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Wu P, Rodríguez YY, Hershey BJ, Tadassa Y, Dodd KA, Jia W. Validation of a binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivation procedure for biosafety treatment of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV). Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108928. [PMID: 33248402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binary ethylenimine (BEI) has been widely used as a virucide to inactivate viruses. For regulatory exclusion of a select agent, the United States Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) requires an inactivation procedure that renders a select agent non-viable but allows the select agent to retain antigenic characteristics for future use must be validated, and the inactivated agent must be confirmed by a viability testing. In this curve-based validation study, we examined impacts of BEI concentration, treatment temperature, and time on our in-house inactivation procedures of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), and Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV). The inactivation efficacy was confirmed by virus titration and 3 consecutive blind passages on the monolayers of susceptible cells. A linear correlation between the virus titer reduction and BEI concentration, treatment time, and temperature was established. The results confirmed our in-house BEI inactivation procedure of two doses of 1.5 mM BEI treatment at 37 °C, 1st dose for 24 h, then 2nd dose for 6 more hours for a total of 30 h BEI contact time, can ensure complete inactivation of FMDV, VSV, and SVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA.
| | - Yelitza Y Rodríguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Benjamin J Hershey
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Yadata Tadassa
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dodd
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA.
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Habib M, Hussain I, Irshad H, Yang ZZ, Shuai JB, Chen N. Immunogenicity of formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine inactivated infectious bursal disease virus in broiler chicks. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:660-4. [PMID: 16845721 PMCID: PMC1533761 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was inactivated by two different chemicals--formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine (BEI). Formaldehyde was used at 0.1% and 0.2%, while BEI was used at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L. These four vaccines were tested for their efficiency in generating humoral immune response in different groups of broiler chicks. Both BEI-inactivated vaccines gave relatively higher antibody titers and were almost twice as efficient as formaldehyde-inactivated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasser Habib
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
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Habib M, Hussain I, Fang W, Rajput Z, Yang Z, Irshad H. Inactivation of infectious bursal disease virus by binary ethylenimine and formalin. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:320-3. [PMID: 16532536 PMCID: PMC1447506 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by binary ethylenimine (BEI) in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chickens and its confirmation was done by agar gel precipitation test. Viral suspensions were subjected to inactivation with BEI and formalin for pre-set time intervals. BEI was employed at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L while formalin was used at 0.1% and 0.2%. Sampling was done at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and samples were tested for their inactivation status in 9-day-old embryonated eggs and 3-week-old broiler chickens. IBDV was completely inactivated by 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L BEI after 36 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, whereas formalin at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations inactivated IBDV in 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Habib
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- †E-mail:
| | - I. Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - W.H. Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Z.I. Rajput
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Animal Husbandry Sindh, Hyderabad 71000, Pakistan
| | - Z.Z. Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - H. Irshad
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Berhane Y, Berry JD, Ranadheera C, Marszal P, Nicolas B, Yuan X, Czub M, Weingartl H. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated Nipah virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 132:59-68. [PMID: 16226320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (BEI). The inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and Western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly Nipah matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins was used for immunizing BALB/c mice to generate hybridomas. Screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five strongly positive clones producing IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive to the Nipah virus antigen. The protein specificity of these mAbs was determined by Western immunoblot using Nipah virus and recombinant Nipah virus proteins expressed in mammalian cells. Four mAbs reacted with Nipah N protein and one reacted with Nipah M protein. None of the mAbs neutralized Nipah virus infectivity in vitro. However, all mAbs recognized Nipah virus in ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. F45G2 mAb was most suitable for immunohistochemistry on long term formalin-fixed Nipah virus infected swine tissues. Three of the anti-nucleocapsid mAbs (F45G2, F45G3 and F45G6) showed cross-reactivity with closely related Hendra virus N protein in both immunofluorescence and Western Immunoblot assays. Two of the mAbs were specific for the Nipah virus only, F45G4 (anti-N) and F45G5 (anti-M), and could be used in the primary identification of Nipah virus. The use of these immunoreagents to develop new diagnostic assays is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3M4.
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Pyke AT, Phillips DA, Chuan TF, Smith GA. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4:3. [PMID: 14720306 PMCID: PMC331405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods have been developed and standardised for the safe and reproducible production of inactivated arbovirus antigens which are appropriate for use in diagnostic serological applications. METHODS To optimise the maximum titre of growth during the propagation of arboviruses, the multiplicity of infection and choice of cell line were investigated using stocks of Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus grown in both mosquito and mammalian cell lines. To standardise and improve the efficacy of the inactivation of arboviral suspensions, stocks of Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus and Alfuy virus were chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine at a final concentration of 3 mM. Aliquots were then taken at hourly intervals and crude inactivation rates were determined for each virus using a plaque assay. To ensure complete inactivation, the same aliquots were each passaged 3 times in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and the presence of viral growth was detected using an immunofluorescent assay. For larger quantities of viral suspensions, centrifugation on an isopycnic sucrose density gradient or cross-flow filtration was used to produce concentrated, pure antigens or partially concentrated, semi-purified antigens respectively. RESULTS The results of the propagation experiments suggested that the maximum viral titres obtained for both Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus were affected by the incubation period and choice of cell line, rather than the use of different multiplicity of infection values. Results of the binary ethylenimine inactivation trial suggested that standardised periods of 5 or 8 hours would be suitable to ensure effective and complete inactivation for a number of different arboviral antigens. CONCLUSION Two methods used to prepare inactivated arbovirus antigens have been standardised to minimise production failure and expenditure and to provide reagents that conform to the highest quality and safety requirements of a diagnostic serology laboratory. The antigens are suitable for use in either enzyme linked immunosorbent assays or haemagglutination inhibition assays and the optimised protocols can be directly applied to produce antigens from new or emerging arboviral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | | | - Teck F Chuan
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Greg A Smith
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
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Blackburn NK, Besselaar TG. A study of the effect of chemical inactivants on the epitopes of Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 1991; 33:367-74. [PMID: 1723736 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to study the effect of formalin, beta propriolactone (BPL) and binary ethylenimine (BEI) on the epitopes of the Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins. After the initial inactivation period BEI had very little adverse affect on the epitopes whereas BPL significantly altered seven and formalin partially changed the conformation or accessibility of most of the epitopes. The epitopes of all of the inactivated antigens showed a reduced activity against the specific mAbs over a six month storage period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Blackburn
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Sandringham, South Africa
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Bahnemann HG. Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with particular reference to the application of binary ethylenimine. Vaccine 1990; 8:299-303. [PMID: 2204242 PMCID: PMC7173316 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral antigens for human and veterinary vaccines are still inactivated with formaldehyde. This is not an ideal inactivant and the problems of formaldehyde inactivation of vaccines are discussed. Vaccines inactivated with aziridines are superior in safety and antigenicity. Aziridines inactivate viruses in a first-order reaction and the inactivation rate and endpoint can be determined. The preparation and application of the aziridine compound binary ethylenimine (BEI) and the necessary conditions for and controls of the inactivation process are described and discussed. A computer program has been written for assistance in the use of BEI for controlled inactivation of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Bahnemann
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization-WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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