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Nader MA, Egli M, Henningfield J. Obituary: Travis Thompson-Editorial. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:32-33. [PMID: 38490724 PMCID: PMC10949157 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nader
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.A.N.); Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.E.); Pinney Associates, Bethesda, Maryland (J.H.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.H.)
| | - Mark Egli
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.A.N.); Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.E.); Pinney Associates, Bethesda, Maryland (J.H.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.H.)
| | - Jack Henningfield
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.A.N.); Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.E.); Pinney Associates, Bethesda, Maryland (J.H.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.H.)
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2
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Francis T, Leri F. Role of dopamine D1 receptor in the modulation of memory consolidation by passive and self-administered heroin and associated conditioned stimuli. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12614. [PMID: 37537211 PMCID: PMC10400648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that opiates modulate memory consolidation, but recent work has indicated that this effect may be mediated by how the drug is experienced (i.e., passive injections vs. self-administration). Because the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor is involved in processing of learning signals and attribution of salience to events experienced by an organism, two studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats tested the effect of blocking this receptor on modulation of memory consolidation by passive and self-administered heroin, in addition to conditioned memory modulation by heroin-paired cues. Using the object location memory task, Study 1 employed SCH23390 (0, 0.05, 0.10 mg/kg, SC) to modulate enhancement of memory consolidation induced by post-training injections of heroin (1 mg/kg, SC) as well as by exposure to the environment paired with heroin injections (6 pairings, 1 h each, 1 mg/kg). Study 2 was conducted in rats that could self-administer heroin (0.05 mg/kg/infusion, IV) and tested whether SCH23390 (0 and 0.1 mg/kg, SC) could prevent memory modulation induced by a change in schedule of self-administration (from fixed to variable ratio). It was found that while repeated passive injections of heroin retained their enhancing effect on memory, when self-administered, heroin enhanced consolidation of object location memory only at the beginning of self-administration and after a change in schedule. Importantly, SCH23390 blocked memory modulation by heroin when passively administered and when the drug was self-administered on a novel schedule. SCH23390 also blocked conditioned memory modulation induced by post-training exposure to heroin-paired cues. Taken together, these results suggest that modulation of memory consolidation by unconditioned and conditioned opiate reinforcers involve a D1-dependent mechanism of salience attribution linked to the anticipation of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Francis
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Taylor M, Cheng AB, Hodkinson DJ, Afacan O, Zurakowski D, Bajic D. Body size and brain volumetry in the rat following prolonged morphine administration in infancy and adulthood. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:962783. [PMID: 36923651 PMCID: PMC10008895 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.962783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged morphine treatment in infancy is associated with a high incidence of opioid tolerance and dependence, but our knowledge of the long-term consequences of this treatment is sparse. Using a rodent model, we examined the (1) short- and (2) long-term effects of prolonged morphine administration in infancy on body weight and brain volume, and (3) we evaluated if subsequent dosing in adulthood poses an increased brain vulnerability. Methods Newborn rats received subcutaneous injections of either morphine or equal volume of saline twice daily for the first two weeks of life. In adulthood, animals received an additional two weeks of saline or morphine injections before undergoing structural brain MRI. After completion of treatment, structural T2-weigthed MRI images were acquired on a 7 T preclinical scanner (Bruker) using a RARE FSE sequence. Total and regional brain volumes were manually extracted from the MRI images using ITK-SNAP (v.3.6). Regions of interest included the brainstem, the cerebellum, as well as the forebrain and its components: the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and deep gray matter (including basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area). Absolute (cm3) and normalized (as % total brain volume) values were compared using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc test. Results Prolonged morphine administration in infancy was associated with lower body weight and globally smaller brain volumes, which was not different between the sexes. In adulthood, females had lower body weights than males, but no difference was observed in brain volumes between treatment groups. Our results are suggestive of no long-term effect of prolonged morphine treatment in infancy with respect to body weight and brain size in either sex. Interestingly, prolonged morphine administration in adulthood was associated with smaller brain volumes that differed by sex only in case of previous exposure to morphine in infancy. Specifically, we report significantly smaller total brain volume of female rats on account of decreased volumes of forebrain and cortex. Conclusions Our study provides insight into the short- and long-term consequences of prolonged morphine administration in an infant rat model and suggests brain vulnerability to subsequent exposure in adulthood that might differ with sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard College, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anya Brooke Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard College, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Duncan Jack Hodkinson
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Queens Medical Center, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Versus Arthritis Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Onur Afacan
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Correspondence: Dusica Bajic
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4
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Slosky LM, Pires A, Bai Y, Clark NB, Hauser ER, Gross JD, Porkka F, Zhou Y, Chen X, Pogorelov VM, Toth K, Wetsel WC, Barak LS, Caron MG. Establishment of multi-stage intravenous self-administration paradigms in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21422. [PMID: 36503898 PMCID: PMC9742147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically tractable animal models provide needed strategies to resolve the biological basis of drug addiction. Intravenous self-administration (IVSA) is the gold standard for modeling psychostimulant and opioid addiction in animals, but technical limitations have precluded the widespread use of IVSA in mice. Here, we describe IVSA paradigms for mice that capture the multi-stage nature of the disorder and permit predictive modeling. In these paradigms, C57BL/6J mice with long-standing indwelling jugular catheters engaged in cocaine- or remifentanil-associated lever responding that was fixed ratio-dependent, dose-dependent, extinguished by withholding the drug, and reinstated by the presentation of drug-paired cues. The application of multivariate analysis suggested that drug taking in both paradigms was a function of two latent variables we termed incentive motivation and discriminative control. Machine learning revealed that vulnerability to drug seeking and relapse were predicted by a mouse's a priori response to novelty, sensitivity to drug-induced locomotion, and drug-taking behavior. The application of these behavioral and statistical-analysis approaches to genetically-engineered mice will facilitate the identification of neural circuits driving addiction susceptibility and relapse and focused therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Slosky
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Andrea Pires
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Hauser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Gross
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fiona Porkka
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vladimir M Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krisztian Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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From concepts to treatment: a dialog between a preclinical researcher and a clinician in addiction medicine. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:401. [PMID: 36130939 PMCID: PMC9492712 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate surrounding the brain disease model and the associated questioning of the relevance of animal models is polarizing the field of addiction, and tends to widen the gap between preclinical research and addiction medicine. Here, we aimed at bridging this gap by establishing a dialog between a preclinical researcher and a clinician in addiction medicine. Our objective was to evaluate animal models and the neuroscientific conceptualization of addiction in light of alcohol or drug dependence and treatment in patients struggling with an addiction. We sought to determine how preclinical research influenced addiction medicine over past decades, and reciprocally, what can preclinical researchers learn from addiction medicine that could lead to more effective approaches. In this dialog, we talk about the co-evolution of addiction concepts and treatments from neuroscientific and medical perspectives. This dialog illustrates the reciprocal influences and mutual enrichment between the two disciplines and reveals that, although preclinical research might not produce new pharmacotherapies, it does shape the theoretical conceptualization of addiction and could thereby contribute to the implementation of therapeutic approaches.
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6
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Swinford-Jackson SE, O'Brien CP, Kenny PJ, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Unterwald EM, Pierce RC. The Persistent Challenge of Developing Addiction Pharmacotherapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a040311. [PMID: 32601131 PMCID: PMC8559539 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are currently effective Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid use disorders. This article will review the development of eight compounds used in the treatment of drug addiction with an emphasis on pharmacological mechanisms and the utility of preclinical animal models of addiction in therapeutic development. In contrast to these successes, animal research has identified a number of promising medications for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorder, none of which have proven to be clinically effective. A specific example of an apparently promising pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine that failed clinically will be examined to determine whether this truly represents a challenge to the predictive validity of current models of cocaine addiction. In addition, the development of promising cocaine use disorder therapeutics derived from animal research will be reviewed, with some discussion regarding how preclinical studies might be modified to better inform clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Swinford-Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Charles P O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Townsend EA, Kim RK, Robinson HL, Marsh SA, Banks ML, Hamilton PJ. Opioid withdrawal produces sex-specific effects on fentanyl-vs.-food choice and mesolimbic transcription. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 1:112-122. [PMID: 34458885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opioid withdrawal is a key driver of opioid addiction and an obstacle to recovery. However, withdrawal effects on opioid reinforcement and mesolimbic neuroadaptation are understudied and the role of sex is largely unknown. Methods Male (n=13) and female (n=12) rats responded under a fentanyl-vs.-food "choice" procedure during daily 2h sessions. In addition to the daily choice sessions, rats were provided extended access to fentanyl during 12h self-administration sessions. After two weeks of this self-administration regimen, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of a subset of rats were subjected to RNA sequencing. In the remaining rats, a third week of this self-administration regimen was conducted, during which methadone effects on fentanyl-vs.-food choice were determined. Results Prior to opioid dependence, male and female rats similarly allocated responding between fentanyl and food. Abstinence from extended fentanyl access elicited similar increases in somatic withdrawal signs in both sexes. Despite similar withdrawal signs and extended access fentanyl intake, opioid withdrawal was accompanied by a maladaptive increase in fentanyl choice in males, but not females. Behavioral sex differences corresponded with a greater number of differentially expressed genes in the NAc and VTA of opioid-withdrawn females relative to males. Methadone blocked withdrawal-associated increases in fentanyl choice in males, but failed to further decrease fentanyl choice in females. Conclusions These results provide foundational evidence of sex-specific neuroadaptations to opioid withdrawal, which may be relevant to the female-specific resilience to withdrawal-associated increases in opioid choice and aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - R Kijoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Hannah L Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Samuel A Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Peter J Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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Nazarian A, Negus SS, Martin TJ. Factors mediating pain-related risk for opioid use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108476. [PMID: 33524407 PMCID: PMC7954943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience with far-reaching organismal influences ranging from biological factors to those that are psychological and social. Such influences can serve as pain-related risk factors that represent susceptibilities to opioid use disorder. This review evaluates various pain-related risk factors to form a consensus on those that facilitate opioid abuse. Epidemiological findings represent a high degree of co-occurrence between chronic pain and opioid use disorder that is, in part, driven by an increase in the availability of opioid analgesics and the diversion of their use in a non-medical context. Brain imaging studies in individuals with chronic pain that use/abuse opioids suggest abuse-related mechanisms that are rooted within mesocorticolimbic processing. Preclinical studies suggest that pain states have a limited impact on increasing the rewarding effects of opioids. Indeed, many findings indicate a reduction in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of opioids during pain states. An increase in opioid use may be facilitated by an increase in the availability of opioids and a decrease in access to non-opioid reinforcers that require mobility or social interaction. Moreover, chronic pain and substance abuse conditions are known to impair cognitive function, resulting in deficits in attention and decision making that may promote opioid abuse. A better understanding of pain-related risk factors can improve our knowledge in the development of OUD in persons with pain conditions and can help identify appropriate treatment strategies. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse.'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas J Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Townsend EA, Schwienteck KL, Robinson HL, Lawson ST, Banks ML. A drug-vs-food "choice" self-administration procedure in rats to investigate pharmacological and environmental mechanisms of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 354:109110. [PMID: 33705855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to investigate expression, mechanisms, and treatment of substance use disorders. NEW METHOD The aims were to back-translate an intravenous drug-vs-food choice procedure primarily utilized in monkeys to male and female rats and to develop a surgical method for sustained intravenous catheter patency suitable for long-term drug-choice studies. RESULTS The surgical protocol resulted in a median intravenous jugular catheter patency in male and female rats of 126 days (range: 25-365 days). Drug-vs-food choice was established with opioids (fentanyl and heroin), psychostimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine), and an opioid/psychostimulant mixture (fentanyl + methamphetamine). The average time from catheter implantation to stable choice behavior across all drugs was 27 sessions (range: 16-44 sessions). Choice behavior stabilized more quickly for cocaine and fentanyl than for other drugs. Manipulations of both environmental variables (e.g., response requirement or food reinforcer magnitude) and pharmacological variables (e.g., extended access drug self-administration or continuous buprenorphine treatment via osmotic pump) significantly shifted opioid-vs-food choice consistent with previous monkey studies. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Duration of intravenous catheter patency in rats was suitable for long-term, within-subject drug choice studies. Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations in rats confirmed and extended previous results from monkeys. CONCLUSIONS The concordance of behavioral results between rats and monkeys using the present drug-vs-food choice procedure supports its utility to improve our basic understanding of the expression and mechanisms of substance use disorders towards to development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Kathryn L Schwienteck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hannah L Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Stephen T Lawson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Translational value of non-human primates in opioid research. Exp Neurol 2021; 338:113602. [PMID: 33453211 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical opioid research using animal models not only provides mechanistic insights into the modulation of opioid analgesia and its associated side effects, but also validates drug candidates for improved treatment options for opioid use disorder. Non-human primates (NHPs) have served as a surrogate species for humans in opioid research for more than five decades. The translational value of NHP models is supported by the documented species differences between rodents and primates regarding their behavioral and physiological responses to opioid-related ligands and that NHP studies have provided more concordant results with human studies. This review highlights the utilization of NHP models in five aspects of opioid research, i.e., analgesia, abuse liability, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and pruritus. Recent NHP studies have found that (1) mixed mu opioid and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor partial agonists appear to be safe, non-addictive analgesics and (2) mu opioid receptor- and mixed opioid receptor subtype-based medications remain the only two classes of drugs that are effective in alleviating opioid-induced adverse effects. Given the recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences and discoveries of novel targets, NHP studies are posed to identify the translational gap and validate therapeutic targets for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Pharmacological studies using NHPs along with multiple outcome measures (e.g., behavior, physiologic function, and neuroimaging) will continue to facilitate the research and development of improved medications to curb the opioid epidemic.
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Townsend EA, Negus SS, Banks ML. Medications Development for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a039263. [PMID: 31932466 PMCID: PMC7778216 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review describes methods for preclinical evaluation of candidate medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). The review is founded on the propositions that (1) drug self-administration procedures provide the most direct method for assessment of medication effectiveness, (2) procedures that assess choice between opioid and nondrug reinforcers are especially useful, and (3) states of opioid dependence and withdrawal profoundly influence both opioid reinforcement and effects of candidate medications. Effects of opioid medications and vaccines on opioid choice in nondependent and opioid-dependent subjects are reviewed. Various nonopioid medications have also been examined, but none yet have been identified that safely and reliably reduce opioid choice. Future research will focus on (1) strategies for increasing safety and/or effectiveness of opioid medications (e.g., G-protein-biased μ-opioid agonists), and (2) continued development of nonopioid medications (e.g., clonidine) that might serve as adjunctive agents to current opioid medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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12
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Eckard ML, Trexler KR, Kotson BT, Anderson KG, Kinsey SG. Precipitated Δ9-THC withdrawal reduces motivation for sucrose reinforcement in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 195:172966. [PMID: 32526216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from Δ9-tetrahyrocannibidol (THC) is associated with a host of dysphoric symptoms that increase probability of relapse. To date, many animal models of THC withdrawal rely on withdrawal-induced somatic withdrawal signs leaving withdrawal-suppressed behavior relatively unexplored. As compared with withdrawal-induced behaviors, ongoing behavior that is suppressed by withdrawal is a useful behavioral endpoint because it 1) more effectively models the subjective aspects of withdrawal and 2) identifies pharmacotherapies that restore behavior to baseline levels, rather than eliminate behavior induced by withdrawal. The current study assessed effects of spontaneous and rimonabant-precipitated THC withdrawal in mice responding on a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of sucrose water reinforcement. Once behavior stabilized, male and female mice were administered THC (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle for five or six days. THC was either discontinued and behavior monitored for three days during abstinence, or the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to precipitate withdrawal. Whereas spontaneous THC withdrawal had no effect on PR performance, THC-treated mice were differentially sensitive to rimonabant administration via large decreases in break point, overall response rate, and run rate relative to vehicle-treated mice. Importantly, pretreatment with the CB1 positive allosteric modulator ZCZ011 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not prevent precipitated-withdrawal-induced behavioral impairment. These extend findings of earlier studies suggesting operant baselines are useful tools to study subjective effects of cannabinoid withdrawal. Additionally, operant baselines allow withdrawal pharmacotherapies to be tested in a restoration-of-function context, which may be more sensitive, selective, and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eckard
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - K R Trexler
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B T Kotson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K G Anderson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - S G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA; School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Potential Neurodevelopmental Effects of Pediatric Intensive Care Sedation and Analgesia: Repetitive Benzodiazepine and Opioid Exposure Alters Expression of Glial and Synaptic Proteins in Juvenile Rats. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0105. [PMID: 32426747 PMCID: PMC7188419 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedatives are suspected contributors to neurologic dysfunction in PICU patients, to whom they are administered during sensitive neurodevelopment. Relevant preclinical modeling has largely used comparatively brief anesthesia in infant age-approximate animals, with insufficient study of repetitive combined drug administration during childhood. We hypothesized that childhood neurodevelopment is selectively vulnerable to repeated treatment with benzodiazepine and opioid. We report a preclinical model of combined midazolam and morphine in early childhood age-approximate rats.
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Simmons SJ, Gentile TA. Cocaine abuse and midbrain circuits: Functional anatomy of hypocretin/orexin transmission and therapeutic prospect. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146164. [PMID: 30796894 PMCID: PMC6702109 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse remains a pervasive public health problem, and treatments thus far have proven ineffective for long-term abstinence maintenance. Intensive research on the neurobiology underlying drug abuse has led to the consideration of many candidate transmitter systems to target for intervention. Among these, the hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/ox) neuropeptide system holds largely untapped yet clinically viable therapeutic potential. Hcrt/ox originates from the hypothalamus and projects widely across the mammalian central nervous system to produce neuroexcitatory actions via two excitatory G-protein coupled receptor subtypes. Functionally, hcrt/ox promotes arousal/wakefulness and facilitates energy homeostasis. In the early 2000s, hcrt/ox transmission was shown to underlie mating behavior in male rats suggesting a novel role in reward-seeking. Soon thereafter, hcrt/ox neurons were shown to respond to drug-associated stimuli, and hcrt/ox transmission was found to facilitate motivated responding for intravenous cocaine. Notably, blocking hcrt/ox transmission using systemic or site-directed pharmacological antagonists markedly reduced motivated drug-taking as well as drug-seeking in tests of relapse. This review will unfold the current state of knowledge implicating hcrt/ox receptor transmission in the context of cocaine abuse and provide detailed background on animal models and underlying midbrain circuits. Specifically, attention will be paid to the mesoaccumbens, tegmental, habenular, pallidal and preoptic circuits. The review will conclude with discussion of recent preclinical studies assessing utility of suvorexant - the first and only FDA-approved hcrt/ox receptor antagonist - against cocaine-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Simmons
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Taylor A Gentile
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Washington WD, Galizio M. From Lab Bench to Park Bench: How Behavioral Science Affects the Field of Substance Abuse. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:375-384. [PMID: 31976440 PMCID: PMC6768923 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Donlin Washington
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA
| | - Mark Galizio
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA
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Trigo JM, Le Foll B. Nicotine Self-Administration as Paradigm for Medication Discovery for Smoking Cessation: Recent Findings in Medications Targeting the Cholinergic System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:165-193. [PMID: 31273700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco kills every year approximately six million people as a direct result of direct use, and it is still considered one of the most excruciating threats for human health worldwide. The low successful rates of the currently available pharmacotherapies to assist in quitting tobacco use suggest there is a need for more effective treatments.The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm is considered the gold standard to study voluntary drug intake in animal models, including nicotine. The IVSA paradigm has been used to identify key mechanisms involved in the addictive properties of nicotine in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this chapter we describe how the IVSA paradigm has served to further investigate the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Notably, this review will cover recent advances (i.e., research carried out during the past decade) using the IVSA paradigm, with a focus on the status of research on current smoking cessation medications (such as varenicline and bupropion) and of other nAChR ligands.The combination of the IVSA paradigm with pharmacological and genetic tools (e.g., knockout animals) has greatly contributed to our understanding of the role of specific subtype nAChRs in nicotine reinforcement processes. We also discuss some of the limitations of the IVSA paradigm so these can be taken into consideration when interpreting and designing new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Addictions Division, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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de Wit H, Epstein DH, Preston KL. Does human language limit translatability of clinical and preclinical addiction research? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1985-1988. [PMID: 29844475 PMCID: PMC6098131 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - David H. Epstein
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fIntramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kenzie L. Preston
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fIntramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD USA
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LeSage MG, Smethells JR, Harris AC. Status and Future Directions of Preclinical Behavioral Pharmacology in Tobacco Regulatory Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:252-274. [PMID: 30214916 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacology is a branch of the experimental analysis of behavior that has had great influence in drug addiction research and policy. This paper provides an overview of recent behavioral pharmacology research in the field of tobacco regulatory science, which provides the scientific foundation for the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products (FDA CTP) to set tobacco control policies. The rationale and aims of tobacco regulatory science are provided, including the types of preclinical operant behavioral models it deems important for assessing the abuse liability of tobacco products and their constituents. We then review literature relevant to key regulatory actions being considered by the FDA CTP, including regulations over nicotine and menthol content of cigarettes, and conclude with suggesting some directions for future research. The current era of tobacco regulatory science provides great opportunities for behavioral pharmacologists to address the leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - John R Smethells
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Ryvkin J, Bentzur A, Zer-Krispil S, Shohat-Ophir G. Mechanisms Underlying the Risk to Develop Drug Addiction, Insights From Studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2018; 9:327. [PMID: 29740329 PMCID: PMC5928757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to environmental changes is an essential feature of biological systems, achieved in animals by a coordinated crosstalk between neuronal and hormonal programs that allow rapid and integrated organismal responses. Reward systems play a key role in mediating this adaptation by reinforcing behaviors that enhance immediate survival, such as eating or drinking, or those that ensure long-term survival, such as sexual behavior or caring for offspring. Drugs of abuse co-opt neuronal and molecular pathways that mediate natural rewards, which under certain circumstances can lead to addiction. Many factors can contribute to the transition from drug use to drug addiction, highlighting the need to discover mechanisms underlying the progression from initial drug use to drug addiction. Since similar responses to natural and drug rewards are present in very different animals, it is likely that the central systems that process reward stimuli originated early in evolution, and that common ancient biological principles and genes are involved in these processes. Thus, the neurobiology of natural and drug rewards can be studied using simpler model organisms that have their systems stripped of some of the immense complexity that exists in mammalian brains. In this paper we review studies in Drosophila melanogaster that model different aspects of natural and drug rewards, with an emphasis on how motivational states shape the value of the rewarding experience, as an entry point to understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the vulnerability of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ryvkin
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Assa Bentzur
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shir Zer-Krispil
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Wenzel JM, Cheer JF. Endocannabinoid Regulation of Reward and Reinforcement through Interaction with Dopamine and Endogenous Opioid Signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:103-115. [PMID: 28653666 PMCID: PMC5719091 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (eCB) is implicated in the mediation of both reward and reinforcement. This is evidenced by the ability of exogenous cannabinoid drugs to produce hedonia and maintain self-administration in both human and animal subjects. eCBs similarly facilitate behaviors motivated by reward through interaction with the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and endogenous opioid systems. Indeed, eCB signaling in the ventral tegmental area stimulates activation of midbrain DA cells and promotes DA release in terminal regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA transmission mediates several aspects of reinforced behavior, such as motivation, incentive salience, and cost-benefit calculations. However, much research suggests that endogenous opioid signaling underlies the hedonic aspects of reward. eCBs and their receptors functionally interact with opioid systems within the NAc to support reward, most likely through augmenting DA release. This review explores the interaction of these systems as it relates to reward and reinforcement and examines current literature regarding their role in food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wenzel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF I, Room 280J, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel: +1 410 7060112, Fax: +1 410 7062512, E-mail:
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Hajizade Ghonsulakandi S, Sheikh M, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Chopani S, Naghdi N. The Association Between Effective Dose of Magnesium and Mild Compulsive Exercise on Spatial Learning, Memory, and Motor Activity of Adult Male Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:235-245. [PMID: 28124215 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important survival mechanisms is learning and memory processes. To emphasize the role of physical exercises and magnesium (Mg) in improvement of cognitive performance, we planned to investigate the effect of Mg and mild compulsive exercise on spatial learning and memory of adult male rats. Accordingly, we divided male Wistar rats into four groups: (I) control, (II) Mg treatment, (III) exercise, and (IV) Mg-exercise in the different dosages of Mg (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mmol/kbw) were injected in the form of gavage during 1 week. Also, 1-week mild running on treadmill was used for exercise treatment. The Morris water maze (MWM) test and open field tool were used to evaluate spatial learning, memory, and motor activity, respectively. Our results clearly showed that 1 mmol/kbw Mg was applied as an effective dosage. Strikingly, 1-week mild exercise on treadmill had no significant effect on spatial motor activity, learning, and memory. Feeding 1 mmol/kbw Mg for a week showed a significant difference in learning and exploration stages. Compared to control animals, these results reveal exercise and Mg simultaneously had effect on learning and reminding. As a consequence, although mild exercise had no effect on motor activity and memory, Mg intake improved spatial learning, memory, and locomotor activity. The Mg feeding could be a promising supplemental treatment in the neurodegenerative disease. It is worthwhile to mention consumption of Mg leads to enhancement of memory, so animals find the hidden platform with the highest velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmuod Sheikh
- Department of Physical Education, Sport Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Chopani
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Naghdi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Crowder WF, Smith SG, Davis WM, Noel JT, Coussens WR. Effect of Morphine Dose Size on the Conditioned Reinforcing Potency of Stimuli Paired with Morphine. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03394112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Henningfield JE, Smith TT, Kleykamp BA, Fant RV, Donny EC. Nicotine self-administration research: the legacy of Steven R. Goldberg and implications for regulation, health policy, and research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3829-3848. [PMID: 27766371 PMCID: PMC5588156 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering behavioral pharmacologist whose intravenous drug self-administration studies advanced the understanding of conditioned stimuli and schedules of reinforcement as determinants of pattern and persistence of drug-seeking behavior, and in particular, the importance of nicotine in tobacco use. His passing in 2014 led to invitations to contribute articles to psychopharmacology dedicated to his work. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to summarize and put into historical perspective Goldberg's contributions to elucidate the reinforcing effects of nicotine and to summarize the implications of his research for medication development, tobacco regulation, and potential tobacco control policy options. This includes a review of intravenous nicotine self-administration research from the 1960s to 2016. RESULTS Goldberg's application of behavioral pharmacology methods to investigate nicotine reinforcement and the influence of schedule of reinforcement and conditioned stimuli on nicotine administration contributed to the conclusions of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Surgeon General, that nicotine met the criteria as a dependence-producing drug and cigarette smoking as a prototypic drug dependency or "addiction." Equally important, this work has been systematically extended to other species and applied to address a range of factors relevant to tobacco use, medication development, regulation, and public health policy. CONCLUSIONS Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering scientist whose systematic application of the science of behavioral pharmacology advanced the understanding of tobacco and nicotine use and contributed to the scientific foundation for tobacco product regulation and potential public health tobacco control policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Henningfield
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy T Smith
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Bethea A Kleykamp
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Reginald V Fant
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research that can provide a scientific foundation for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tobacco policy decisions is needed to inform tobacco regulatory policy. One factor that affects the impact of a tobacco product on public health is its intensity of use, which is determined, in part, by its abuse liability or reinforcing efficacy. Behavioral economic tasks have considerable utility for assessing the reinforcing efficacy of current and emerging tobacco products. METHODS This paper provides a narrative review of several behavioral economic laboratory tasks and identifies important applications to tobacco regulatory science. RESULTS Behavioral economic laboratory assessments, including operant self-administration, choice tasks and purchase tasks, can be used generate behavioral economic data on the effect of price and other constraints on tobacco product consumption. These tasks could provide an expedited simulation of the effects of various tobacco control policies across populations of interest to the FDA. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco regulatory research questions that can be addressed with behavioral economic tasks include assessments of the impact of product characteristics on product demand, assessments of the abuse liability of novel and potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs), and assessments of the impact of conventional and novel products in vulnerable populations.
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25
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Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Contributions to drug abuse research of Steven R. Goldberg's behavioral analysis of stimulus-stimulus contingencies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1921-32. [PMID: 26564234 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
By the mid-1960s, the concept that drugs can function as reinforcing stimuli through response-reinforcer contingencies had created a paradigm shift in drug abuse science. Steve Goldberg's first several publications focused instead on stimulus-stimulus contingencies (respondent conditioning) in examining Abraham Wikler's two-factor hypothesis of relapse involving conditioned withdrawal and reinforcing effects of drugs. Goldberg provided a compelling demonstration that histories of contingencies among stimuli could produce lasting withdrawal reactions in primates formerly dependent on opioids. Other studies conducted by Goldberg extended the analysis of effects of stimulus-stimulus contingencies on behavior maintained by opioid reinforcing effects and showed that withdrawal-inducing antagonist administration can produce conditioned increases in self-administration. Subsequent studies of the effects of stimuli associated with cocaine injection under second-order schedules showed that the maintenance of behavior with drug injections was in most important aspects similar to the maintenance of behavior with more conventional reinforcers when the behavior-disrupting pharmacological effects of the drugs were minimized. Studies on second-order schedules demonstrated a wide array of conditions under which behavior could be maintained by drug injection and further influenced by stimulus-stimulus contingencies. These schedules present opportunities to produce in the laboratory complex situations involving response- and stimulus-stimulus contingencies, which go beyond simplistic pairings of stimuli and more closely approximate those found with human drug abusers. A focus on the response- and stimulus-stimulus contingencies, and resulting quantifiable changes in objective and quantifiable behavioral endpoints exemplified by the studies by Steve Goldberg, remains the most promising way forward for studying problems of drug dependence.
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Miller LL, Altarifi AA, Negus SS. Effects of repeated morphine on intracranial self-stimulation in male rats in the absence or presence of a noxious pain stimulus. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:405-14. [PMID: 26375515 PMCID: PMC4578993 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on opioid analgesics such as morphine suggests that expression of abuse-related effects increases with repeated exposure. Repeated exposure to opioids often occurs clinically in the context of pain management, and a major concern for clinicians is the risk of iatrogenic addiction and dependence in patients receiving opioids for treatment of pain. This study compared abuse-related morphine effects in male rats in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure after repeated treatment either with morphine alone or with morphine in combination with a repeated noxious stimulus (intraperitoneal administration of dilute acid). The study also permitted comparison of morphine potency and effectiveness to block acid-induced depression of ICSS (antinociception) and to produce enhanced facilitation of ICSS (abuse-related effect). There were 3 main findings. First, initial morphine exposure to drug naïve rats did not produce abuse-related ICSS facilitation. Second, repeated daily treatment with 3.2 mg/kg/day morphine for 6 days increased expression of ICSS facilitation. This occurred whether morphine was administered in the absence or presence of the noxious stimulus. Finally, a lower dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day morphine was sufficient to produce antinociception during repeated acid treatment, but this lower dose did not reliably increase abuse-related morphine effects. Taken together, these results suggest that prior morphine exposure can increase abuse liability of subsequent morphine treatments even when that morphine exposure occurs in the context of a pain state. However, it may be possible to relieve pain with relatively low morphine doses that do not produce increases in abuse-related morphine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence L. Miller
- Department of Psychological Science, Georgia Regents University, Augusta GA, USA
| | - Ahmad A. Altarifi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
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29
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Ramsden E. Making animals alcoholic: shifting laboratory models of addiction. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2015; 51:164-94. [PMID: 25740698 PMCID: PMC4409838 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of animals as experimental organisms has been critical to the development of addiction research from the nineteenth century. They have been used as a means of generating reliable data regarding the processes of addiction that was not available from the study of human subjects. Their use, however, has been far from straightforward. Through focusing on the study of alcoholism, where the nonhuman animal proved a most reluctant collaborator, this paper will analyze the ways in which scientists attempted to deal with its determined sobriety and account for their consistent failure to replicate the volitional consumption of ethanol to the point of physical dependency. In doing so, we will see how the animal model not only served as a means of interrogating a complex pathology, but also came to embody competing definitions of alcoholism as a disease process, and alternative visions for the very structure and purpose of a research field.
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Mead AN. Appropriate experimental approaches for predicting abuse potential and addictive qualities in preclinical drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1281-91. [PMID: 25176123 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.956077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug abuse is an increasing social and public health issue, putting the onus on drug developers and regulatory agencies to ensure that the abuse potential of novel drugs is adequately assessed prior to product launch. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the core preclinical data that frequently contribute to building an understanding of abuse potential for a new molecular entity, in addition to highlighting models that can provide increased resolution regarding the level of risk. Second, an important distinction between abuse potential and addiction potential is drawn, with comments on how preclinical models can inform on each. EXPERT OPINION While the currently adopted preclinical models possess strong predictive validity, there are areas for future refinement and research. These areas include a more refined use of self-administration models to assess relative reinforcement; and the need for open innovation in pursuing improvements. There is also the need for careful scientifically driven application of models rather than a standardization of methodologies, and the need to explore the opportunities that may exist for enhancing the value of physical dependence and withdrawal studies by focusing on withdrawal-induced drug seeking, rather than broad symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy N Mead
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road, MS 8274-1232, Groton, CT 06340 , USA
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Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug effects, ICSS relies on electrode placements that target the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, and experimental sessions manipulate frequency or amplitude of stimulation to engender a wide range of baseline response rates or response probabilities. Under these conditions, drug-induced increases in low rates/probabilities of responding maintained by low frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation are interpreted as an abuse-related effect. Conversely, drug-induced decreases in high rates/probabilities of responding maintained by high frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation can be interpreted as an abuse-limiting effect. Overall abuse potential can be inferred from the relative expression of abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects. The sensitivity and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug self-administration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potential of different drugs. Strengths of ICSS in comparison with drug self-administration include 1) potential for simultaneous evaluation of both abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects, 2) flexibility for use with various routes of drug administration or drug vehicles, 3) utility for studies in drug-naive subjects as well as in subjects with controlled levels of prior drug exposure, and 4) utility for studies of drug time course. Taken together, these considerations suggest that ICSS can make significant contributions to the practice of abuse potential testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laurence L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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32
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Changes in operant behavior as an index of a withdrawal state from morphine in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03342572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Lenoir M, Augier E, Vouillac C, Ahmed SH. A choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 9:Unit 9.44. [PMID: 23853111 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0944s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a protocol for screening compulsive drug users among cocaine self-administering rats, the most frequently used animal model in addiction research. Rats are first trained on several alternating days to self-administer either cocaine (i.v.) or saccharin-sweetened water (by mouth)--a potent, albeit nonessential, nondrug reward. Then rats are allowed to choose between the two rewards over several days until the preference stabilizes. Most rats choose to stop using cocaine and pursue the alternative reward. Only a minority of Wistar strain rats (generally 15%) persist in taking the drug, regardless of the severity of past cocaine use and even when made hungry and offered the possibility to relieve their physiological need. Persistence of cocaine use in the face of a high-stakes choice is a core defining feature of compulsion. This choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users is easy to implement, has several important applications, and compares well with other methods in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Lenoir
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
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Abuse-related effects of µ-opioid analgesics in an assay of intracranial self-stimulation in rats: modulation by chronic morphine exposure. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:459-70. [PMID: 23881045 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328364c0bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is an operant procedure in which responding is maintained by electrical brain stimulation. Stimulation frequency can be varied rapidly to maintain a wide range of baseline response rates, and drugs' effects can be evaluated simultaneously on both low ICSS rates maintained by low stimulation frequencies and high ICSS rates maintained by high stimulation frequencies. ICSS 'facilitation' indicates drug-induced increases in low ICSS rates and is often considered an abuse-related effect, whereas ICSS 'depression' indicates decreases in high ICSS rates and may indicate abuse-limiting effects. This study examined the roles of µ-agonist efficacy and of previous µ-agonist exposure as determinants of µ-agonist effects on ICSS in rats with electrodes implanted into the medial forebrain bundle. The high-efficacy, intermediate-efficacy, and low-efficacy µ agonists methadone, fentanyl, and nalbuphine were tested during escalating regimens of morphine exposure (vehicle, 3.2, and 18 mg/kg/day). During vehicle treatment, methadone and fentanyl primarily depressed ICSS, whereas nalbuphine produced weak facilitation that was not dose dependent. Chronic morphine produced tolerance to ICSS depression and increased expression of ICSS facilitation. These results suggest that µ-agonist exposure increases the expression of abuse-related ICSS facilitation by µ agonists with a broad range of efficacies at µ receptors.
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Effects of injected or orally ingested opiate drugs on conditioned avoidance response learning in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Drug self-administration procedures in laboratory settings allow us to closely model drug-taking behavior in real-world settings. This review provides an overview of many of the common self-administration methods used in human laboratory research. Typically, self-administration studies provide a quantifiable measure of the reinforcing effect of a drug, which is believed to be predictive of its potential for abuse. Several adaptations of the self-administration paradigm exist, the simplest of which allows participants free access to the drug under investigation. Free-access procedures allow investigators to observe patterns of drug self-administration and drug effects in a controlled setting. Allowing participants to choose between two simultaneously available reinforcers (choice procedures) is another well-established method of assessing the reinforcing effects of a drug. Offering a choice between two reinforcers (e.g. two different doses of the same drug, two different drugs, or drug and nondrug reinforcers) provides researchers with a point of comparison (e.g. between a drug of known abuse potential and a novel drug). When combined with other endpoints, such as subjective effects ratings, physiological responses, and cognitive performance, human self-administration paradigms have contributed significantly to our understanding of the factors that contribute to, maintain, and alter drug-taking behavior including: craving, positive subjective effects, toxicity, drug interactions and abstinence. This area of research has also begun to incorporate other techniques such as imaging and genetics to further understand the multifaceted nature of substance abuse. The present paper summarizes the different self-administration techniques that are commonly used today and the application of other procedures that may complement interpretation of the drug self-administration findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Pierce RC, O'Brien CP, Kenny PJ, Vanderschuren LJMJ. Rational development of addiction pharmacotherapies: successes, failures, and prospects. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a012880. [PMID: 22675669 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are currently effective, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid addiction. In some cases these therapeutics were rationally designed and tested using a combination of various animal models of addiction. In many cases, however, effective drug therapies for addiction were derived from the testing of compounds developed for other CNS disorders (e.g., analgesics and antidepressants), which were tested clinically in the absence of prior animal research using addiction models. This article will review the development of eight compounds that are currently most effective in the treatment of alcohol, opioid, and nicotine addiction with an emphasis on pharmacological mechanisms as well as the utility of animal models of addiction in the development of these therapeutics. In contrast to these successes, animal research has identified a number of promising medications for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction, none of which have proven to be effective clinically. This raises questions about the validity of current animal models of psychostimulant addiction. A specific example of an apparently promising pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine addiction (the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist ecopipam) that failed clinically will be examined to determine if this truly represents a challenge to the predictive validity of current models of cocaine addiction. In addition, the development of promising cocaine addiction therapeutics derived from animal research will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Christopher Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lesscher HMB, Vanderschuren LJMJ. Compulsive drug use and its neural substrates. Rev Neurosci 2013; 23:731-45. [PMID: 23079511 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease, characterized by compulsive drug use. Despite the fact that drug addiction affects millions of people worldwide, treatments for this disorder are limited in number and efficacy. In our opinion, understanding the neural underpinnings of drug addiction would open new avenues for the development of innovative treatments for this disorder. Based on an awareness that drug use and drug reward do not equal drug addiction, there has been increasing interest in developing animal models of addiction that mimick the loss of control over drug use more closely than existing models aimed at studying drug reward. The present review provides an overview of animal studies of compulsive drug use and the neural mechanisms involved. First, the employed models are summarized, with a particular emphasis on models of escalation of drug use and resistance to punishment. Next, we discuss mechanisms within the (ventral and dorsal) striatum and (central) amygdala that have recently been implicated in the compulsive seeking and taking of alcohol and cocaine. The studies discussed here provide a promising line of research that will advance our knowledge of the neural circuits involved in the self-destructive behavior that characterizes drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M B Lesscher
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Here we describe methods for preclinical evaluation of candidate medications to treat opioid abuse and dependence. Our perspective is founded on the propositions that (1) drug self-administration procedures provide the most direct method for assessment of medication effects, (2) procedures that assess choice between opioid and nondrug reinforcers are especially useful, and (3) the states of opioid dependence and withdrawal profoundly influence both opioid reinforcement and the effects of candidate medications. Effects of opioid medications on opioid choice in nondependent and opioid-dependent subjects are reviewed. Various nonopioid medications have also been examined, but none yet have been identified that safely and reliably reduce opioid choice. Future research will focus on (1) strategies for increasing safety and/or effectiveness of opioid medications, and (2) continued development of nonopioids such as inhibitors of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes or inhibitors of opioid-induced glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V. A multistep general theory of transition to addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:387-413. [PMID: 23963530 PMCID: PMC3767888 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several theories propose alternative explanations for drug addiction. OBJECTIVES We propose a general theory of transition to addiction that synthesizes knowledge generated in the field of addiction into a unitary explanatory frame. MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY Transition to addiction results from a sequential three-step interaction between: (1) individual vulnerability; (2) degree/amount of drug exposure. The first step, sporadic recreational drug use is a learning process mediated by overactivation of neurobiological substrates of natural rewards that allows most individuals to perceive drugs as highly rewarding stimuli. The second, intensified, sustained, escalated drug use occurs in some vulnerable individuals who have a hyperactive dopaminergic system and impaired prefrontal cortex function. Sustained and prolonged drug use induces incentive sensitization and an allostatic state that makes drugs strongly wanted and needed. Habit formation can also contribute to stabilizing sustained drug use. The last step, loss of control of drug intake and full addiction, is due to a second vulnerable phenotype. This loss-of-control-prone phenotype is triggered by long-term drug exposure and characterized by long-lasting loss of synaptic plasticity in reward areas in the brain that induce a form of behavioral crystallization resulting in loss of control of drug intake. Because of behavioral crystallization, drugs are now not only wanted and needed but also pathologically mourned when absent. CONCLUSIONS This general theory demonstrates that drug addiction is a true psychiatric disease caused by a three-step interaction between vulnerable individuals and amount/duration of drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Vincenzo Piazza
- Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, INSERM, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France,
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, INSERM, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076 France ,Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33077 France
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Henningfield JE, Higgins ST. The influence of behavior analysis on the surgeon general's report, the health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 12:99-101. [PMID: 22478022 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Exploring the limits and utility of operant conditioning in the treatment of drug addiction. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 27:209-30. [PMID: 22478430 DOI: 10.1007/bf03393181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a research program to develop an operant treatment for cocaine addiction in low-income, treatment-resistant methadone patients. The treatment's central feature is an abstinence reinforcement contingency in which patients earn monetary reinforcement for providing cocaine-free urine samples. Success and failure of this contingency appear to be an orderly function of familiar parameters of operant conditioning. Increasing reinforcement magnitude and duration can increase effectiveness, and sustaining the contingency can prevent relapse. Initial development of a potentially practical application of this technology suggests that it may be possible to integrate abstinence reinforcement into employment settings using salary for work to reinforce drug abstinence. This research illustrates the potential utility and current limitations of an operant approach to the treatment of drug addiction. Similar research programs are needed to explore the limits of the operant approach and to develop practical applications that can be used widely in society for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Thompson T. Joseph v. Brady: synthesis reunites what analysis has divided. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 35:197-208. [PMID: 23450040 PMCID: PMC3501422 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Joseph V. Brady (1922-2011) created behavior-analytic neuroscience and the analytic framework for understanding how the external and internal neurobiological environments and mechanisms interact. Brady's approach offered synthesis as well as analysis. He embraced Findley's approach to constructing multioperant behavioral repertoires that found their way into designing environments for astronauts as well as studying drug effects on human social behavior in microenvironments. Brady created translational neurobehavioral science before such a concept existed. One of his most lasting contributions was developing a framework for ethical decision making to protect the rights of the people who participate in scientific research.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Neuroimaging techniques have led to significant advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of drug taking and the treatment of drug addiction in humans. Neuroimaging approaches provide a powerful translational approach that can link findings from humans and laboratory animals. OBJECTIVE This review describes the utility of neuroimaging toward understanding the neurobiological basis of drug taking and documents the close concordance that can be achieved among neuroimaging, neurochemical, and behavioral endpoints. RESULTS The study of drug interactions with dopamine and serotonin transporters in vivo has identified pharmacological mechanisms of action associated with the abuse liability of stimulants. Neuroimaging has identified the extended limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, as important neuronal circuitry that underlies drug taking. The ability to conduct within-subject longitudinal assessments of brain chemistry and neuronal function has enhanced our efforts to document long-term changes in dopamine D2 receptors, monoamine transporters, and prefrontal metabolism due to chronic drug exposure. Dysregulation of dopamine function and brain metabolic changes in areas involved in reward circuitry have been linked to drug taking behavior, cognitive impairment, and treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Experimental designs employing neuroimaging should consider well-documented determinants of drug taking, including pharmacokinetic considerations, subject history, and environmental variables. Methodological issues to consider include limited molecular probes, lack of neurochemical specificity in brain activation studies, and the potential influence of anesthetics in animal studies. Nevertheless, these integrative approaches should have important implications for understanding drug taking behavior and the treatment of drug addiction.
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Comer SD, Bickel WK, Yi R, de Wit H, Higgins ST, Wenger GR, Johanson CE, Kreek MJ. Human behavioral pharmacology, past, present, and future: symposium presented at the 50th annual meeting of the Behavioral Pharmacology Society. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:251-77. [PMID: 20664330 PMCID: PMC2913311 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833bb9f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A symposium held at the 50th annual meeting of the Behavioral Pharmacology Society in May 2007 reviewed progress in the human behavioral pharmacology of drug abuse. Studies on drug self-administration in humans are reviewed that assessed reinforcing and subjective effects of drugs of abuse. The close parallels observed between studies in humans and laboratory animals using similar behavioral techniques have broadened our understanding of the complex nature of the pharmacological and behavioral factors controlling drug self-administration. The symposium also addressed the role that individual differences, such as sex, personality, and genotype play in determining the extent of self-administration of illicit drugs in human populations. Knowledge of how these factors influence human drug self-administration has helped validate similar differences observed in laboratory animals. In recognition that drug self-administration is but one of many choices available in the lives of humans, the symposium addressed the ways in which choice behavior can be studied in humans. These choice studies in human drug abusers have opened up new and exciting avenues of research in laboratory animals. Finally, the symposium reviewed behavioral pharmacology studies conducted in drug abuse treatment settings and the therapeutic benefits that have emerged from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Comer
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, NY 10032, USA.
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Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC. Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked? Addict Biol 2010; 15:169-84. [PMID: 20148778 PMCID: PMC3268458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of withdrawal-related phenomena in the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction remains under debate. A 'self-medication' framework postulates that emotional changes are induced by a history of alcohol use, persist into abstinence, and are a major factor in maintaining alcoholism. This view initially focused on negative emotional states during early withdrawal: these are pronounced, occur in the vast majority of alcohol-dependent patients, and are characterized by depressed mood and elevated anxiety. This concept lost popularity with the realization that in most patients, these symptoms abate over 3-6 weeks of abstinence, while relapse risk persists long beyond this period. More recently, animal data have established that a prolonged history of alcohol dependence induces more subtle neuroadaptations. These confer altered emotional processing that persists long into protracted abstinence. The resulting behavioral phenotype is characterized by excessive voluntary alcohol intake and increased behavioral sensitivity to stress. Emerging human data support the clinical relevance of negative emotionality for protracted abstinence and relapse. These developments prompt a series of research questions: (1) are processes observed during acute withdrawal, while transient in nature, mechanistically related to those that remain during protracted abstinence?; (2) is susceptibility to negative emotionality in acute withdrawal in part due to heritable factors, similar to what animal models have indicated for susceptibility to physical aspects of withdrawal?; and (3) to what extent is susceptibility to negative affect that persists into protracted abstinence heritable?
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Plausible reconstruction? No! Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0003209x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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