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Vijayaragh K, Karthik R, Kamala Nal S. Hydrogen Generation from Algae: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2010.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Belkin S, Padan E. Sulfide-dependent hydrogen evolution in the cyanobacteriumOscillatoria limnetica. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hyman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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Kentemich T, Danneberg G, Hundeshagen B, Bothe H. Evidence for the occurrence of the alternative, vanadium-containing nitrogenase in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Use of “Specific” Inhibitors in Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Takakuwa S, Odom JM, Wall JD. Hydrogen uptake deficient mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00415604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Spiller H, Bookjans G, Shanmugam KT. Regulation of hydrogenase activity in vegetative cells of Anabaena variabilis. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:129-37. [PMID: 6408057 PMCID: PMC217661 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.1.129-137.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyst-free (NH4+-grown) cultures of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis produce a hydrogenase which is reversibly inhibited by light and O2. White or red light at an intensity of 5,000 lx inhibited greater than 95% of the activity. Oxygen at concentrations as low as 0.5% inhibited more than 85% of the hydrogenase in the vegetative cells of CO2-NH4+-grown cultures. The vegatative cell hydrogenase is also sensitive to strong oxidants like ferricyanide. In the presence of strong reductants like S2O4(2-), hydrogenase activity was not inhibited by light. However, hydrogenase activity in the heterocysts was insensitive to both light (greater than 5,000 lx) and O2 (10%). Heterocysts and light-insensitive hydrogenase activity appear simultaneously during differentiation of the vegetative cells into heterocysts (an NH4+-grown culture transferred to NH4+-free, N2-containing medium). This light-insensitive hydrogenase activity was detected several hours before the induction of nitrogenase activity. These results suggest a mode of regulation of hydrogenase in the vegetative cells of A. variabilis that is similar to "redox control" of hydrogenase and other "anaerobic" proteins in enteric bacteria like Escherichia coli.
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Neuer G, Bothe H. The pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase in heterocysts of the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 716:358-65. [PMID: 6810949 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyst preparations have been obtained which actively perform nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) and contain the enzymes of glycolysis and some of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase has been unambiguously demonstrated in extracts from heterocysts by the formation of acetylcoenzyme A, CO2 and reduced methyl viologen (ferredoxin) from pyruvate, coenzyme A and oxidized methyl viologen (ferredoxin) as well as by the synthesis of pyruvate from CO2, acetylcoenzyme A and reduced methyl viologen. Pyruvate supports C2H2 reduction by isolated heterocysts, however, with lower activity than Na2S2O4 and H2. alpha-Ketoglutarate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase is absent in Anabaena cylindrica, confirming that the organism has an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Laczkó I, Barabás K. Hydrogen evolution by photobleached Anabaena cylindrica. PLANTA 1981; 153:312-316. [PMID: 24276934 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1981] [Accepted: 07/13/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the evolution of hydrogen by photobleached filaments of the heterocystous bluegreen alga Anabaena cylindrica. The photobleached cells became orange-yellow due to the heavy accumulation of carotenoids. We found that the yellow filaments produced much larger amounts of hydrogen than the normal, green ones, while the nitrogenase activity responsible for hydrogen evolution increased to a lesser extent. We suggest that a reversible hydrogenase activity induced in photobleached filaments is responsible for the excess amount of hydrogen. 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) inhibits the hydrogen evolution of the yellow filaments which produce much more oxygen and fix less CO2 than the green filaments. Therefore we consider the water to be a possible electron source for this hydrogenase. The low efficiency of light energy conversion (0.3%) in nitrogenase-catalyzed H2 evolution (Laczkó, 1980 Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 100, 241-245) is increased to 1.5-2% by the appearance of the reversible hydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Laczkó
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
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LAMBERT GRANTR, SMITH GEOFFREYD. THE HYDROGEN METABOLISM OF CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1981.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Lambert GR, Smith GD. Hydrogen uptake by the nitrogen-starved cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 211:360-7. [PMID: 6795997 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Houchins JP, Burris RH. Comparative characterization of two distinct hydrogenases from Anabaena sp. strain 7120. J Bacteriol 1981; 146:215-21. [PMID: 6783615 PMCID: PMC217072 DOI: 10.1128/jb.146.1.215-221.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two distinct hydrogenases, hereafter referred to as "uptake" and "reversible" hydrogenase, were extracted from Anabaena sp. strain 7120 and partially purified. The properties of the two enzymes were compared in cell-free extracts. Uptake hydrogenase was largely particulate, and although membrane bound, it could catalyze an oxyhydrogen reaction. Particulate and solubilized uptake hydrogenase could catalyze H2 uptake with a variety of artificial electron acceptors which had midpoint potentials above 0 mV. Reversible hydrogenase was soluble, could donate electrons rapidly to electron acceptors of both positive and negative midpoint potential, and could evolve H2 rapidly when provided with reduced methyl viologen. Uptake hydrogenase was irreversibly inactivated by O2, whereas reversible hydrogenase was reversibly inactivated and could be reactivated by exposure to dithionite or H2. Reversible hydrogenase was stable to heating at 70 degrees C, but uptake hydrogenase was inactivated with a half-life of 12 min at this temperature. Uptake hydrogenase was eluted from Sephadex G-200 in a single peak of molecular weight 56,000, whereas reversible hydrogenase was eluted in two peaks with molecular weights of 165,000 and 113,000. CO was competitive with H2 for each enzyme; the Ki's for CO were 0.0095 atm for reversible hydrogenase and 0.039 atm for uptake hydrogenase. The pH optima for H2 evolution and H2 uptake by reversible hydrogenase were 6 and 9, respectively. Uptake hydrogenase existed in two forms with pH optima of 6 and 8.5. Both enzymes had very low Km's for H2, and neither was inhibited by C2H2.
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Scherer S, Kerfin W, Böger P. Increase of nitrogenase activity in the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum (Cyanobacterium). J Bacteriol 1980; 144:1017-23. [PMID: 6777364 PMCID: PMC294766 DOI: 10.1128/jb.144.3.1017-1023.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preincubation of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc muscorum under hydrogen or argon (nongrowing conditions, neither CO(2) nor N(2) or bound nitrogen present) in the light resulted in a two- to fourfold increase of light-induced hydrogen evolution and a 30% increase of acetylene reduction. Preincubation under the same gases in the dark led to a decrease of both activities. Cultivation of algae under a hydrogen-containing atmosphere (N(2), H(2), CO(2)) increased neither hydrogen nor ethylene evolution by the cells. Formation of both ethylene and hydrogen is due to nitrogenase activity, which apparently was induced by the absence of N(2) or bound nitrogen and not by the presence of hydrogen. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis prevented the increase of nitrogenase activity. Hydrogen uptake by the cells was almost unaffected under all of these conditions. With either ammonia or chloramphenicol present, nitrogenase activity decreased under growing conditions (i.e., an atmosphere of N(2) and CO(2)). The kinetics of decrease were the same with ammonia or chloramphenicol, which was interpreted as being due to rapid protein breakdown with a half-life of approximately 4 h. The decay of nitrogenase activity caused by chloramphenicol could be counteracted by nitrogenase-inducing conditions, i.e., by the absence of N(2) or bound nitrogen. A cell-free system from preconditioned algae with an adenosine 5'-triphosphate-generating system exhibited the same increase or decrease of nitrogenase activity as the intact cell filaments, indicating that this effect resided in the nitrogenase complex only. We tentatively assume that not the whole nitrogenase complex, but merely a subunit or a special protein with regulatory function, is susceptible to fast turnover.
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Antarikanonda P, Berndt H, Mayer F, Lorenzen H. Molecular hydrogen: A new inhibitor of photosynthesis in the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Anabaena sp. TA 1. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00421884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Scherer S, Kerfin W, Böger P. Regulatory effect of hydrogen on nitrogenase activity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc muscorum. J Bacteriol 1980; 141:1037-40. [PMID: 6767700 PMCID: PMC293774 DOI: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1037-1040.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preincubation of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc muscorum under an atmosphere of argon plus acetylene in the light led to a greater than fourfold increase of light-induced hydrogen evolution and to a 50% increase of acetylene reduction, as compared to cells that had not been preconditioned. The basic and the increased hydrogen evolution were both due to nitrogenase activity. Furthermore, after preincubation the hydrogen uptake, usually observed with unconditional cells, was abolished. Nostoc preincubated under acetylene evolved hydrogen in the light even in the presence of nitrogen for at least 2 h, with a 15-fold increase as compared to the unconditioned cells. These acetylene effects could be completely abolished by the presence of hydrogen during acetylene preincubation. These findings indicate that the hydrogen concentration in N. muscorum cells plays a role in regulation of nitrogenase activity.
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27
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Electron transport reactions in respiratory particles of hydrogenase-induced Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Doolittle WF. The cyanobacterial genome, its expression, and the control of that expression. Adv Microb Physiol 1980; 20:1-102. [PMID: 119432 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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An Evaluation of N2 Fixation and H2 Production in Fermentation Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040304-2.50017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Peschek GA. Aerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. The oxyhydrogen reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 548:203-15. [PMID: 116680 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The oxyhydrogen reaction of Anacystis nidulans was studied manometrically and polarographically in whole cells and in cell-free preparations; the activity was found to be associated with the particulate fraction. 2. Besides O2, the isolated membranes reduced artificial electron acceptors of positive redox potential; the reactions were unaffected by O2 levels less than 10--15%; aerobically the artificial acceptors were reduced simultaneously with O2. 3. H2-supported O2 uptake was inhibited by CO, KCN and 2-n-heptyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. Inhibition by CO was partly reversed by strong light. Uncouplers stimulated the oxyhydrogen reaction. 4. The kinetic properties of O2 uptake by isolated membranes were the same in presence of H2 and of other respiratory substrates. 5. Low rates of H2 evolution by the membrane preparations were found in presence of dithionite; methyl viologen stimulated the reaction. 6. The results indicate that under certain growth conditions Anacystis synthesizes a membrane-bound hydrogenase which appears to be involved in phosphorylative electron flow from H2 to O2 through the respiratory chain.
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32
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Peschek GA. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. H2-dependent photoreduction and related reactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 548:187-202. [PMID: 116679 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in whole cells and cell-free preparations of H2-induced Anacystis was studied both manometrically and spectrophotometrically in presence of physiological and artificial electron acceptors. 2. Up to 90% of the activity measured in crude extracts were recovered in the chlorophyll-containing membrane fraction after centrifugation (144 000 X g, 3 h). 3. Reduction of methyl viologen, diquat, ferredoxin, nitrite and NADP by the membranes was light dependent while oxidants of more positive redox potential were reduced also in the dark. 4. Evolution of H2 by the membranes was obtained with dithionite and with reduced methyl viologen; the reaction was stimulated by detergents. 5. Both uptake and evolution of H2 were sensitive to O2, CO, and thiolblocking agents. The H2-dependent reductions were inhibited also by the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone, while the ferredoxin inhibitor disalicylidenepropanediamine affected the photoreduction of nitrite and NADP only. 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea did not inhibit any one of the H2-dependent reactions. 6. The results present evidence for a membrane-bound 'photoreduction' hydrogenase in H2-induced Anacystis. The enzyme apparently initiates a light-driven electron flow from H2 to various low-potential acceptors including endogenous ferredoxin.
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33
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34
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Peschek GA. Evidence for two functionally distinct hydrogenases in Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Miyamoto K, Hallenbeck PC, Benemann JR. Hydrogen Production by the Thermophilic Alga
Mastigocladus laminosus
: Effects of Nitrogen, Temperature, and Inhibition of Photosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38:440-6. [PMID: 16345432 PMCID: PMC243514 DOI: 10.1128/aem.38.3.440-446.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen production by nitrogen-limited cultures of a thermophilic blue-green alga (cyanobacterium),
Mastigocladus laminosus
, was studied to develop the concept of a high-temperature biophotolysis system. Biophotolytic production of hydrogen by solar radiation was also demonstrated. Hydrogen consumption activity in these cultures was relatively high and is the present limiting factor on both the net rate and duration of hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyamoto
- Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Richmond Field Station, Richmond, California 94804
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36
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Lambert GR, Daday A, Smith GD. Duration of Hydrogen Formation by
Anabaena cylindrica
B629 in Atmospheres of Argon, Air, and Nitrogen. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38:530-6. [PMID: 16345438 PMCID: PMC243527 DOI: 10.1128/aem.38.3.530-536.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course of hydrogen formation by
Anabaena cylindrica
was followed beneath an argon atmosphere alone and also beneath atmospheres of argon, nitrogen, and air in the presence of carbon monoxide (0.2%) and acetylene (5%). Hydrogen production beneath argon alone was comparable in rate and duration (7 to 12 days) to that which occurred beneath air in the presence of carbon monoxide (0.2%) and acetylene (5%). However, much greater longevity (16 to 26 days) and improved rates of hydrogen formation were obtained when algae were incubated beneath argon and particularly nitrogen, each supplemented with carbon monoxide and acetylene. The total hydrogen produced by these cultures was up to three times as much as that released by cultures incubated beneath argon alone. Hydrogen-oxygen ratios for argon cultures either with or without carbon monoxide and acetylene were initially 1:5 but approximated 1:2 when measured over the entire incubation period. In each case oxygen production and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) continued at reduced rates after hydrogen evolution had ceased. The effects of methionine sulfoximine (2 μM), ammonium ions (0.5 mM), or both on oxygen production were generally negligible, while effects on hydrogen production were variable depending on the atmosphere used; in most cases, eventual destabilization of the system occurred. A brief comparison was made of the time courses of anaerobic and aerobic hydrogen formation by the marine cyanobacterium
Calothrix membranacea
. It was found that shaking of cultures was beneficial for hydrogen production but not strictly necessary. It is concluded that hydrogen production by
A. cylindrica
in air and particularly nitrogen in the presence of carbon monoxide and acetylene offers the best potential of the atmospheres considered on the basis of four criteria: rates and longevity of hydrogen formation, practicality of the atmosphere used, and tolerance of hydrogen evolution to slight changes in composition of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Lambert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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37
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Giddings TH, Staehelin LA. Changes in thylakoid structure associated with the differentiation of heterocysts in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 546:373-82. [PMID: 110342 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoids of vegetative cells of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica, are capable of oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and contain both Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII). The heterocysts, cells specialized for nitrogen fixation, do not produce oxygen and lack Photosystem II activity, the major accessory pigments, and perhaps the chlorophyll a associated with PSII. Freeze-fracture replicas of vegetative cells and of heterocysts reveal differences in the structure of the thylakoids. A histogram of particle sizes on the exoplasmic fracture face (E-face, EF) of vegetative cell thylakoids has two major peaks, at 75 and 100 A. The corresponding histogram for heterocyst thylakoids lacks the 100 A size class, but has a very large peak at about 55 A with a shoulder at 75 A. Histograms of protoplasmic fracture face (P-face, PF) particle diameters show single broad peaks, the mean diameter being 71 A for vegetative cells and 64 A for heterocysts. The thylakoids of both cell types have about 5600 particles/micrometers2 on the P-face. On the E-face, the density drops from 939 particles/micrometers2 on vegetative cell thylakoids to 715 particles/micrometers2 on heterocyst thylakoids. The data suggest that the 100 A E-face particle of vegetative cell thylakoids is a PSII complex. The 55 A EF particle of heterocysts may be part of the nitrogenase complex or a remnant of the PSII complex. The role of the 75 A EF particle is unknown. Other functions localized on cyanobacterial thylakoids, such as respiration and hydrogenase activity, must be considered when interpreting the structure of these complex thylakoids.
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Tetley RM, Bishop NI. The differential action of metronidazole on nitrogen fixation, hydrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and respiration in Anabaena and Scenedesmus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 546:43-53. [PMID: 109115 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) at 1--2 mM levels has been shown to be a selective inhibitor of nitrogenase activity in Anabanena. Two constitutive hydrogenases and photosynthesis are insensitive to metronidazole at these same concentrations. At higher concentrations metronidazole inhibits photosynthesis in Anabaena while photoreduction and to a lesser extent photohydrogen production are retarded in Scenedesmus. Respiration is slightly stimulated at high metronidazole levels in both algae. The reductant source for nitrogenase in Anabaena and photohydrogen production and photoreduction electron transport in Scenedesmus are discussed. Due to the activity to metronidazole as a selective inhibitor of ferredoxin-associated processes, it should prove to be useful in N2 fixation studies and in distinguishing between ferredoxin-linked reactions of different sensitivities and other activities not associated with low reduction potential components.
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Ruiz-Argüeso T, Maier RJ, Evans HJ. Hydrogen Evolution from Alfalfa and Clover Nodules and Hydrogen Uptake by Free-Living
Rhizobium meliloti. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:582-7. [PMID: 16345361 PMCID: PMC243258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.3.582-587.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of
Rhizobium meliloti
and
Rhizobium trifolii
strains were used as inocula for alfalfa and clover, respectively, grown under bacteriologically controlled conditions. Replicate samples of nodules formed by each strain were assayed for rates of H
2
evolution in air, rates of H
2
evolution under Ar and O
2
, and rates of C
2
H
2
reduction. Nodules formed by all strains of
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
on their respective hosts lost at least 17% of the electron flow through nitrogenase as evolved H
2
. The mean loss from alfalfa nodules formed by 19
R. meliloti
strains was 25%, and the mean loss from clover nodules formed by seven
R. trifolii
strains was 35%.
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
strains also were cultured under conditions that were previously established for derepression of hydrogenase synthesis. Only strains 102F65 and 102F51 of
R. meliloti
showed measurable activity under free-living conditions. Bacteroids from nodules formed by the two strains showing hydrogenase activity under free-living conditions also oxidized H
2
at low rates. The specific activity of hydrogenase in bacteroids formed by either strain 102F65 or strain 102F51 of
R. meliloti
was less than 0.1% of the specific activity of the hydrogenase system in bacteroids formed by H
2
uptake-positive
Rhizobium japonicum
USDA 110, which has been investigated previously.
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
strains tested possessed insufficient hydrogenase to recycle a substantial proportion of the H
2
evolved from the nitrogenase reaction in nodules of their hosts. Additional research is needed, therefore, to develop strains of
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
that possess an adequate H
2
-recycling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ruiz-Argüeso
- Laboratory for Nitrogen Fixation Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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40
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Emerich DW, Ruiz-Argüeso T, Ching TM, Evans HJ. Hydrogen-dependent nitrogenase activity and ATP formation in Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids. J Bacteriol 1979; 137:153-60. [PMID: 762010 PMCID: PMC218429 DOI: 10.1128/jb.137.1.153-160.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium japonicum 122 DES bacteroids from soybean nodules possess an active H(2)-oxidizing system that recycles all of the H(2) lost through nitrogenase-dependent H(2) evolution. The addition of 72 muM H(2) to suspensions of bacteroids increased O(2) uptake 300% and the rate of C(2)H(2) reduction 300 to 500%. The optimal partial pressure of O(2) was increased, and the partial pressure of O(2) range for C(2)H(2) reduction was extended by adding H(2). A supply of succinate to bacteroids resulted in effects similar to those obtained by adding H(2). Both H(2) and succinate provided respiratory protection for the N(2)-fixing system in bacteroids. The oxidation of H(2) by bacteroids increased the steady-state pool of ATP by 20 to 40%. In the presence of 50 mM iodoacetate, which caused much greater inhibition of endogenous respiration than of H(2) oxidation, the addition of H(2) increased the steady-state pool of ATP in bacteroids by 500%. Inhibitor evidence and an absolute requirement for O(2) indicated that the H(2)-stimulated ATP synthesis occurred through oxidative phosphorylation. In the presence of 50 mM iodoacetate, H(2)-dependent ATP synthesis occurred at a rate sufficient to support nitrogenase activity. The addition of H(2) to H(2) uptake-negative strains of R. japonicum had no effect on ATP formation or C(2)H(2) reduction. It is concluded that the H(2)-oxidizing system in H(2) uptake-positive bacteroids benefits the N(2)-fixing process by providing respiratory protection of the O(2)-labile nitrogenase proteins and generating ATP to support maximal rates of C(2)H(2) reduction by oxidation of the H(2) produced from the nitrogenase system.
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Hallenbeck P, Benemann J. Characterization and partial purification of the reversible hydrogenase of Anabaena cylindrica. FEBS Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The photosynthetic bacteria are found in a wide range of specialized aquatic environments. These bacteria represent important members of the microbial community since they are capable of carrying out two of the most important processes on earth, namely, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, at the expense of solar energy. Since the discovery that these bacteria could fix atmospheric nitrogen, there has been an intensification of studies relating to both the biochemistry and physiology of this process. The practical importance of this field is emphasized by a consideration of the tremendous energy input required for the production of artificial nitrogenous fertilizer. The present communication aims to briefly review the current state of knowledge relating to certain aspects of nitrogen fixation by the photosynthetic bacteria. The topics that will be discussed include a general survey of the nitrogenase system in the various photosynthetic bacteria, the regulation of both nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, recent advances in the genetics of the nitrogen fixing system, and the hydrogen cycle in these bacteria. In addition, a brief discussion of some of some of the possible practical applications provided by the photosynthetic bacteria will be presented.
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Abstract
This manuscript reviews the literature on hydrogen metabolism in blue-green algae and reports some new data from this laboratory. H2-formation by intact cells is found to be catalyzed exclusively by nitrogenase. Its rate appears to be variable from strain to strain used byt is--in our hands--very small. Therefore, blue-green algae are presumably of limited value in projects of solar energy conversion to form molecular hydrogen. These organisms are also able to consume the gas in a reaction catalysed by hydrogenase. Hydrogen is mainly consumed in an oxygen dependent reaction, as in aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria. It can also serve as an electron donor for nitrogen fixation under certain physiological conditions. In experiments with a cell-free preparation, hydrogenase is found to be membrane-bound. The enzyme is characterized with respect to its specifity towards electron donors and acceptors.
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Gogotov IN. Relationships in hydrogen metabolism between hydrogenase and nitrogenase in phototrophic bacteria. Biochimie 1978; 60:267-75. [PMID: 208659 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(78)80823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purple bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina form two enzymes, hydrogenase and nitrogenase, which participate in hydrogen metabolism. H2 photoproduction in these bacteria is associated mainly or completely with the action of nitrogenase. The soluble and membrane-bound hydrogenases of T. roseopersicina have similar physicochemical properties (mol. weight, subunit composition, N-terminal amino acids, Fe2+ and S2- content, pl. Eo'). In comparison with other hydrogenases the enzyme from R. rubrum and T. roseopersicina evolve H2 with high rate from reduced cytochrome c3, but not from ferredoxins. H2 production and N2 fixation take place in the presence of NAD(P)H. NADP-reductase, ferredoxin and cytochrome c3 participate in this reaction. Possible relationships between hydrogenase-nitrogenase in the metabolism of molecular hydrogen are discussed.
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Abstract
H2 will support nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in Azotobacter chroococcum with or without added carbon substrate. Results show that H2 is metabolised to transfer electrons to nitrogenase and to the respiratory chain to produce ATP. H2-supported nitrogenase activity is most significant at low carbon substrate concentrations, but also occurs at saturating concentration. Continuous cultures of N2-fixing A. chroococcum evolved H2 from nitrogenase under O2-N2- and C-limited conditions. This H2 represented a significant proportion of nitrogenase activity. Hydrogenase activity was consistently high under C-limited conditions, but low or undetectable under O2- and N2-limitations. Pre-treatment with 40 per cent C2H2 inhibited hydrogenase activity in C-limited cultures, and H2 evolution increased under air and under Ar:O2 (4:1) mixtures. We deduce that hydrogenase : I, recycles H2 produced by nitrogenase to provide electrons and energy for N2 reduction: II, supports respiratory protection for nitrogenase under C-limited conditions, and III, does not act to prevent any inhibition of N2 reduction by H2 produced by nitrogenase. A scheme for the H2 cycle in N2-fixing A. chroococcum is proposed.
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Peterson RB, Burris RH. Hydrogen metabolism in isolated heterocysts of Anabaena 7120. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00406027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hydrogen production and uptake by pea nodules as affected by strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00406025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Belkin S, Padan E. Hydrogen metabolism in the facultative anoxygenic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica. Arch Microbiol 1978; 116:109-11. [PMID: 414684 DOI: 10.1007/bf00408741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two facultative anoxygenic photoautotrophic cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica were found capable of CO2 photoassimilation using molecular hydrogen as electron donor in a photosystem I driven reaction. A. halophytica was also capable of evolving hydrogen from Na-dithionite reduced methylviologen in a light independent reaction.
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Reduced sulfur and nitrogen compounds and molecular hydrogen as electron donors for anaerobic CO2 photoreduction in Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00405412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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