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Huynh D, Tung N, Dam Q, Tran T, Hulten KG, Harrison CJ, Kaplan SL, Nguyen A, Do TH, Setty A, Le J. Amoxicillin and penicillin G dosing in pediatric community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. Pharmacotherapy 2022. [PMID: 36571459 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral penicillin G (PENG) and oral amoxicillin (AMOX) are recommended as treatment for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). With recent epidemiologic penicillin susceptibility data for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common etiology of CAP, the objective of this study was to evaluate optimal dosing regimens of PENG and AMOX based on population pharmacokinetics linked to current susceptibility data. METHODS Using NONMEM v7.3, Monte Carlo simulations (N = 10,000) were conducted for AMOX 15 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 h (standard-dose), AMOX 45 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 h (high-dose), and PENG 62,500 units/kg/day IV every 6 h using six virtual subjects with ages spanning 3 months to 15 years old. The probability of target attainment (PTA) was determined for both serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) to achieve free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (%fT>MIC) across the population of pneumococci for 30%-50% of the dosing interval. RESULTS In 2018, all 21 (100%) pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to both PENG and AMOX based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; MIC at 2 mg/L) breakpoints, and 15 of 21 (71%) were susceptible based on EUCAST (MIC at 0.5 mg/L) breakpoints. As compared to CLSI, EUCAST breakpoints consistently achieved higher PTA for all antibiotic regimens. At 50% fT>MIC in the serum at the susceptible MICs, standard-dose AMOX achieved >4% PTA (CLSI) and >86% PTA (EUCAST); high-dose AMOX achieved >73% PTA (CLSI) and >99% PTA (EUCAST); and PENG achieved 0% PTA (using CLSI) and 100% PTA (using EUCAST). Standard-dose AMOX, high-dose AMOX, and PENG achieved >71%, >93%, and 100% PTA, respectively, in the serum at 30%-50% fT>MIC when each patient was stochastically linked to an MIC based on the frequency distribution of national susceptibility data. The PTA was consistently lower in ELF as compared with serum for all regimens. CONCLUSION Based on the recent rates of resistance, antibiotic doses evaluated provide appropriate exposure for pediatric CAP based on the serum and ELF data associated with predicted clinical and microbiologic success for pneumococcus. High-dose AMOX may still be required to treat pediatric CAP, especially if using CLSI breakpoints. Ongoing surveillance for resistance is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Huynh
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Norint Tung
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Quang Dam
- Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Tri Tran
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kristina G Hulten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Sheldon L Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Allison Nguyen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tyler H Do
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amartya Setty
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Le
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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Keij FM, Tramper-Stranders GA, Koch BCP, Reiss IKM, Muller AE, Kornelisse RF, Allegaert K. Pharmacokinetics of Clavulanic Acid in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:637-653. [PMID: 35355215 PMCID: PMC9095526 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Clavulanic acid is a commonly used β-lactam inhibitor in pediatrics for a variety of infections. Clear insight into its mode of action is lacking, however, and a target has not been identified. The dosing of clavulanic acid is currently based on that of the partner drug (amoxicillin or ticarcillin). Still, proper dosing of the compound is needed because clavulanic acid has been associated with adverse effects. In this systematic review, we aim to describe the current literature on the pharmacokinetics of clavulanic acid in the pediatric population Methods We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE, Embase.com, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. We included all published studies reporting pharmacokinetic data on clavulanic acid in neonates and children 0–18 years of age. Results The search resulted in 18 original studies that met the inclusion criteria. In general, the variation in drug exposure was large, which can be partly explained by differences in disease state, route of administration, or age. Unfortunately, the studies’ limited background information hampered in-depth assessment of the observed variability. Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of clavulanic acid in pediatric patients is highly variable, similar to reports in adults, but more pronounced. Significant knowledge gaps remain with regard to the population-specific explanation for this variability. Model-based pharmacokinetic studies that address both maturational and disease-specific changes in the pediatric population are therefore needed. Furthermore, additional pharmacodynamic studies are needed to define a clear target. The combined outcomes will eventually lead to pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of clavulanic acid and targeted exposure. Clinical Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020137253. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-022-01116-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur M Keij
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerdien A Tramper-Stranders
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - René F Kornelisse
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kays MB, Wood KK, Miles DO. In vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae from southeast Missouri. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:1308-14. [PMID: 10555936 DOI: 10.1592/phco.19.16.1308.30869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of reduced susceptibility to penicillin, and to compare the in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from southeast Missouri. SETTING Cape Girardeau, Missouri (population 35,500). Interventions. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefaclor, and loracarbef by E test for 108 isolates of S. pneumoniae. The MIC50, MIC90, and percentage susceptibility were calculated for each agent. Pharmacokinetic variables were obtained from the literature, and serum concentration-time profiles were simulated for a 25-kg child taking pediatric dosages commonly administered to treat otitis media. The average time above MIC (T > MIC) was calculated as percentage of the dosing interval using free concentrations and the MIC for each individual isolate. Analysis of variance (Scheffe post hoc test) was used to determine differences among agents for in vitro activity and T > MIC (level of significance, p<0.05). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The frequency of penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae was 28.7% (31/108). For 25 penicillin-intermediate isolates, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were significantly more active than cefprozil, cefaclor, and loracarbef. The T > MIC for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, simulated at 13.3 mg/kg every 8 hours, was significantly longer than that for all other beta-lactams. CONCLUSION Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid have superior in vitro activity and longer T > MIC for penicillin-intermediate isolates than the other oral beta-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Kays
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-2879, USA
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