigated the effect of specific cytokines produced by NPCs. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 barely altered DNA synthesis, whereas hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) were potent inducers of DNA replication in both, GSTp-neg and GSTp-pos cells. In conclusion, DNA synthesis of hepatocytes is increased by factors released from NPCs, an effect augmented by LPS-stimulation. NPC-derived cytokines, such as KGF, HGF and HB-EGF, stimulate DNA synthesis preferentially in initiated hepatocytes, presumably resulting in tumour promotion. Similar mechanisms may contribute to carcinogenesis in human inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Drucker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Schausberger E, Hufnagl K, Parzefall W, Gerner C, Kandioler-Eckersberger D, Wrba F, Klimpfinger M, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Inherent growth advantage of (pre)malignant hepatocytes associated with nuclear translocation of pro-transforming growth factor alpha. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1955-63. [PMID: 15534611 PMCID: PMC2409777 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-peptide of transforming growth factor alpha (proTGFalpha) was recently found in hepatocyte nuclei preparing for DNA replication, which suggests a role of nuclear proTGFalpha for mitogenic signalling. This study investigates whether the nuclear occurrence of the pro-peptide is involved in the altered growth regulation of (pre)malignant hepatocytes. In human hepatocarcinogenesis, the incidence of proTGFalpha-positive and replicating nuclei gradually increased from normal liver, to dysplastic nodules, to hepatocellular carcinoma. ProTGFalpha-positive nuclei almost always were in DNA synthesis. Also, in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, proTGFalpha-positive nuclei occurred in (pre)malignant hepatocytes at significantly higher incidences than in unaltered hepatocytes. For functional studies unaltered (GSTp(-)) and premalignant (GSTp(+)) rat hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion and cultivated. Again, DNA synthesis occurred almost exclusively in proTGFalpha-positive nuclei. GSTp(+) hepatocytes showed an approximately 3-fold higher frequency of proTGFalpha-positive nuclei and DNA replication than GSTp(-) cells. Treatment of cultures with the mitogen cyproterone acetate (CPA) elevated the incidence of proTGFalpha-positive nuclei and DNA synthesis in parallel. Conversely, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) lowered both. These effects of CPA and TGFbeta1 were significantly more pronounced in GSTp(+) than in GSTp(-) hepatocytes. In conclusion, nuclear translocation of proTGFalpha increases in the course of hepatocarcinogenesis and appears to be involved in the inherent growth advantage of (pre)malignant hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schausberger
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Hufnagl
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - W Parzefall
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gerner
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - F Wrba
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, AKH-Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Klimpfinger
- Institute for Pathology and Bacteriology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Kundratstraße 3, A-1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Schulte-Hermann
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Lee CH, Edwards AM. Structural specificity of steroids in stimulating DNA synthesis and protooncogene expression in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 81:25-36. [PMID: 12127039 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(02)00044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the chemical compounds of varied structure which possess liver tumour-promoting are steroids, such as estrogens, pregnenolone derivatives and anabolic steroids. Although the mechanism(s) of tumour promotion in liver by these xenobiotics is not well understood, it is clear that growth stimulation is one important element in their action. As a basis for better defining whether steroids stimulate growth by a common mechanism or fall into sub-groups with differing actions, the effects of 46 steroids on DNA synthesis and the expression of protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc were examined in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes. Tentative groupings of steroids have been identified based on apparent structural requirements for stimulation of DNA synthesis, and effects of auxiliary factors in modulating this growth stimulus. For a "progestin" group, insulin appeared to be permissive for stimulation of DNA synthesis, and presence of an ester or hydroxyl group at 17alpha-position in combination with a non-polar group at C(6) appeared to be required for stimulation. For the pregnenes, dexamethasone was stimulatory. Structural requirements include a non-polar substitution at 16alpha-position and presence of a 6alpha-methyl group. Androgens were weak or ineffective stimulators of DNA synthesis. Anabolic steroids were weak to strong stimulators and alteration to A ring structure in combination with non-polar substitution at 17alpha-position appeared to be required for the activity. With the exception of the anabolic steroid, dianabol, there do not appear to be strong correlation between ability to stimulate DNA synthesis and ability to induce protooncogene expression among the steroids. This study provides a starting point for future more detailed examination of growth-stimulatory mechanism(s) of action of steroids in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lee
- Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada.
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13
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Auvigne I, Pichard V, Aubert D, Robillard N, Ferry N. In vivo cell lineage analysis in cyproterone acetate-treated rat liver using genetic labeling of hepatocytes. Hepatology 2002; 35:281-8. [PMID: 11826400 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Genetic labeling using recombinant retroviruses is a powerful strategy for the study of cell lineage in the liver. However, this type of vector is only able to infect dividing cells. The synthetic steroid cyproterone acetate (CPA) is mitogenic and carcinogenic in the adult rat liver. In this study, we used retroviral vectors carrying the nuclear targeted beta-galactosidase gene to selectively label and follow the fate of hepatocytes dividing on administration of CPA. Labeled cells as well as those in mitosis were preferentially located around the portal tract, whereas apoptotic bodies were predominant in the pericentral area. Labeled hepatocytes did not disappear after apoptosis, suggesting a preferential elimination of nontransduced cells. The presence of labeled binucleated hepatocytes showed the persistence of a binucleation process. Finally, we performed long-term analysis of labeled cells in transgenic animals tolerant for beta-galactosidase and treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) to promote the growth of CPA-initiated hepatocytes. The presence of beta-galactosidase-positive hepatocyte clones showed that hepatocytes divided during treatment with 2-AAF. Only 3% of beta-galactosidase clones were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTp), indicating the absence of a preferential appearance of preneoplastic foci in the population of beta-galactosidase-labeled hepatocytes. In conclusion, our results show that the mitogenic and tumor-initiating activities of CPA are directed toward different hepatocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Auvigne
- Laboratoire de thérapie génique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
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14
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Lake BG, Renwick AB, Cunninghame ME, Price RJ, Surry D, Evans DC. Comparison of the effects of some CYP3A and other enzyme inducers on replicative DNA synthesis and cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver. Toxicology 1998; 131:9-20. [PMID: 9881931 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(98)00085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mitogenic effects of some inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms in rat liver. Female Sprague-Dawley CD rats were treated with 100 mg/kg per day of either sodium phenobarbitone (NaPB), barbituric acid (BA), isoniazid (ISN), beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), miconazole (MIC) or clotrimazole (CLOT), 75 mg/kg per day methylclofenapate (MCP), 50 mg/kg per day dexamethasone (DEX) and 500 mg/kg per day troleandomycin (TAO) by daily oral gavage for four days. Treatment with all compounds except BA, ISN and MIC, significantly increased relative liver weight. Administration of NaPB, PCN, DEX, MIC, CLOT and TAO all induced total CYP content, and by Western immunoblotting, levels of CYP3A isoforms in hepatic microsomal fractions. Apart from CLOT, all these compounds induced microsomal testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity. By measurement of marker enzyme activities and Western immunoblotting with antibodies to CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2 and CYP2E1, BNF, NaPB, ISN and MCP were shown to induce CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2E and CYP4A isoforms, respectively. Replicative DNA synthesis was studied by implanting osmotic pumps containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine 1 day before the commencement of treatment with the enzyme inducers. Hepatocyte labelling index values were significantly increased by treatment with NaPB, PCN, MCP, CLOT and TAO, but not by BA, ISN, BNF, DEX and MIC. These studies demonstrate that while CYP2B and CYP4A enzyme inducers may stimulate replicative DNA synthesis, only some CYP3A enzyme inducers are mitogenic agents in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lake
- BIBRA International, Carshalton, Surrey, UK.
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Sensitive detection of growth stimulating tumour promoters in perifused primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 1997; 11:543-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(97)00063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Effects of insulin, glucagon and triiodothyronine on DNA synthesis in rat hepatocyte primary cultures induced by liver tumour promoters and EGF. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/1995] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gebhardt R, Fischer S. Enhanced sensitivity of perifused primary rat hepatocytes to mitogens and growth modulation by carcinogens. Toxicol In Vitro 1995; 9:445-51. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00050-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tsuchida T, Yasuyama T, Higuchi K, Watanabe A, Urakami T, Akaike T, Sato K, Maeda H. The protective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone and its derivatives against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury of rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 8:342-7. [PMID: 8397011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1993.tb01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and its derivative, oxazo pyrroloquinoline (OPQ-G), protected rats from experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in vivo. This effect was observed after an intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg PQQ or OPQ-G, which was given twice, 10 min and 1 h before CCl4 administration. Pyrroloquinoline quinone protected primary cultured rat hepatocytes from CCl4 toxicity in vitro. This protection was most effective at a concentration of 3 mumol/L PQQ. Pyrroloquinoline quinone derivatives (oxazo pyrroloquinoline, methyl-thioethyl oxazo pyrroloquinoline and PQQ-allylester) also protected the hepatocytes from CCl4 toxicity. Pyrroloquinoline quinone and its derivatives inhibited the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence from isolated hepatocytes initiated by CCl4. These results suggest that eliminating free radicals is one of the protective mechanisms of PQQ and its derivatives against CCl4-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Maier P, Schawalder H. Physiological oxygen tension modulates the chemically induced mitogenic response of cultured rat hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 1993; 156:119-29. [PMID: 8314852 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041560117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were cultured at periportal- (13% O2) or perivenous-like (4% O2) oxygen tension and exposed to subtoxic exposure levels of cyproterone acetate (CPA: 10-330 microM), phenobarbital (PB: 0.75-6 mM), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO: 0.1-3.3%) from 24-72 h after seeding. Induced alterations in ploidy, in the number of S-phase cells, the degree of binuclearity, and cellular protein content were determined by twin parameter protein/DNA flow cytometry analysis of intact cells and isolated nuclei. CPA and PB increased whereas DMSO decreased dose dependently the total number of S-phase cells. The changes differed within individual ploidy classes and were modulated by the oxygen tension. CPA increased and DMSO decreased the number of S-phase cells preferentially among the diploid hepatocytes at periportal-like oxygen tension. In contrast, PB increased binuclearity and S-phase cells mainly among the tetraploid hepatocytes at perivenous-like oxygen tension. Cellular protein content increased dose dependently after exposure to the hepatomitogens (CPA, PB) and decreased after exposure to DMSO at both oxygen tensions. Comparison with in vitro data proves that chemicals which interact with cells from the progenitor liver compartment (CPA, DMSO) exert their mitogenic activity best in cultures at periportal-like oxygen tension preferentially in diploid hepatocytes, whereas chemicals which affect cells from the functional compartment show a higher activity at perivenous-like oxygen tension. Physiological oxygen tension seems to be an effective modulator of the proliferative response of cultured rat hepatocytes similar to that expected for periportally or perivenously derived hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maier
- Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schwerzenbach
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