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Wood BM, Millar RS, Wright N, Baumgartner J, Holmquist H, Kiffner C. Hunter-Gatherers in context: Mammal community composition in a northern Tanzania landscape used by Hadza foragers and Datoga pastoralists. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251076. [PMID: 33989291 PMCID: PMC8121365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many regions of sub Saharan Africa large mammals occur in human-dominated areas, yet their community composition and abundance have rarely been described in areas occupied by traditional hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. Surveys of mammal populations in such areas provide important measures of biodiversity and provide ecological context for understanding hunting practices. Using a sampling grid centered on a Hadza hunter-gatherer camp and covering 36 km2 of semi-arid savannah in northern Tanzania, we assessed mammals using camera traps (n = 19 stations) for c. 5 months (2,182 trap nights). In the study area (Tli’ika in the Hadza language), we recorded 36 wild mammal species. Rarefaction curves suggest that sampling effort was sufficient to capture mammal species richness, yet some species known to occur at low densities in the wider area (e.g. African lions, wildebeest) were not detected. Relative abundance indices of wildlife species varied by c. three orders of magnitude, from a mean of 0.04 (African wild dog) to 20.34 capture events per 100 trap-nights (Kirk’s dik dik). To contextualize the relative abundance of wildlife in the study area, we compared our study’s data to comparable camera trap data collected in a fully protected area of northern Tanzania with similar rainfall (Lake Manyara National Park). Raw data and negative binomial regression analyses show that wild herbivores and wild carnivores were generally detected in the national park at higher rates than in the Hadza-occupied region. Livestock were notably absent from the national park, but were detected at high levels in Tli’ika, and cattle was the second most frequently detected species in the Hadza-used area. We discuss how these data inform current conservation efforts, studies of Hadza hunting, and models of hunter-gatherer foraging ecology and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Wood
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMW); (CK)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Kiffner
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Center For Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania
- * E-mail: (BMW); (CK)
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Djagoun CA, Sinsin B, Wrage-Mönnig N. Stable isotope niche segregation between rare topi antelope (Damaliscus lunatus korrigum) and other sympatric bulk grazers in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve (Northern Benin): Implication for topi conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Costelloe BR, Rubenstein DI. Temporal structuring of vigilance behaviour by female Thomson's gazelles with hidden fawns. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saito M, Idani G. Giraffe Mother-Calf Relationships in the Miombo Woodland of Katavi National Park, Tanzania. MAMMAL STUDY 2018. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2017-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Saito
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2–24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
| | - Gen'ichi Idani
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2–24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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Kiffner C, Rheault H, Miller E, Scheetz T, Enriquez V, Swafford R, Kioko J, Prins HHT. Long-term population dynamics in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center For Wildlife Management Studies; The School For Field Studies; PO Box 304 Karatu Tanzania
| | - Helena Rheault
- Westfield State University; 577 Western Avenue Westfield Massachusetts 01086 USA
| | | | - Tanner Scheetz
- Department of Biology; Miami University; 501 East High Street Oxford Ohio 45056 USA
| | - Vivien Enriquez
- Department of Anthropology; Beloit College; 700 College Street Beloit Wisconsin 53511 USA
| | - Rachelle Swafford
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Conservation; Delaware Valley University; 700 East Butler Avenue Doylestown Pennsylvania 18901 USA
| | - John Kioko
- Center For Wildlife Management Studies; The School For Field Studies; PO Box 304 Karatu Tanzania
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Nhleko ZN, Parker DM, Druce DJ. The reproductive success of black rhinoceroses in the Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. KOEDOE: AFRICAN PROTECTED AREA CONSERVATION AND SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v59i1.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) are endangered and the southern-central sub-species (Diceros bicornis minor) is considered critically endangered. We assessed the reproductive lifehistories of black rhinoceroses in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to determine whether this historically important donor sub-population was meeting regional reproductive targets. Detailed life-history information for known individuals (n = 79–120) was used to investigate reproductive parameters between 1998 and 2013. Mean age at sexual maturity was 12 years, which exceeded a target period of 7 years and 5 months. The mean inter-calving interval was 3 years and 8 months – 8 months longer than the recommended 3 years. The poor population performance of the HiP black rhinoceroses could be a result of poor habitat quality, poor animal condition, females losing their first calves, predation of calves or a negative social effect of annual live-harvesting of the population. However, we believe that the estimated ecological carrying capacity of black rhinoceroses at HiP (a figure used to ascertain whether the population can be harvested at all) may be incorrect, leading to the poor reproductive performance. We recommend that the accuracy of the ecological carrying capacity estimate be assessed as a matter of urgency and that a moratorium be placed on the live-harvesting of individuals until the estimate has been refined.Conservation implications: Our results provide key data which can be used to refine black rhinoceros breeding targets in South Africa and the region more broadly
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Périquet S, Fritz H, Revilla E. The Lion King and the Hyaena Queen: large carnivore interactions and coexistence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1197-214. [PMID: 25530248 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among species, which range from competition to facilitation, have profound effects on ecosystem functioning. Large carnivores are of particular importance in shaping community structure since they are at the top of the food chain, and many efforts are made to conserve such keystone species. Despite this, the mechanisms of carnivore interactions are far from understood, yet they are key to enabling or hindering their coexistence and hence are highly relevant for their conservation. The goal of this review is thus to provide detailed information on the extents of competition and facilitation between large carnivores and their impact in shaping their life histories. Here, we use the example of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) and lions (Panthera leo) and provide a comprehensive knowledge of their interactions based on meta-analyses from available literature (148 publications). Despite their strong potential for both exploitation and interference competition (range and diet overlap, intraguild predation and kleptoparasitism), we underline some mechanisms facilitating their coexistence (different prey-age selection and scavenging opportunities). We stress the fact that prey abundance is key to their coexistence and that hyaenas forming very large groups in rich ecosystems could have a negative impact on lions. We show that the coexistence of spotted hyaenas and lions is a complex balance between competition and facilitation, and that prey availability within the ecosystem determines which predator is dominant. However, there are still many gaps in our knowledge such as the spatio-temporal dynamics of their interactions. As both species' survival becomes increasingly dependent on protected areas, where their densities can be high, it is critical to understand their interactions to inform both reintroduction programs and protected area management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Périquet
- CNRS UMR 5558 LBBE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bat. Gregor Mendel, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69 622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Fritz
- CNRS UMR 5558 LBBE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bat. Gregor Mendel, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69 622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Eloy Revilla
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41 092, Sevilla, Spain
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Pereira LM, Owen-Smith N, Moleón M. Facultative predation and scavenging by mammalian carnivores: seasonal, regional and intra-guild comparisons. Mamm Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Pereira
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Norman Owen-Smith
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Marcos Moleón
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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Hoffmann M, Belant JL, Chanson JS, Cox NA, Lamoreux J, Rodrigues ASL, Schipper J, Stuart SN. The changing fates of the world's mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2598-610. [PMID: 21844039 PMCID: PMC3140737 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent complete assessment of the conservation status of 5487 mammal species demonstrated that at least one-fifth are at risk of extinction in the wild. We retrospectively identified genuine changes in extinction risk for mammals between 1996 and 2008 to calculate changes in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI). Species-level trends in the conservation status of mammalian diversity reveal that extinction risk in large-bodied species is increasing, and that the rate of deterioration has been most accelerated in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. Expanding agriculture and hunting have been the main drivers of increased extinction risk in mammals. Site-based protection and management, legislation, and captive-breeding and reintroduction programmes have led to improvements in 24 species. We contextualize these changes, and explain why both deteriorations and improvements may be under-reported. Although this study highlights where conservation actions are leading to improvements, it fails to account for instances where conservation has prevented further deteriorations in the status of the world's mammals. The continued utility of the RLI is dependent on sustained investment to ensure repeated assessments of mammals over time and to facilitate future calculations of the RLI and measurement against global targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
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Hayward MW, Kerley GIH. Prey preferences and dietary overlap amongst Africa's large predators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3957/0379-4369-38.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Hayward MW, O'Brien J, Hofmeyr M, Kerley GIH. PREY PREFERENCES OF THE AFRICAN WILD DOG LYCAON PICTUS (CANIDAE: CARNIVORA): ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSERVATION. J Mammal 2006. [DOI: 10.1644/05-mamm-a-304r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Hayward MW, Hofmeyr M, O'Brien J, Kerley GIH. Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive? J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kelly MJ, Laurenson MK, FitzGibbon CD, Collins DA, Durant SM, Frame GW, Bertram BC, Caro TM. Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population: the first 25 years. J Zool (1987) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Appleby EC, Gibbons LM, Khalil LF. Cooperioides antidorca from intestinal nodules in Gazella thomsoni and G. granti in Kenya. J Comp Pathol 1992; 107:295-303. [PMID: 1469125 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90005-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Examination of nodules from the intestine of Gazella thomsoni and G. granti in Kenya revealed the presence of the trichostrongylid nematode Cooperioides antidorca. Nodules from the two hosts were histologically similar and took the form of chronic inflammatory lesions extending through the wall of the gut from the submucosa into the muscular layers. There was some necrosis around the parasite located in the centre of the nodule, a varying population of inflammatory cells and a varying degree of fibrous tissue encapsulation. One nodule possessed an aperture into the lumen of the gut and there was also evidence of serosal proliferation, probably due to the parasitic lesion penetrating the deeper layers of the wall. The morphology of Cooperioides antidorca recovered from the nodules was examined by scanning electron microscopy and is briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, U.K
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Fitzgibbon CD. Mixed-species grouping in Thomson's and Grant's gazelles: the antipredator benefits. Anim Behav 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prins HHT, Douglas-Hamilton I. Stability in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa. Oecologia 1990; 83:392-400. [PMID: 28313013 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal census data from Lake Manyara National Park in northern Tanzania are presented. The data refer to large mammalian herbivores, that is individually heavier than twenty kg, of which the numbers were counted in nine different years between 1959 and 1984. The total biomass of these herbivores was comprised mainly of African buffalo and African elephant. Five functional groups of herbivores were distinguished (buffalo, "elephant-as-grazer", "elephant-as-browser", "other grazers", and "other browsers"). The pressures of all these groups were constant over time with the exception of that by buffalo. Buffalo numbers increased since the last outbreak of rinderpest in 1959. There was no correlation between herbivore biomass and rainfall fluctuations. Individual species showed large fluctuations in their numbers but within the total herbivore assemblage the different species compensated the fluctuations of the other species. This resulted in an overall constancy of herbivore biomass, and, thus, the carrying capacity of the system has to be viewed on the level of all species combined and not on that of the individual species. This view is supported by the result that size of the stability index showed that the system of herbivore species was stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H T Prins
- Zoölogisch Laboratorium, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren (Gr.), The Netherlands
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Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania. Oecologia 1990; 82:283-288. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1989] [Accepted: 06/08/1989] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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FitzGibbon CD. A cost to individuals with reduced vigilance in groups of Thomson's Gazelles hunted by Cheetahs. Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DURANT SM, CARO TM, COLLINS DA, ALAWI RM, FITZGIBBON CD. Migration patterns of Thomson's gazelles and cheetahs on the Serengeti Plains. Afr J Ecol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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