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Xie Y, May AL, Chen G, Brown LP, Powers JB, Tague ED, Campagna SR, Löffler FE. Pseudomonas sp. Strain 273 Incorporates Organofluorine into the Lipid Bilayer during Growth with Fluorinated Alkanes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8155-8166. [PMID: 35642897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic organofluorine compounds are recalcitrant, globally distributed, and a human health concern. Although rare, natural processes synthesize fluorinated compounds, and some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to metabolize organofluorine compounds. Pseudomonas sp. strain 273 grows with 1-fluorodecane (FD) and 1,10-difluorodecane (DFD) as carbon sources, but inorganic fluoride release was not stoichiometric. Metabolome studies revealed that this bacterium produces fluorinated anabolites and phospholipids. Mass spectrometric fatty acid profiling detected fluorinated long-chain (i.e., C12-C19) fatty acids in strain 273 cells grown with FD or DFD, and lipidomic profiling determined that 7.5 ± 0.2 and 82.0 ± 1.0% of the total phospholipids in strain 273 grown with FD or DFD, respectively, were fluorinated. The detection of the fluorinated metabolites and macromolecules represents a heretofore unrecognized sink for organofluorine, an observation with consequences for the environmental fate and transport of fluorinated aliphatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Amanda L May
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Lindsay P Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joshua B Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Eric D Tague
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- University of Tennessee - Oak Ridge Innovation Institute, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Frank E Löffler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Kondakova T, D'Heygère F, Feuilloley MJ, Orange N, Heipieper HJ, Duclairoir Poc C. Glycerophospholipid synthesis and functions in Pseudomonas. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:27-42. [PMID: 26148574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pseudomonas is one of the most heterogeneous groups of eubacteria, presents in all major natural environments and in wide range of associations with plants and animals. The wide distribution of these bacteria is due to the use of specific mechanisms to adapt to environmental modifications. Generally, bacterial adaptation is only considered under the aspect of genes and protein expression, but lipids also play a pivotal role in bacterial functioning and homeostasis. This review resumes the mechanisms and regulations of pseudomonal glycerophospholipid synthesis, and the roles of glycerophospholipids in bacterial metabolism and homeostasis. Recently discovered specific pathways of P. aeruginosa lipid synthesis indicate the lineage dependent mechanisms of fatty acids homeostasis. Pseudomonas glycerophospholipids ensure structure functions and play important roles in bacterial adaptation to environmental modifications. The lipidome of Pseudomonas contains a typical eukaryotic glycerophospholipid--phosphatidylcholine -, which is involved in bacteria-host interactions. The ability of Pseudomonas to exploit eukaryotic lipids shows specific and original strategies developed by these microorganisms to succeed in their infectious process. All compiled data provide the demonstration of the importance of studying the Pseudomonas lipidome to inhibit the infectious potential of these highly versatile germs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kondakova
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - François D'Heygère
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Marc J Feuilloley
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Nicole Orange
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cécile Duclairoir Poc
- Normandie University of Rouen, Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, 55 rue St. Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
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Kondakova T, Merlet-Machour N, Chapelle M, Preterre D, Dionnet F, Feuilloley M, Orange N, Duclairoir Poc C. A new study of the bacterial lipidome: HPTLC-MALDI-TOF imaging enlightening the presence of phosphatidylcholine in airborne Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a. Res Microbiol 2014; 166:1-8. [PMID: 25478686 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are major functional components of bacterial cells that play fundamental roles in bacterial metabolism and the barrier function between cells and the environment. In an effort to investigate the bacterial lipidome, we adopted a protocol using MALDI-TOF MS imaging coupled to HPTLC to screen a large number of phospholipid classes in a short span of time. With this method, phospholipids of airborne Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a were visualized and identified in sample extracts (measurement accuracy below 0.1 Da, phospholipid identification by means of four characteristic fragment peaks). Via this technique, the P. fluorescens lipidome was shown to comprise three major lipid classes: phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. The protocol described herein is simple, rapid and effective for screening of bacterial phospholipid classes. The remarkable presence of a eukaryotic phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, was observed in P. fluorescens MFAF76a. This lipid is known to play a role in bacteria-host interactions and had not been known to be found in P. fluorescens cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kondakova
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM) EA4312, Normandy Univ., Univ. Rouen, 55 rue St Germain, 27000 Evreux, France; Aerothermic and Internal Combustion Engine Technological Research Center (CERTAM), 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
| | - Nadine Merlet-Machour
- Team Modified to Surface and Interface Analysis (SIMA), UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandy Univ., Univ. Rouen, 55 rue St Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | | | - David Preterre
- Aerothermic and Internal Combustion Engine Technological Research Center (CERTAM), 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
| | - Frédéric Dionnet
- Aerothermic and Internal Combustion Engine Technological Research Center (CERTAM), 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM) EA4312, Normandy Univ., Univ. Rouen, 55 rue St Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Nicole Orange
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM) EA4312, Normandy Univ., Univ. Rouen, 55 rue St Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Cécile Duclairoir Poc
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM) EA4312, Normandy Univ., Univ. Rouen, 55 rue St Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
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Oliver JD, Stringer WF. Lipid Composition of a Psychrophilic Marine Vibrio sp. During Starvation-Induced Morphogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 47:461-6. [PMID: 16346485 PMCID: PMC239702 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.3.461-466.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative changes with time in phospholipids and fatty acids were examined after suspension of cells of a psychrophilic marine bacterium in nutrient-free artificial seawater at 5 degrees C. Viability was maintained throughout the 21-day examination period, with plate counts and acridine orange direct counts indicating a slight increase in cell number. Gravimetric data, however, showed a significant decrease in bacterial biomass during the 3-week study. Levels of ATP per cell also decreased significantly (59%) during the starvation period. Since starvation (resulting in dormancy) is probably the typical physiological state of marine bacteria, estimation of bacterial density in marine waters by using ATP data obtained from log-phase cells is probably inaccurate. Total lipid phosphate decreased (65%) during the starvation period, with phosphatidylethanolamine showing the greatest loss. A large increase (57%) in the neutral lipid fraction was also detected, especially during the first week of starvation. A selective increase in palmitoleate at the expense of myristate was detected in the membrane lipids. The effects of these changes on membrane fluidity and the possible consequences for these cells in the marine environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oliver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223
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Folmer F, Jaspars M, Solano G, Cristofanon S, Henry E, Tabudravu J, Black K, Green DH, Küpper FC, Aalbersberg W, Feussner K, Dicato M, Diederich M. The inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation by marine natural products. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:592-606. [PMID: 19445900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The deregulated activation of NF-kappaB is associated with cancer development and inflammatory diseases. With an aim to find new NF-kappaB inhibitors, we purified and characterized compounds from extracts of the Fijian sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata, the crinoid Comanthus parvicirrus, the soft corals Sarcophyton sp. nov. and Sinularia sp., and the gorgonian Subergorgia sp. after an initial screening of 266 extracts from different marine origins. Results obtained show that selected purified compounds had a cytotoxic effect on the human leukaemia cell line K562, inhibited both TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB-DNA binding as well as TNF-alpha-induced IkappaBalpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p50/p65. Furthermore, we observed the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation induced by an overexpression of IKKbeta. Interestingly, natural products inhibited IKKbeta kinase as well as the 26S proteasome proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Folmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, UK
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6
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Influence of the incubation temperature on the reaction of oligotrophic bacteria to stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11021-005-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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7
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Wang L, Zhou Q, Chua H. Contribution of cell outer membrane and inner membrane to Cu2+ adsorption by cell envelope of Pseudomonas putida 5-x. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2004; 39:2071-2080. [PMID: 15332669 DOI: 10.1081/ese-120039375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of outer and inner membrane in the Cu2+ adsorption process by gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida 5-x, which was isolated from local electroplating effluent with high Cu2+ accumulating capability, was studied. The results indicate that both the outer and inner membrane exhibited high Cu2+ adsorption capacity. Outer and inner membrane contributed about 30-35% and 20-25% parts of adsorption capacity in Cu2+ adsorption by cell envelope of Pseudomonas putida 5-x, respectively. The total contribution of outer and inner membrane to Cu2+ adsorption by cell envelope was much greater than that of peptidoglycan layer. The relatively high phospholipid content in the outer membrane might result in its greater heavy metal ions adsorption capacity. The Cu2+ binding process by the outer and inner membrane of Pseudomonas putida 5-x is the adsorption processes and can be described with Freundlich isotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Könneke M, Widdel F. Effect of growth temperature on cellular fatty acids in sulphate-reducing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2003; 5:1064-70. [PMID: 14641586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of growth temperature on the cellular fatty acid composition of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was studied in 12 species belonging to eight genera including psychrophiles and mesophiles. Most of these species were of marine origin. The investigated SRB with the exception of four Desulfobacter species exhibited only a minor increase in the proportion of cis-unsaturated fatty acids (by < or = 5% per 10 degrees C) when the growth temperature was decreased; psychrophiles maintained their typically high content of cis-unsaturated fatty acids (around 75% of total fatty acids) nearly constant. The four Desulfobacter species, however, increased the proportion of cis-unsaturated among total fatty acids significantly (by > or =14% per 10 degrees C; measured in late growth phase) with decreasing growth temperature. The ratio between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in Desulfobacter species changed not only with the growth temperature, but also with the growth state in batch cultures at constant temperature. Changes of cellular fatty acids were studied in detail with D. hydrogenophilus, the most psychrotolerant (growth range 0-35 degrees C) among the mesophilic SRB examined. Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus also formed cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid (a cyclopropane fatty acid) and 10-methylhexadecanoic acid. At low growth temperature (12 degrees C), the relative amount of these fatty acids was at least threefold lower; this questions the usefulness of 10-methylhexadecanoic acid as a reliable biomarker of Desulfobacter in cold sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Könneke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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9
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Denich TJ, Beaudette LA, Lee H, Trevors JT. Effect of selected environmental and physico-chemical factors on bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 52:149-82. [PMID: 12459238 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(02)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membranes lipids are one of the most adaptable molecules in response to perturbations. Even subtle changes of the composition of acyl chains or head groups can alter the packing arrangements of lipids within the bilayer. This changes the balance between bilayer and nonbilayer lipids, serving to affect bilayer stability and fluidity, as well as altering lipid-protein interactions. External factors can also change membrane fluidity and lipid composition; including temperature, chemicals, ions, pressure, nutrients and the growth phase of the microbial culture. Various biophysical techniques have been used to monitor fluidity changes within the bacterial membrane. In this review, bacterial cytoplasmic membrane changes and related functional effects will be examined as well as the use of fluorescence polarization methods and examples of data obtained from research with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Denich
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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10
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Rabus R, Brüchert V, Amann J, Könneke M. Physiological response to temperature changes of the marine, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfobacterium autotrophicum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2002; 42:409-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Taylor CJ, Anderson AJ, Wilkinson SG. Phenotypic variation of lipid composition in Burkholderia cepacia: a response to increased growth temperature is a greater content of 2-hydroxy acids in phosphatidylethanolamine and ornithine amide lipid. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 7):1737-1745. [PMID: 9695908 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-7-1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia produces an unusual range of polar lipids, which includes two forms each of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ornithine amide lipid (OL), differing in the presence or absence of 2-hydroxy fatty acids. By using chemostat cultures in chemically defined media, variations in the lipid content and the proportions of individual lipids have been studied as a function of (a) growth temperature, (b) growth rate and (c) growth-limiting nutrient (carbon, magnesium, phosphorus or oxygen). Total cellular lipid in carbon-limited cultures was lowest at high growth temperatures and low growth rates. Increases in growth temperature over the range 25-40 degrees C led to increases in the proportions of molecular species of PE and OL containing 2-hydroxy acids, without changing the PE:OL ratio. Growth temperature did not alter the balance between neutral and acidic lipids, but the contribution of phosphatidylglycerol to the latter increased with rising growth temperature and growth rate. Pigmentation of cells and the presence of flagella were also temperature-dependent. Change in growth rate also affected the PE:OL ratio and the extent to which monoenoic acids were replaced by their cyclopropane derivatives. Whereas similar lipid profiles were found for carbon-, magnesium- and oxygen-limited cultures, ornithine amides were the only polar lipids detected in phosphorus-limited cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Taylor
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of HullHull HU6 7RXUK
| | | | - Stephen G Wilkinson
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of HullHull HU6 7RXUK
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12
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13
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D E, Orange N, Saint N, Gurillon J, De Mot R, Molle G. Growth temperature dependence of channel size of the major outer-membrane protein (OprF) in psychrotrophic Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 3):1029-1035. [PMID: 9084185 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-3-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The outer-membrane (OM) permeability of the psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MF0 for the beta-lactam mezlocillin is increased at the optimum growth temperature (28 degrees C) compared to low growth temperatures (8 degrees C). In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, OM protein content was studied in cultures grown at both temperatures. No significant difference in proportion or composition was found, suggesting that a change in the structure and function of porins could be responsible for the differential permeability. The major OM protein OprF of two psychrotrophic P. fluorescens strains, MF0 and OE 28.3, was purified from cultures grown at 8 degrees C and 28 degrees C in order to reincorporate them in solvent-free lipid bilayers. From cultures grown at the same temperature, OprF displayed very similar channel-forming properties for both strains. Decreasing the growth temperature induced a threefold reduction of the major conductance values (250-270 pS in 1 M NaCl for 28 degrees C cultures and 80-90 pS in 1 M NaCl for 8 degrees C cultures). The trypsin digestion kinetics showed a very different reactivity for these porins between cultures grown at 8 degrees C and 28 degrees C. This may indicate that the pore structure of OprF is modified depending on the growth temperature, as suggested by its functional behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle D
- Institut Fdratif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, URA 500 CNRS, Facult des Sciences, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Nicole Orange
- Laboratorie de Microbiologie due Froid, Evreux, France
| | - Nathalie Saint
- Institut Fdratif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, URA 500 CNRS, Facult des Sciences, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | | | - Ren De Mot
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Grard Molle
- Institut Fdratif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, URA 500 CNRS, Facult des Sciences, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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14
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Delille D, Mallard L, Rosiers C. Inter-annual variability in marine coastal Antarctic bacterioplankton. Polar Biol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02388731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Svetashev VI, Vysotskii MV, Ivanova EP, Mikhailov VV. Cellular Fatty Acids of Alteromonas Species. Syst Appl Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The existing literature on the role of fatty acids in microbial temperature adaptation is reviewed. Several modes of change of cellular fatty acids at varying environmental temperatures are shown to exist in yeasts and fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteria containing iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids, as well as in a few Gram-positive bacteria. Consequently, the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and cyclization, fatty acid chain length, branching, and cellular fatty acid content increase, decrease, or remain unaltered on lowering the temperature. Moreover, microorganisms seem to be able to change from one mode or alter the cellular fatty acid profile temperature dependently to another on lowering the temperature, as well as even within the same growth temperature range, depending on growth conditions. Therefore, the effect of the temperature on cellular fatty acids appears to be more complicated than known earlier. However, similarities found in the modes of change of cellular fatty acids at varying environmental temperatures in several microorganisms within the above mentioned groups support the existence of a limited amount of common regulatory mechanisms. The models presented enable the prediction of temperature-induced changes occurring in the fatty acids of microorganisms, and enzymatic steps of the fatty acid biosynthesis that possibly are under temperature control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suutari
- Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Espoo, Finland
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18
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Henderson RJ, Millar RM, Sargent JR, Jostensen JP. Trans-monoenoic and polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of a Vibrio species of bacterium in relation to growth conditions. Lipids 1993; 28:389-96. [PMID: 8316045 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A Vibrio species of bacterium known to contain the polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:5n-3 was grown in both freshwater and seawater media at 5 and 20 degrees C and examined for adaptive changes in lipid composition. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), together with a smaller proportion of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), comprised almost all the lipid under all growth conditions examined. Temperature had a more pronounced effect than the salinity of the medium on lipid composition. The proportion of PE in total lipid was always higher at 5 than at 20 degrees C. Conversely, the proportion of NEFA was lower at 5 than 20 degrees C whereas that of PG was not altered. The levels of saturated fatty acids in total lipid, PE and PG were all decreased by growth at 5 degrees C. No differences were observed with respect to growth temperature in the levels of cis 16:1n-7, the principal monoenoic fatty acid in both PE and PG. Trans 16:1n-7 was found to comprise 12.8-15.2% of fatty acids in PE and PG of bacteria grown at 5 degrees C but only 4.4-8.5% of phospholipid fatty acids in bacteria cultured at 20 degrees C. Regardless of medium composition, a reduction in growth temperature from 20 to 5 degrees C also caused the proportions of 20:5n-3 to increase from around 0.8 to 4.4% in PE and from around 4 to 20% in PG. The simultaneous occurrence of trans 16:1n-7 and 20:5n-3 is unique to this Vibrio species of bacterium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henderson
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland
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19
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Russell N, Fukunaga N. A comparison of thermal adaptation of membrane lipids in psychrophilic and thermophilic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms are important in global ecology as a large proportion of our planet is cold (below 5 degrees C); they are responsible for the spoilage of chilled food and they also have potential uses in low-temperature biotechnological processes. Psychrophiles and psychrotrophs are both capable of growing at or close to zero, but the optimum and upper temperature limits for growth are lower for psychrophiles compared with psychrotrophs. Psychrophiles are more often isolated from permanently cold habitats, whereas psychrotrophs tend to dominate those environments that undergo thermal fluctuations. The molecular basis of psychrophily is reviewed in terms of biochemical mechanisms. The lower growth temperature limit is fixed by the freezing properties of dilute aqueous solutions inside and outside the cell. In contrast, the ability of psychrophiles and psychrotrophs to grow at low, but not moderate, temperatures depends on adaptive changes in cellular proteins and lipids. Changes in proteins are genotypic, and are related to the properties of enzymes and translation systems, whereas changes in lipids are genotypic or phenotypic and are important in regulating membrane fluidity and permeability. The ability to adapt their solute uptake systems through membrane lipid modulation may distinguish psychrophiles from psychrotrophs. The upper growth temperature limit can result from the inactivation of a single enzyme type or system, including protein synthesis or energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K
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21
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Wynn-Williams DD. Ecological Aspects of Antarctic Microbiology. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7612-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Delille D, Perret E. Influence of temperature on the growth potential of Southern polar marine bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1989; 18:117-123. [PMID: 24196127 DOI: 10.1007/bf02030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Regular surveys of heterotrophic microflora from seawater were conducted in the subantarctic (Kerguelen archipelago) and Antarctic (Terre Adélie area). Although a predominance of psychrophilic bacteria could be expected for such polar marine environments, there were no significant differences between results obtained after incubation at two different temperatures (4°C for 21 days or 18°C for 6 days). To investigate this further, four sets of bacterial strains were isolated from the subantarctic area (early fall, late fall, spring, and summer) and one set of Antarctic bacteria was isolated in summer. The growth rates of the 143 strains collected were determined at four different temperatures (4, 7, 20, and 30°C). The results clearly indicated that a large majority of the isolated bacteria must be considered psychrotrophic and not truly psychrophilic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Delille
- Laboratoire Arago, Université P. et M. Curie, U.A. 117, 66650, Banyuls sur mer, France
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Kropinski AM, Lewis V, Berry D. Effect of growth temperature on the lipids, outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:1960-6. [PMID: 3106325 PMCID: PMC212060 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.5.1960-1966.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 at 15 to 45 degrees C in tryptic soy broth resulted in changes in the lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and outer membrane proteins of the cells. Cells grown at 15 degrees C contained, relative to those cultivated at 45 degrees C, increased levels of the phospholipid fatty acids hexadecenoate and octadecenoate and reduced levels of the corresponding saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the lipid A fatty acids also showed thermoadaptation with decreases in dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acids and increases in the level of 3-hydroxydecanoate and 2-hydroxdodecanoate as the growth temperature decreased. In addition, LPS extracted from cells cultivated at the lower temperatures contained a higher content of long-chain S-form molecules than that isolated from cells grown at higher temperatures. On the other hand, the percentage of LPS cores substituted with side-chain material decreased from 37.6 mol% at 45 degrees C to 19.3 mol% at 15 degrees C. The outer membrane protein profiles indicated that at low growth temperatures there was an increase in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 and decreases in the content of 21,000 (protein H1)- and 27,500-molecular-weight proteins.
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