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Liang N, Zhou S, Li T, Zhang Z, Zhao T, Li R, Li M, Shao F, Wang G, Sun J. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to assess the drug-drug interactions of anaprazole with clarithromycin and amoxicillin in patients undergoing eradication therapy of H. pylori infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106534. [PMID: 37480962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions of anaprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. METHODS The PBPK models for anaprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin were constructed using the GastroPlus™ software (Version 9.7) based on the physicochemical data and PK parameters obtained from literature, then were optimized and validated in healthy subjects to predict the plasma concentration-time profiles of these three drugs and assess the predictive performance of each model. According to the analysis of the properties of each drug, the developed and validated models were applied to evaluate potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of anaprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin. RESULTS The developed PBPK models properly described the pharmacokinetics of anaprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin well, and all predicted PK parameters (Cmax,ss, AUC0-τ,ss) ratios were within 2.0-fold of the observed values. Furthermore, the application of these models to predict the anaprazole-clarithromycin and anaprazole-amoxicillin DDIs demonstrates their good performance, with the predicted DDI Cmax,ss ratios and DDI AUC0-τ,ss ratios within 1.25-fold of the observed values, and all predicted DDI Cmax,ss, and AUC0-τ,ss ratios within 2.0-fold. The simulated results show no need to adjust the dosage when co-administered with anaprazole in patients undergoing eradication therapy of H. pylori infection since the dose remained in the therapeutic range. CONCLUSION The whole-body PBPK models of anaprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin were built and qualified, which can predict DDIs that are mediated by gastric pH change and inhibition of metabolic enzymes, providing a mechanistic understanding of the DDIs observed in the clinic of clarithromycin, amoxicillin with anaprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zeru Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tangping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Run Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Ding S, Xie L, Wang L, Zhou C, Zhou S, Chen J, Zhu B, Liu Y, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Li T, Wang L, Zhang Z, Shao F. Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Anaprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin after Single-Dose Simultaneous Administration and the Effect of Adding Bismuth on Their Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Chinese Subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:121-132. [PMID: 36520316 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori-positive ulcers are treated with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) + two antibiotics with/without bismuth. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of the novel PPI anaprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin with/without bismuth. METHODS This single-centre, randomised, open-label phase 1 pharmacokinetic study included healthy Chinese male participants, comprising two cohorts (cohort 1, 4 × 4 crossover design; cohort 2, 2 × 2 crossover design). In cohort 1, 24 participants received four treatment cycles with a different treatment in each cycle; the washout period between cycles was 9 days. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatment sequences (1:1:1:1): anaprazole sodium enteric-coated tablet 20 mg monotherapy, amoxicillin 1000 mg monotherapy, clarithromycin 500 mg monotherapy, and a three-drug combination (anaprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg). During each treatment cycle, study drugs were administered twice daily for four consecutive days and once in the morning on the fifth day. Cohort 2 participants were administered a single dose of the three-drug combination and a single dose of a four-drug combination (three-drug combination + bismuth 0.6 g) with a washout period of 11 ± 2 days between treatments. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS Twenty-nine of 32 enrolled participants (cohort 1, n = 24; cohort 2, n = 8) completed the study. There were no significant differences in exposure or time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) between each single drug or the three-drug combination (cohort 1) or between the three- and four-drug combinations (cohort 1) for any of the drugs/metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Dose adjustments for individual drugs are not necessary with combined dosing of anaprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and bismuth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zeru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Xuanzhu Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Xuanzhu Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Ghim JL, Chin MC, Jung J, Lee J, Kim S, Kim B, Song GS, Choi YK, Shin JG. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tegoprazan Coadministered With Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61:913-922. [PMID: 33341955 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tegoprazan when coadministered with amoxicillin/clarithromycin in healthy subjects. Cohort 1 was an open-label, randomized multiple-dose study to evaluate the mutual interaction of tegoprazan and amoxicillin/clarithromycin on the disposition of 3 tested drugs including tegoprazan M1 metabolite and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin (14-OH-clarithromycin). Cohort 2 was an open-label, randomized, active-controlled, parallel multiple-dose study to compare the intragastric pH profile after multiple oral doses of 50 or 100 mg tegoprazan coadministered with amoxicillin/clarithromycin 1000/500 mg for 7 days and pantoprazole-based triple therapy as the comparator arm. The coadministration of tegoprazan with amoxicillin/clarithromycin increased Css,max (2.2-fold) and AUCτ (2.7-fold) of tegoprazan and M1 (2.1- and 2.2-fold for Css,max and AUCτ , respectively) compared with administration of tegoprazan alone. The Css,max and AUCτ of 14-OH-clarithromycin increased by 1.7- and 1.8-fold, respectively; the disposition of amoxicillin and clarithromycin were not significantly changed. On days 1 and 7 of treatment, tegoprazan-based therapies (both 50- and 100-mg therapies) maintained pH above 6 for more than 88% of the 24-hour period, which was significantly longer compared with pantoprazole-based therapy. Tegoprazan either alone or in combination with amoxicillin/clarithromycin was well tolerated in healthy subjects. In conclusion, the exposure of tegoprazan was increased after coadministration of amoxicillin/clarithromycin, which led to increase pharmacodynamic response measured by intragastric pH compared with tegoprazan alone. Therefore, tegoprazan-based triple therapy would be effective therapeutic regimen to manage intragastric pH in terms of gastric or duodenal ulcers healing, treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Helicobacter pylori eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyul Ghim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - May Chien Chin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Division of Clinical Development, HK inno.N Corp, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokuee Kim
- Division of Clinical Development, HK inno.N Corp, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bongtae Kim
- Division of Clinical Development, HK inno.N Corp, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun Seog Song
- Division of Clinical Development, HK inno.N Corp, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Kyung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Abstract
The effects of antibiotics on the intestinal flora can create potential drug-drug interactions. The combination of amoxicillin and aspirin is high and there is a high probability of interaction. We used 16S rRNA, incubation experiments and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze rat biological samples to characterize the effect of amoxicillin on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin metabolites. We first discovered that amoxicillin reduced the species and number of intestinal flora in rats, such as reducing the abundance of Helicobacter pylori and Prevotella_copri. After 12, 24, and 36 hours of incubation, the remaining amount of aspirin in the aspirin and amoxicillin treatment groups decreased, and salicylic acid production increased, suggesting that aspirin is metabolized by the intestinal flora, and the main metabolite is salicylic acid. As the incubation time prolonged, the reduction of aspirin and the production of salicylic acid in the amoxicillin treatment group were slower. It is indicated that the metabolic activity of aspirin through the intestinal flora is slowed down after administration of amoxicillin. The pharmacokinetic experiments showed that after administration of amoxicillin, the area under the salicylic acid curve increased by 91.38%, the peak concentration increased by 60.43%, and the clearance rate decreased by 43.55%.The results demonstrated that amoxicillin affected the pharmacokinetics of aspirin active metabolite salicylic acid by slowing down the metabolic activity of intestinal flora on aspirin. The interaction between amoxicillin and aspirin mediated by the intestinal flora may affect the efficacy of aspirin and cause more significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuemei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Kiss T, Timár Z, Szabó A, Lukács A, Velky V, Oszlánczi G, Horváth E, Takács I, Zupkó I, Csupor D. Effect of green tea on the gastrointestinal absorption of amoxicillin in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:54. [PMID: 31470904 PMCID: PMC6717353 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation of food-drug and plant-drug interactions has become increasingly important. In case of antibiotics, it is essential to achieve and maintain a plasma concentration sufficient for the antimicrobial action. Although, on theoretical basis, the interaction of polyphenols and antibiotics may be hypothesized, experimental data are lacking to assess its clinical relevance. The aim of our study was to assess the interaction between one of the most widely used antibiotics, amoxicillin, and green tea, the most frequently consumed drink with high polyphenol content. METHODS The effects of green tea on the plasma level of amoxicillin was studied in an in vivo experiment in rats. The plasma level of amoxicillin was monitored by LC-MS/MS for 240 min after oral administration. The polyphenol content of green tea was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. RESULTS The peak plasma concentration of amoxicillin significantly decreased upon its co-administration with green tea, although the AUC0-240 of the antibiotic did not decrease significantly in the group treated with amoxicillin suspended in green tea. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a potentially relevant interaction between green tea and amoxicillin, worth being further studied in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tivadar Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Timár
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Anita Lukács
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Viktória Velky
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Gábor Oszlánczi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Edina Horváth
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - István Takács
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
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Chen L, Wang B, Diao Z, Zhao M, Xie K, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang T, Wang J. Development and Validation of an HPLC-ESI/MS/MS Method for the Determination of Amoxicillin, Its Major Metabolites, and Ampicillin Residues in Chicken Tissues. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142652. [PMID: 31336643 PMCID: PMC6681001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous analysis of amoxicillin (AMO), amoxicillin metabolites, and ampicillin residues in edible chicken muscle, liver, and kidney samples via high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS/MS) was developed and verified. The extraction and purification procedures involved the extraction of the sample using a liquid-liquid extraction method with acetonitrile to eliminate the proteins. The chicken tissue extract was then injected directly onto an HPLC column coupled to a mass spectrometer with an ESI(+) source. The HPLC-ESI/MS/MS method was validated according to specificity, sensitivity, linearity, matrix effects, precision, accuracy, decision limit, detection capability, and stability, as defined by the European Union and Food and Drug Administration. The linearity was desirable, and the determination coefficients (r2 values) ranged from 0.9968 and 0.9999. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.10–2.20 μg/kg and 0.30–8.50 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limits were 57.71–61.25 μg/kg, and the detection capabilities were 65.41–72.50 μg/kg, and the recoveries of the four target analytes exceeded 75% at the limits of quantification and exceeded 83% at 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg (n = 6 at each level), confirming the reliability of this method for determining these analytes and providing a new detection technology. For real sample analysis, this experiment tested 30 chicken tissue samples, only one chicken muscle, liver, and kidney sample were contaminated with 5.20, 17.45, and 7.33 μg/kg of AMO values, respectively, while other target compounds were not detected in the 30 tested chicken tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Peiyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xutang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
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Williams PCM, Berkley JA. Guidelines for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition: a systematic review of the evidence for antimicrobial therapy. Paediatr Int Child Health 2018; 38:S32-S49. [PMID: 29790840 PMCID: PMC5972636 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1409453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects nearly 20 million children worldwide and is responsible for up to 1 million deaths per year in children under the age of 5 years. Current WHO guidelines recommend oral amoxicillin for children with uncomplicated malnutrition and parenteral benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for those with complicated malnutrition. Because of cost pressures and increasing antimicrobial resistance, the administration of empirical antibiotics for children with SAM has recently been debated. Methods A systematic review of the current published literature was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial treatment of children with SAM in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Results The initial search found 712 papers, eight of which met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the studies was performed as per the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. International guidelines and clinical data registries were also reviewed which identified inconsistencies in current first- and second-line therapies and dosing regimens. Conclusion Current evidence supports the continued use of broad-spectrum oral amoxicillin for treating children with uncomplicated SAM as outpatients. There is no strong evidence to justify changing the current parenteral therapy guidelines for children admitted with complicated SAM, although they should be clarified to harmonise the dosage regimen of amoxicillin for the treatment of SAM to 40 mg/kg twice daily, and to continue parenteral antimicrobials beyond 2 days if indicated by the clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Aravena PC, Oyarzún CP, Arias MF, Monardes H, Jerez A, Benso B. Single-Dose Bioavailability for Prophylactic Coverage in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2018. [PMID: 29534130 DOI: 10.11607/jomi.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental implant surgery is a routine dental practice to prevent implant failure. Current systematic reviews have yet to confirm the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment at reducing postoperative infection rates in implant procedures. The aim of this study was to quantify amoxicillin plasma levels at the peripheral venous blood and at the surgical implant site in patients undergoing dental treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted. Patients undergoing dental implant surgery were selected, and preoperative doses of 1 g of amoxicillin, in the form of an oral tablet, were administered 1 hour prior to implant surgery. The blood samples (1.5 mL) were collected from both the venous and implant sites. Data on the antibiotics were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The quantification method was validated for linearity, selectivity, and detection limits. Statistical analysis of plasma antibiotic was performed, comparing both samples and the age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) (Wilcoxon test, P < .05; STATA v.10.0). RESULTS Thirty-two patients (mean age: 56.28 ± 12.2 years; range: 31 to 79 years; 20 men) were selected. Both blood samples were taken at a mean 1.16 ± 0.37 hours after antibiotic intake. The mean amoxicillin concentration at the implant site reached 5 ± 2.63 μg/mL (range: 2.04 to 11.18 μg/mL), while the venous blood level was 4.21 ± 2.12 μg/mL (range: 1.6 to 9.98 μg/mL) (P = .33). No correlations were observed between age, height, weight, and BMI with antibiotic plasma levels. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that plasma concentrations of a prophylactic dose of amoxicillin are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to prevent the common dental bacteria involved in peri-implantitis and periodontal diseases.
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Zareba-Szczudlik J, Romejko-Wolniewicz E, Lewandowski Z, Rozanska H, Malinowska-Polubiec A, Dobrowolska-Redo A, Wilczynski J, Czajkowski K. Evaluation of the amoxicillin concentrations in amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord blood and maternal serum two hours after oral administration. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2017; 38:502-508. [PMID: 29369602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Due to its low toxicity, it is commonly used in obstetrics. The objective of this study was to assess amoxicillin concentrations in amniotic fluid, umbilical blood, placenta and maternal serum two hours following oral administration among pregnant women at term and to assess obstetric and non-obstetric factors that might affect amoxicillin's penetration of these tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 full-term pregnant women who qualified for elective Caesarean delivery were included in the study. Amoxicillin at a dose of 500 mg was administered prior to surgery. Amoxicillin levels were determined by diffusion microbial assay. RESULTS The maternal serum, placental, umbilical blood and amniotic fluid levels of amoxicillin two hours after oral administration were 2.18±1.30 µg/g, 1.00±0.71 µg/g, 1.00±0.73 µg/g, and 0.67±0.59 µg/g, respectively (Table 2). Maternal serum levels of amoxicillin were significantly higher compared to other tissues (p<0.05). CONCLUSION If the target tissues for the use of antibiotic drugs in pregnant patients are the fetus and/or the placenta, the drug should be administered in a higher-than-standard dose than that used to treat infections in non-pregnant patients. Considering that there is a maximum absorbable dose following oral administration, intravenous administration should be considered to prevent failure of antibiotic treatment. A higher dose of amoxicillin should be considered in obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanna Rozanska
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan Wilczynski
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw , Poland
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Diene SM, Abat C, Rolain JM, Raoult D. How artificial is the antibiotic resistance definition? Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:690. [PMID: 28653629 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seydina M Diene
- URMITE (Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes), Aix Marseille Université, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Cédric Abat
- URMITE (Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes), Aix Marseille Université, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- URMITE (Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes), Aix Marseille Université, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE (Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes), Aix Marseille Université, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Elizalde-Velázquez A, Martínez-Rodríguez H, Galar-Martínez M, Dublán-García O, Islas-Flores H, Rodríguez-Flores J, Castañeda-Peñalvo G, Lizcano-Sanz I, Gómez-Oliván LM. Effect of amoxicillin exposure on brain, gill, liver, and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): The role of amoxicilloic acid. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:1102-1120. [PMID: 27403921 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics around the world due to its broad-spectrum activity against different bacterial strains as well as its use as a growth promoter in animal husbandry. Although residues of this antibacterial agent have been found in water bodies in diverse countries, there is not enough information on its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio. This study aimed to evaluate AMX-induced oxidative stress in brain, gill, liver and kidney of C. carpio. Carp were exposed to three different concentrations of AMX (10 ng/L, 10 μg/L, 10 mg/L) for 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Amoxicillin and its main degradation product amoxicilloic acid (AMA) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection and UV detection (HPLC-EC-UV). Significant increases in LPX, HPC, and PCC (P < 0.05) were found in all study organs, particularly kidney, as well as significant changes in antioxidant enzymes activity. Amoxicilloic acid in water is concluded to induce oxidative stress in C. carpio, this damage being highest in kidney. The biomarkers used are effective for the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1102-1120, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Héctor Martínez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero. México, DF, México. C.P., 07738
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Juana Rodríguez-Flores
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gregorio Castañeda-Peñalvo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Lizcano-Sanz
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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Li J, Chai H, Li Y, Chai X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Tao T, Xiang X. A Three-Pulse Release Tablet for Amoxicillin: Preparation, Pharmacokinetic Study and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160260. [PMID: 27479702 PMCID: PMC4968835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoxicillin is a commonly used antibiotic which has a short half-life in human. The frequent administration of amoxicillin is often required to keep the plasma drug level in an effective range. The short dosing interval of amoxicillin could also cause some side effects and drug resistance, and impair its therapeutic efficacy and patients' compliance. Therefore, a three-pulse release tablet of amoxicillin is desired to generate sustained release in vivo, and thus to avoid the above mentioned disadvantages. METHODS The pulsatile release tablet consists of three pulsatile components: one immediate-release granule and two delayed release pellets, all containing amoxicillin. The preparation of a pulsatile release tablet of amoxicillin mainly includes wet granulation craft, extrusion/spheronization craft, pellet coating craft, mixing craft, tablet compression craft and film coating craft. Box-Behnken design, Scanning Electron Microscope and in vitro drug release test were used to help the optimization of formulations. A crossover pharmacokinetic study was performed to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of our in-house pulsatile tablet with that of commercial immediate release tablet. The pharmacokinetic profile of this pulse formulation was simulated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with the help of Simcyp®. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Single factor experiments identify four important factors of the formulation, namely, coating weight of Eudragit L30 D-55 (X1), coating weight of AQOAT AS-HF (X2), the extrusion screen aperture (X3) and compression forces (X4). The interrelations of the four factors were uncovered by a Box-Behnken design to help to determine the optimal formulation. The immediate-release granule, two delayed release pellets, together with other excipients, namely, Avicel PH 102, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyplasdone and magnesium stearate were mixed, and compressed into tablets, which was subsequently coated with Opadry® film to produce pulsatile tablet of amoxicillin. In vitro release study firstly indicated a three-pulse release profile of the tablet. Later the pulse tablet was found to generate the sustained release of amoxicillin in beagle dogs. Furthermore, the Simcyp® software was used to simulate the in vivo concentration time curve model of the three-pulse release tablet for amoxicillin in both human and beagle dog. The prediction by PBPK model nicely fitted the observation in human and beagle dog. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated the interrelation of factors affecting the pulsatile formulation of amoxicillin using a Box-Behnken design. The three-pulse release tablets of amoxicillin were proven to generate pulsatile release in vitro and sustained release in vivo. This formulation was also found to extend the effective plasma concentration in human compared to the tablet of immediate release based on the simulation data by PBPK modeling. This study provides an example of using PBPK to guide the development of pulsatile dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfan Zhao
- Camelot Academy, Durham, the United States of America
| | - Tao Tao
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Valarezo E, Tammaro L, Malagón O, González S, Armijos C, Vittoria V. Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blend Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Amoxicillin for Tunable Delivering. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:4706-4712. [PMID: 26369100 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), loaded with different amounts of Amoxicillin antibiotic (AMOX) were electrospun to investigate their release properties and obtain a controlled and tuneable release. The processing parameters for electrospinning were set up and reliable membranes were obtained. Morphology and thermal behaviour were found dependent on the component ratio as well as on the incorporated drug amount. A very different release kinetics of the two pristine polymers, very rapid for PCL and very slow for PLA, reflected in intermediate release time. However comparing the release amount with that predicted by the mixture rule a preferential incorporation of AMOX into PLA can be inferred.
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Pan RX, Gao Y, Chen WL, Li YL, Hu CQ. [Dissolution testing combined with computer simulation technology to evaluate the bioequivalence of domestic amoxicillin capsule]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2014; 49:1155-1161. [PMID: 25322558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Re-evaluation of bioequivalence of generic drugs is one of the key research focus currently. As a means to ensure consistency of the therapeutic effectiveness of drug products, clinical bioequivalence has been widely accepted as a gold standard test. In vitro dissolution testing based on the theory of the BCS is the best alternative to in vivo bioequivalence study. In this article, the conventional dissolution method and flow-through cell method were used to investigate the dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules in different dissolution media, and the absorption behavior of the drugs with different release rates (t85% = 15-180 min) in the gastrointestinal tract was predicted by Gastro Plus. The flow-through cell method was thought better to reflect the release characteristics in vivo, and amoxicillin capsules with regard to the release rates up to 45 min (t85% = 45 min) were having a satisfied bioequivalence with the oral solution according to the C(max) and AUC. Although two different dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules were found by flow-through cell methods, prediction results revealed that domestic capsules were probably bioequivalent to each other.
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Grumezescu AM, Gestal MC, Holban AM, Grumezescu V, Vasile BS, Mogoantă L, Iordache F, Bleotu C, Mogoșanu GD. Biocompatible Fe3O4 increases the efficacy of amoxicillin delivery against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Molecules 2014; 19:5013-27. [PMID: 24759068 PMCID: PMC6270688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of amoxicillin- functionalized magnetite nanostructures (Fe3O4@AMO), revealing and discussing several biomedical applications of these nanomaterials. Our results proved that 10 nm Fe3O4@AMO nanoparticles does not alter the normal cell cycle progression of cultured diploid cells, and an in vivo murine model confirms that the nanostructures disperse through the host body and tend to localize in particular sites and organs. The nanoparticles were found clustered especially in the lungs, kidneys and spleen, next to the blood vessels at this level, while being totally absent in the brain and liver, suggesting that they are circulated through the blood flow and have low toxicity. Fe3O4@AMO has the ability to be easily circulated through the body and optimizations may be done so these nanostructures cluster to a specific target region. Functionalized magnetite nanostructures proved a great antimicrobial effect, being active against both the Gram positive pathogen S. aureus and the Gram negative pathogen E. coli. The fabricated nanostructures significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active drug. This result has a great practical relevance, since the functionalized nanostructures may be used for decreasing the therapeutic doses which usually manifest great severe side effects, when administrated in high doses. Fe3O4@AMO represents also a suitable approach for the development of new alternative strategies for improving the activity of therapeutic agents by targeted delivery and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Polizu Street no 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Monica Cartelle Gestal
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, SENESCYT 9 de Octubre N22-64 y Ramírez Dávalos - Casa Patrimonial, 170517 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor no 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Polizu Street no 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Stefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Polizu Street no 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Laurențiu Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Florin Iordache
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology of Romanian Academy, "Nicolae Simionescu", Department of Fetal and Adult Stem Cell Therapy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu, 030304 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - George Dan Mogoșanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
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17
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Krasucka D, Kowalski CJ. Pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin in pigs and poultry. Acta Pol Pharm 2010; 67:729-732. [PMID: 21229898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Krasucka
- National Veterinary Research Institute - National Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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Abstract
Abstract
Drug release characteristics of two amoxicillin capsule products, 250 and 500 mg strength each, have been described using USP Paddle and crescent-shaped spindles. Using the same spindles, dissolution experiments were conducted with USP disintegrating (prednisone) and non-disintegrating (salicylic acid) calibrator tablets. Dissolution tests were conducted at 50 and 25 rev min−1 using USP Paddle and crescent-shaped spindles, respectively. In all cases, even with the higher 50 rev min−1, lower percent drug release results were observed with the Paddle spindle than with the crescent-shaped spindle, which was operated at 25 rev min−1. The observed lower dissolution for amoxicillin capsule products (< 36 vs > 87% at 30 min) and USP prednisone calibrator tablets (45.5 vs 99.8% at 30 min) with Paddle spindles appeared to occur because of the accumulation of the disintegrated material (cone formation) at the bottom, thus restricting product-medium interaction. Crescent-shaped spindles did not allow any accumulation of the product and provided improved interaction by mixing and stirring, and thus appeared to provide true drug dissolution characteristics of the products. On the other hand, in the case of non-disintegrating USP salicylic acid tablets (18.5 vs 24.4% at 30 min), lower results with Paddle spindles appeared to be because of stagnation of the tablets, which provided poor product-medium interaction for the surface touching the vessel surface. In this case, the crescent-shaped spindles moved the tablets at the base of the vessel, providing improved and efficient product-medium interaction, thus appearing to reflect truer dissolution characteristics of the tablets. The results highlight the possible artifacts of the USP Paddle spindle, which could lead to inaccurate characterization of drug release properties of test products. As reported previously, the artifacts of high variability in results and lack of relevance to product properties appeared to be related to poor mixing and variable hydrodynamics within a dissolution vessel. Results from this study provide further evidence that these artifacts might be addressed adequately using the crescent-shaped spindle, thus resulting in improved drug release as well as better product characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed A Qureshi
- Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (A/L 2202C1), Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0L2, Canada.
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In brief: extended-release amoxicillin for strep throat. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:17. [PMID: 19373992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Braun M, Zerbe H, Kietzmann M. Tissue concentration of intrauterine and intravenously administered amoxicillin in the isolated hemoperfused bovine uterus model and in healthy cows. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2009; 122:51-57. [PMID: 19226935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of amoxicillin in the bovine uterus in dependence of the administration route was examined using the in vitro model of the isolated hemoperfused bovine uterus. Four hours after intrauterine instillation or onset of perfusion with amoxicillin ("systemic" treatment), respectively, samples of the uterine tissue were taken from different locations of the organ. The tissue concentration of amoxicillin in the single layers of the uterine wall was determined via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To compare the results with data achieved in vivo, healthy cows were treated post partum intrauterinely or systemically, respectively, and the concentration of amoxicillin was determined in endometrial biopsies. In vitro intrauterine instillation resulted in significantly higher levels of amoxicillin in the inner layers of the uterine wall compared to systemic treatment, whereas the drug is distributed more homogenously through all layers in the systemically treated organs. In the in vivo experiments the tissue concentration of amoxicillin is significantly lower after intrauterine instillation compared to the in vitro data. In contrast, the endometrial concentrations in the uteri perfused with amoxicillin in vitro are comparable to those measured in endometrium of systemically treated cows. The MIC for gram positive and negative bacteria was exceeded in the uterine wall of all organs in vitro and in vivo after intrauterine treatment. In systemic treated cows the MIC for gram negative bacteria was exceeded in two of three cases, but never in the hemoperfused uteri. The data indicate that combined systemic and intrauterine treatment results in the best distribution of sufficient antibiotic concentrations in the uterine tissue. The isolated hemoperfused bovine uterus is shown to be suitable as an in vitro model for pharmacokinetic examinations, especially with regard to detailed information on the tissue distribution of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany.
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Kucheriavyĭ IA. [Effect of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on eradication treatment efficacy of Helicobacter pylori infection]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2009:128-132. [PMID: 19961004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bourgeois S, Tsapis N, Honnas H, Andremont A, Shakweh M, Besnard M, Fattal E. Colonic Delivery of β‐Lactamases Does not Affect Amoxicillin Pharmacokinetics in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1853-63. [PMID: 17803197 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pectin beads containing beta-lactamases were designed for the hydrolysis of colonic residual antibiotics responsible for the emergence of resistance. Beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation in CaCl2 and stabilized by coating with polyethylenimine (PEI) to resist disintegration in the upper GI tract. Particle characterization showed that dried beads had a diameter around 1 mm independently of the presence of PEI. Seven to ten percent (w/w) of PEI was located on bead surface forming a coating layer as observed by scanning electron microscopy. PEI improved considerably bead stability in simulated intestinal medium while affecting slightly the encapsulation efficiency of active beta-lactamases. Coated beads were able to preserve beta-lactamases from premature leakage in the upper GIT whereas, in simulated colonic medium, pectinases induced matrix degradation and reduction of beta-lactamase content especially in beads coated in a 0.8% PEI solution. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in rat after oral administration was not modified by the co-administration of beads containing beta-lactamases. In conclusion, PEI-coated beads are stable in the upper GIT but remain sensitive to the action of pectinolytic enzymes allowing release of beta-lactamases in a colonic medium without modification of the absorption of a beta-lactam antibiotic when co-administered with loaded beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgeois
- University of Paris Sud 11, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Abstract
Simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assays with ultraviolet detection have been developed and validated for the determination of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in neonatal plasma. Plasma samples were either precipitated with perchloric acid (amoxicillin) or methanol (rifampicin) or extracted with methylene chloride (flucloxacillin). Precision coefficients of variation and inaccuracy were less than 15% for all three assays. Only small sample volumes (20-40 microL) were required, making the assays suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in preterm and term neonates. The assays have successfully been applied to analysis of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in previously published pharmacokinetic studies in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pullen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology of the University Hospital of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Reyns T, De Boever S, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Tissue depletion of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in pigs: influence of the administration route and the simultaneous dosage of clavulanic acid. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:448-454. [PMID: 18163566 DOI: 10.1021/jf072398p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A residue depletion study of amoxicillin (AMO) and its major metabolites, amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione, was performed after a single oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration of amoxicillin (20 mg kg (-1)) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 and 5 mg kg (-1)) to pigs. Animals were slaughtered 12, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h after dosing. Tissue samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kidney samples contained high concentrations of amoxicilloic acid metabolite, which depleted much slower from tissues than amoxicillin, both after p.o. (t1/2AMO = 4.5 h vs t1/2AMA = 8 h) and i.v. (t1/2AMO = 4 h vs t1/2AMA = 8 h) administration. Moreover, after oral administration, significantly higher amoxicilloic acid concentrations were measured in liver and kidney than after i.v. administration. The coadministration of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid provoked no significant differences in amoxicilloic acid tissue concentrations as compared to an amoxicillin dosing. The prolonged presence of residues of amoxicilloic acid in edible tissues can play an important role in food safety, because the compound could give rise to a possible health risk, although it is not included in the maximum residue limit legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Reyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Organ Physiology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Muller AE, DeJongh J, Oostvogel PM, Voskuyl RA, Dörr PJ, Danhof M, Mouton JW. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:108.e1-6. [PMID: 18061131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to study the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered amoxicillin in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). STUDY DESIGN Healthy women with PPROM were recruited and treated with amoxicillin (2 g initially and 1 g subsequently). Blood samples were obtained from the opposite arm and concentrations determined with the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was performed in nonlinear mixed effect (population) modeling. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of 17 patients was described by a 3-compartment model. Clearance and volume of distribution at steady state were 22.8 L/h and 21.4 L/h, respectively, similar to values in nonpregnant individuals. There was little variability between patients. No relationship was observed between values of individual pharmacokinetic parameters and various covariates. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in pregnant patients with PPROM similar to nonpregnant individuals. Given the small interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics, no dose adjustments are required to account for differences between subjects under normal circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E Muller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Centre Haaglanden, Lijnbaan, the Hague, The Netherlands
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Foroutan SM, Zarghi A, Shafaati A, Khoddam A, Movahed H. Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in human plasma by isocratic reversed-phase HPLC using UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:531-4. [PMID: 17686600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic reversed phase HPLC method with UV detection using internal standard has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in human plasma. The assay enables the measurement of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid for therapeutic drug monitoring with a minimum quantification limit of 15 and 30 ng ml(-1), respectively. The method involves simple, one-step extraction procedure and analytical recovery was complete. The separation was carried out in reversed-phase conditions using a Chromolith Performance (RP-18e, 100 mm x 4.6mm) column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.02 M disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer-methanol (96:4, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.0. The wavelength was set at 228 nm. The coefficients of variation for inter-day and intra-day assay were found to be less than 9.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Foroutan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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McIntyre AR, Lipman NS. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole in rodent feed and water: effects of compounding on antibiotic stability. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2007; 46:26-32. [PMID: 17877324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the concentrations of 2 antibiotic combinations, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when compounded in reverse osmosis [RO] (pH 6.0), tap (pH 6.7), and acidified water (pH 2.6) over 7 d, and pre- and post-pelleting, post-gamma irradiation and shipping, and monthly until 180 d post-milling in feed. Amoxicillin concentrations in RO and tap water varied between 1.18 and 1.29 mg/ml, and 1.09 and 1.22 mg/ml, respectively. The concentration of amoxicillin declined immediately and remained between 0.43 and 0.50 mg/ml in acidified water. Clavulanic acid exhibited a slow time-dependent decrease in concentration to 0.05 mg/ml at day 7 in RO water, immediately declined and varied from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/ml in tap water, and was undetectable in acidified water. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole concentrations were near expected in RO, tap, and acidified water. In food, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole concentrations were each reduced to approximately 60% of expected after pelleting, but remained stable thereafter for 180 d. The initial clavulanic acid concentration in feed was less than 10% of expected and was undetectable after 1 mo. Plasma drug concentrations were determined in C57BL/6NCrl mice at 4 h after commencement of the dark and light cycles following administration of antibiotic food for at least 72 h. Plasma amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole concentrations were 3- and 10-fold greater, respectively, during the dark period. Plasma levels of clavulanic acid and trimethoprim were consistent at both time points. These results indicate that the antibiotic concentration can be influenced by compounding in feed and water, and differs in plasma during the light and dark phases of the photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R McIntyre
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, New York, NY, USA.
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Sailer R, Arnold P, Erenmemişoğlu A, Martin W, Tamur U, Kanzik I, Hincal AA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of two tablet formulations of amoxicillin: bioequivalence assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:227-31. [PMID: 17515293 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of amoxicillin (CAS 26787-78-0) from two different amoxicillin tablets (Demoksil 1 g tablet as test preparation and 1 g tablet of the originator product as reference preparation). The study was conducted according to an open-label, randomised two-period cross-over design with a wash-out phase of 4-7 days. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling were taken up to 10 h post-dose, and amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined with a validated LC-MS/ MS method. Maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 13,296.4 ng/ml (test) and 12,797.7 ng/ml (reference) were achieved. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) of 39,556.7 ng x h/ml (test) and 38,599.1 ng x h/ml (reference) were calculated. The median t(max) was 1.62 h (test) and 1.54 h (reference). Plasma elimination half-lives (t(1/2)) of 1.64 h (test) and 1.65 h (reference) were determined. Both primary target parameters, AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) were tested parametrically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the 90% confidence intervals were between 96.76%-108.46% (AUC(0-infinity)) and 97.80%-111.98% (C(max)). Bioequivalence between test and reference preparation was demonstrated since for both parameters, AUC and C(max) the 90% confidence intervals of the T/R-ratios of logarithmically transformed data were in the generally accepted range of 80%-125%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Sailer
- Pharmakin GmbH, Gesellschaft für Pharmakokinetik, Ulm, Germany.
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Schwarz S, Böttner A, Goossens L, Goosens L, Hafez HM, Hartmann K, Kaske M, Kehrenberg C, Kietzmann M, Klarmann D, Klein G, Krabisch P, Luhofer G, Richter A, Schulz B, Sigge C, Waldmann KH, Wallmann J, Werckenthin C. A proposal of clinical breakpoints for amoxicillin applicable to porcine respiratory tract pathogens. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:178-88. [PMID: 17686589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present position paper, an attempt was made to establish clinical breakpoints of amoxicillin to classify porcine respiratory tract pathogens as susceptible, intermediate or resistant based on their minimum inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin. For this, a thorough review of the published literature with regard to swine-specific pharmacological data (including dosages of amoxicillin applied and routes of administration used), clinical efficacy, and in vitro susceptibility of the target pathogens was performed. Based on the comparative analysis of the results, the working group "Antibiotic Resistance" of the German Veterinary Medical Society (DVG) proposed to classify porcine respiratory tract pathogens that show MIC values of amoxicillin of < or =0.5microg/ml as "susceptible", those with MICs of 1microg/ml as "intermediate", and those with MICs of > or =2microg/ml as "resistant".
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Institut für Tierzucht, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
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Fernandez C, Modamio P, Mestorino N, Errecalde JO, Mariño EL. Pharmacokinetics of sodium and trihydrate amoxicillin in sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:263-6. [PMID: 17472659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Fernandez
- Unidad de Farmacia Clínica y Farmacoterapia, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Pullen J, Driessen M, Stolk LML, Degraeuwe PLJ, van Tiel FH, Neef C, Zimmermann LJI. Amoxicillin Pharmacokinetics in (Preterm) Infants Aged 10 to 52 Days: Effect of Postnatal Age. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:376-80. [PMID: 17529898 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318067de5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin were determined in 32 newborn infants aged 10 to 52 days (mean postnatal age, 24.7 +/- 12.4 days) to improve amoxicillin dosing in this age group. Amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in surplus plasma samples from routine gentamicin assays. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SD) were as follows: first-order elimination constant (K(el)) = 0.27 +/- 0.10 h(-1), volume of distribution corrected for body weight (V/W) = 0.66 +/- 0.27 L/kg, total body clearance corrected for body weight (CL/W) = 0.18 +/- 0.10 Lkg(-1)h(-1), and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) = 3.0 +/- 1.3 hours. Amoxicillin body clearance was approximately twofold greater in our patients compared with published values in younger neonates (mean postnatal age, 0.76 +/- 1.57 days). Simulation studies using the observed amoxicillin pharmacokinetic data suggest an amoxicillin dose of 40 mg/kg administered every 8 hours in infants older than 9 days postnatal age, independent of gestational age and postconceptional age, to achieve satisfactory target plasma amoxicillin concentrations less than 140 mg/L and time above minimum inhibitory concentration of at least 40%. Prospective evaluation of this suggested new dosage regimen is necessary before implementation in the care of ill neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pullen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, University Hospital of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Chicoine
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Andrew MA, Easterling TR, Carr DB, Shen D, Buchanan ML, Rutherford T, Bennett R, Vicini P, Hebert MF. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in pregnant women: modeling and simulations of dosage strategies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81:547-56. [PMID: 17329990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amoxicillin is recommended for anthrax prevention in pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin during pregnancy and postpartum (PP). Sixteen women received amoxicillin during gestation (18-22 weeks (T2) and 30-34 weeks (T3)) as well as 3 months postpartum (PP) to evaluate single-dose pharmacokinetics. Amoxicillin compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were used to simulate amoxicillin concentration-time profiles following different dosage strategies. Amoxicillin CL(renal) (T2: 24.8+/-6.7 l/h, P<0.001; T3: 24.0+/-3.9 l/h, P<0.001; and PP: 15.3+/-2.6 l/h) and renal CL(secretion) (T2: 280+/-105 ml/min, P<0.002; T3: 259+/-54 ml/min, P<0.001; and PP: 167+/-47 ml/min) were higher during pregnancy than postpartum. Simulations suggest that amoxicillin concentrations adequate to prevent anthrax may be difficult to achieve during pregnancy and postpartum. Increases in amoxicillin CL(renal) and renal CL(secretion) reflect increases in filtration and secretory transport or diminished reabsorption in the kidneys. Amoxicillin may not be an appropriate antibiotic for post-anthrax exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Andrew
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Patel JK, Patel MM. Stomach Specific Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Therapy: Preparation and Evaluation of Amoxicillin-Loaded Chitosan Mucoadhesive Microspheres. Curr Drug Deliv 2007; 4:41-50. [PMID: 17269916 DOI: 10.2174/156720107779314811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to formulate and systematically evaluate in vitro and in vivo performances of mucoadhesive amoxicillin microspheres for the potential use of treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, which were associated with Helicobacter pylori. Amoxicillin mucoadhesive microspheres containing chitosan as mucoadhesive polymer were prepared by simple emulsification phase separation technique using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Results of preliminary trials indicate that volume of cross-linking agent, time for cross-linking, polymer-to-drug ratio, and speed of rotation affected characteristics of microspheres. Microspheres were discrete, spherical, free flowing and also showed high percentage drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro mucoadhesive test showed that amoxicillin mucoadhesive microspheres adhered more strongly to gastric mucous layer and could retain in gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time. A 3(2) full factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables, polymer-to-drug ratio (X(1)), and stirring speed (X(2)) on dependent variables i.e. percentage mucoadhesion, t(80), drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and swelling index. The best batch exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 70 % and a swelling index of 1.39; percentage mucoadhesion after 1 h was 79 %. The drug release was also sustained for more than 12 h. The polymer-to-drug ratio had a more significant effect on the dependent variables. The morphological characteristics of the mucoadhesive microspheres were studied using scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release test showed that amoxicillin released slightly faster in pH 1.0 hydrochloric acid than in pH 7.8 phosphate buffer. In vivo H. pylori clearance tests were also carried out by administering amoxicillin mucoadhesive microspheres and powder, to H. pylori infectious Wistar rats under fed conditions at single dose or multiple dose(s) in oral administration. The results showed that amoxicillin mucoadhesive microspheres had a better clearance effect than amoxicillin powder. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and enhanced amoxicillin stability resulting from the mucoadhesive microspheres of amoxicillin might make contribution complete eradication of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayvadan K Patel
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva-382711, Gujarat, India.
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Abgueguen P, Azoulay-Dupuis E, Noel V, Moine P, Rieux V, Fantin B, Bedos JP. Amoxicillin is effective against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in a mouse pneumonia model simulating human pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:208-14. [PMID: 17060515 PMCID: PMC1797644 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00004-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose oral amoxicillin (3 g/day) is the recommended empirical outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in many European guidelines. To investigate the clinical efficacy of this treatment in CAP caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with MICs of amoxicillin > or =2 microg/ml, we used a lethal bacteremic pneumonia model in leukopenic female Swiss mice with induced renal failure to replicate amoxicillin kinetics in humans given 1 g/8 h orally. Amoxicillin (15 mg/kg of body weight/8 h subcutaneously) was given for 3 days. We used four S. pneumoniae strains with differing amoxicillin susceptibility and tolerance profiles. Rapid bacterial killing occurred with an amoxicillin-susceptible nontolerant strain: after 4 h, blood cultures were negative and lung homogenate counts under the 2 log(10) CFU/ml detection threshold (6.5 log(10) CFU/ml in controls, P < 0.01). With an amoxicillin-intermediate nontolerant strain, significant pulmonary bacterial clearance was observed after 24 h (4.3 versus 7.9 log(10) CFU/ml, P < 0.01), and counts were undetectable 12 h after treatment completion. With an amoxicillin-intermediate tolerant strain, 24-h bacterial clearance was similar (5.4 versus 8.3 log(10) CFU/ml, P < 0.05), but 12 h after treatment completion, lung homogenates contained 3.3 log(10) CFU/ml. Similar results were obtained with an amoxicillin-resistant and -tolerant strain. Day 10 survival rates were usually similar across strains. Amoxicillin with pharmacokinetics simulating 1 g/8 h orally in humans is bactericidal in mice with pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae for which MICs were 2 to 4 microg/ml. The killing rate depends not only on resistance but also on tolerance of the S. pneumoniae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Abgueguen
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France.
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Abstract
Amoxicillin plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetic parameters, and the influence of demographic, anthropometric, and clinical covariates were investigated in 150 neonates. Gestational age (GA) ranged from 25 to 42 weeks and mean postnatal age (PNA) was 0.8 days. Amoxicillin concentrations were measured with reversed-phase HPLC in surplus plasma from routine assays of coadministered gentamicin. Mean total body clearance corrected for body weight (CL/W) was 0.096 +/- 0.036 L/kg(-1)h(-1), mean elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was 5.2 +/- 1.9 hours, and mean volume of distribution corrected for body weight (V/W) was 0.65 +/- 0.13 L/kg. Multiple regression equations were calculated for the prediction of CL/W amoxicillin. CL/W gentamicin, V/W gentamicin, and GA were significant predictors of CL/W amoxicillin. Amoxicillin peak and trough concentrations after the second dose and the time the concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC), reached with the current dosage regimen, were evaluated. Toxic plasma concentrations were reached in several patients. Therefore, the authors have proposed a lower dosage regimen, based on GA, population pharmacokinetic parameters, bacterial susceptibility (T>MIC), and possible toxicity: 15 mg/kg per 8 hours and 20 mg/kg per 8 hours for neonates with GA < or = 34 and GA>34 weeks, respectively. Simulation with this new dosage regimen indicated that satisfactory plasma concentrations were reached in all 150 neonates. Therefore, use of therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic calculations for dosage adjustment is generally not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Pullen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, University Hospital of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Hotomi M, Suzumoto M, Itahashi K, Nagura J, Fukushima T, Shimada J, Billal DS, Yamauchi K, Fujihara K, Yamanaka N. Efficacy of a novel oral carbapenem, tebipenem pivoxil (TBM-PI), against experimental otitis media caused by penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in chinchilla. Vaccine 2006; 25:2478-84. [PMID: 17055132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An animal model of otitis media using chinchillas was developed to evaluate the efficacy of tebipenem pivoxil (TBM-PI) against experimental otitis media. Chinchillas inoculated via the transbullar approach with Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 6 were included in the efficacy study with TBM-PI, amoxicillin (AMX) or untreated as controls. TBM-PI resulted in survival rate of 83%, compared with 25% survival for AMX and 0% survival for controls (p<0.01). Quantitative cultures in the middle ear effusions at day 5 of the TBM-PI group yielded 3.5+/-2.4log(10)CFUs/ml. TBM-PI is a promising antibiotic for the treatment of acute otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Hotomi
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Niazi M, Liljeblad M, Persson BA, Röhss K. Studies on drug interactions between esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 44:119-27. [PMID: 16550734 DOI: 10.5414/cpp44119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A combination of esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin may be used for Helicobacter pylori eradication. We explored the potential for interactions between these drugs. METHODS In 2 randomized, 4-way crossover studies, healthy CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers (EMs) received esomeprazole 40 mg once daily (n = 20) or 20 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) (n = 20), clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. or the combination of the 3 drugs for 7 days. In a third randomized, 2-way, crossover study, 6 healthy CYP2C 19 poor metabolizers (PMs) received esomeprazole 40 mg once daily with and without clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. for 1 week. RESULTS Triple therapy with esomeprazole 40 mg increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUCtau) from 13.31 micromol x h/l (11.12-15.93) for esomeprazole alone to 22.69 micromol x h/l (18.94-27.17) for triple treatment. Respective AUCtau values with esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. were 4.97 micromol.h/l (3.97-6.21) and 11.29 micromol x h/l (9.03-14.12). Clarithromycin and amoxicillin plasma levels were largely unchanged by combination therapy. In PMs, the esomeprazole AUC also approximately doubled when administered in combination with clarithromycin. All treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Clarithromycin decreases the metabolism rate of esomeprazole, leading to approximately doubled AUC values, both in EMs and PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassan-Alin
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Soutric J, Bantar C, Caruso N, Heguilén R, Casellas JM, Casellas JM, Farinati A, Jasovich A, Arenoso H, Rodriguez M. Review of Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Clinical Studies with a Modern Combination of Amoxicillin/Sulbactam. Chemotherapy 2006; 52:200-4. [PMID: 16720984 DOI: 10.1159/000093593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amoxicillin/sulbactam is a modern antimicrobial combination. This combination proved to be useful for the treatment of several infections caused by different microorganisms, mainly with the beta-lactamase-producing species. In this review we present the most relevant pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical information associated with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soutric
- Medical Department, Laboratorios Bagó SA Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Li W, Tan F, Zhao K. Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ranitidine in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:594-8. [PMID: 16364584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method using ultraviolet detection at 230 nm for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ranitidine in rat plasma has been validated. Plasma samples after pretreatment with acetonitrile to effect deproteinization were dried under N2 and reconstituted with water. The standard calibration curves for amoxicillin and ranitidine were linear (r2=0.9999) over the concentration range of 0.2-20 microg ml-1 and 0.03-6 microg ml-1 in rat plasma, respectively. The intra- and inter-day assay variability range for amoxicillin was 2.4-8.5% and 3.2-11.7%, and for ranitidine was 1.7-9.0% and 4.5-10.1%, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral coadministration of amoxicillin and ranitidine to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The College of Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
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de Cássia Bergamaschi C, Motta RHL, Franco GCN, Cogo K, Montan MF, Ambrosano GMB, Rosalen PL, Del Fiol FDS, Groppo FC. Effect of sodium diclofenac on the bioavailability of amoxicillin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27:417-22. [PMID: 16621460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium diclofenac on the bioavailability of amoxicillin. In this randomised, crossover study with a 1-week washout period, 20 volunteers received a 2g oral dose of amoxicillin (Amoxil) (Group 1) or a 2g oral dose of amoxicillin with 100 mg of sodium diclofenac (Voltaren) (Group 2). Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h following drug administration. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was used to quantify plasma amoxicillin concentrations. Bioassay (Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341) was performed to verify the antimicrobial efficacy of amoxicillin in vitro. The pharmacokinetic parameters area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration observed during the 24-h study period (C(max)) and renal clearance (CL) were analysed by analysis of variance, and time at which C(max) occurred (T(max)) and volume of distribution (VD) were analysed by Wilcoxon test (P<0.05). For Group 1, the mean (+/- standard deviation) AUC(0-24), C(max) and T(max) values were 3391.8+/-1186.7 microg min/mL, 17.3+/-6.5 microg /mL and 121.5+/-20.6 min, respectively; and for Group 2, the values were 2918.4+/-1024.8 microg min/mL, 15.5+/-5.8 microg /mL and 136.5+/-30.0 min, respectively. Lower values of AUC and C(max) were observed for Group 2 (P<0.05). CL of amoxicillin increased (P< 0.05) by 18.5% in Group 2, suggesting that sodium diclofenac may interfere with amoxicillin renal excretion. In conclusion, sodium diclofenac can significantly reduce the bioavailability of amoxicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Cássia Bergamaschi
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Therapeutics, Av. Limeira 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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43
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Abstract
For conditions such as acute otitis media, in which antibiotic penetration into middle ear fluid (MEF) may be slow or limited, antibiotic plasma levels may not reflect the concentrations at the site of infection that are relevant to clinical outcome. In such cases, a model is needed that will enable prediction of the time course of unbound, pharmacologically active antibiotic levels in MEF. We describe the use of microdialysis as a sampling tool for measurement of unbound antibiotic concentrations in the MEF of the awake, freely moving chinchilla. Results of studies of MEF penetration of the beta-lactam antibiotic, cefdinir, with use of this technique are also described. Preliminary results of studies of the penetration of antibiotics into MEF of the chinchilla appear consistent with clinical findings and suggest that the chinchilla microdialysis model may prove to be a useful tool for predicting antibiotic efficacy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Sawchuk
- Bioanalytic and Pharmacokinetic Services Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Jensen GM, Lykkesfeldt J, Frydendahl K, Møller K, Svendsen O. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin administered in drinking water to recently weaned 3- to 4-week-old pigs with diarrhea experimentally induced byEscherichia coliO149:F4. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:648-53. [PMID: 16579758 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure effects of Escherichia coli O149:F4-induced diarrhea on water consumption and pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after administration in drinking water. ANIMALS 24 recently weaned 24- to 28-day-old crossbred pigs. PROCEDURE 10 pigs were inoculated with E. coli O149:F4; all 10 pigs subsequently developed diarrhea. Pigs were medicated by administration of amoxicillin in the drinking water (0.75 mg/mL) for a 4-hour period on 2 consecutive days. Fourteen age-matched noninfected healthy pigs (control group) were medicated in a similar manner. Blood samples were obtained from both groups daily, and plasma concentrations of amoxicillin were analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Diarrhea reduced the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) of amoxicillin on the first day of medication by 56% and 63%, respectively. The AUC of amoxicillin on the second day of medication for diarrheic pigs did not differ significantly from that of control pigs on the first day of medication. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE E. coli-induced diarrhea reduced the AUC of amoxicillin and time that plasma concentration of amoxicillin was > 0.025 microg/mL and, hence, less likely to have a therapeutic effect on the first day of administration in drinking water. On the assumption that plasma concentrations may indirectly reflect concentrations at the site of infection, analysis of our results suggests that higher doses of amoxicillin may be appropriate for administration in drinking water during a 4-hour period on the first day that pigs have diarrhea attributable to E. coli O149:F4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda M Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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45
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Abstract
A randomized single-dose crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two amoxicillin (CAS 26787-78-0) formulations, Glomox tablet (test) and a commercially available original preparation, amoxicillin capsule (reference). One thousand milligram of each formulation were administered after an overnight fast with a washout period of three days. Sixteen blood samples were collected over 10 h, amoxicillin concentrations in deproteinized serum were determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the standard non-compartmental method. Mean +/- SD maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC0-->t and AUC0-->infinity), and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 13.30 +/- 4.52 and 12.99 +/- 3.56 microg/ml, 1.92 +/- 0.76 and 2.02 +/- 0.62 h, 42.50 +/- 13.62 and 42.24 +/- 12.35 microg x h/ml, 46.31 +/- 13.23 and 46.08 +/- 12.14 microg x h/ml, and 1.54 +/- 0.39 and 1.48 +/- 0.48 h for the test and reference formulation, respectively. The parametric 90 % confidence intervals of the mean of the difference (test-reference) between log-transformed values of the two formulations were 92.61% to 109.50%, 92.83% to 109.12%, and 93.11% to 109.41% for AUC0-->t, AUC0-->infinity, and Cmax, respectively. The results indicate that the two formulations can be considered equivalent with regard to the rate and extent of absorption under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman AlGaai
- Centre for Clinical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Leuthner KD, Cheung CM, Rybak MJ. Pulsatile delivery of clarithromycin alone or in combination with amoxicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:813-6. [PMID: 16436754 PMCID: PMC1366876 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.2.813-816.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated pulsatile dosing of clarithromycin and amoxicillin alone or combined against Streptococcus pneumoniae with various susceptibilities. When combined, pulsatile amoxicillin with clarithromycin was superior to either 8- or 12-h dosing against the intermediate strain and was identical for the susceptible strain. Pulse dosing of antimicrobials warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Leuthner
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid when used alone or in combination are extensively reviewed and discussed in this article. The reported data support a nonlinear absorption process for amoxicillin. Saturable transport mechanisms, limited solubility and the existence of an absorption window are possibly involved in the gastrointestinal absorption of this antibacterial, all leading to a decrease in the peak plasma concentration (Cmax)/dose ratio, a prolongation of the time to reach Cmax, and broad variability for high doses of amoxicillin. Data available in the literature also suggest a possible interaction between amoxicillin and clavulanic acid that might decrease the absolute bioavailability of clavulanic acid. In the present review the intrinsic pharmacodynamics of each drug, together with the synergism produced by the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid association, are also reviewed and analysed. Not only beta-lactamase-producing strains, but also Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, seem to be more efficiently eradicated by the association of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and a relevant post-antibacterial effect and post-beta-lactamase inhibitor effect are likely to operate when amoxicillin is administered together with clavulanic acid. The principles of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis applied to amoxicillin are reviewed, with special emphasis being placed on the results obtained from in vitro studies and animal models regarding the new pharmacokinetically enhanced formulation. Theoretical considerations concerning the efficacy of this formulation provided by the application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to the scarce pharmacokinetic data available are also included. The broad pharmacokinetic variability of both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, particularly when administered together and at high doses of amoxicillin, is highlighted and the interest in considering this aspect to improve predictions based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses for the new formulations is indicated. Methodological recommendations such as the Monte Carlo simulation are proposed in order to obtain more realistic predictions in clinical practice.
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Du X, Li C, Sun HK, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. A sensitive assay of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and reversed-phase HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 39:648-52. [PMID: 15935600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. One hundred microlitres of sample were needed for the assay. Sample processing was carried out with liquid-liquid extraction. Cefadroxil was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer, 1-octanesulphonic acid sodium salt and acetonitrile. The detection was conducted at 210 nm. The ranges of the standard curves were 0.2-20 and 0.05-5 microg/ml for serum and BAL samples, respectively. The recoveries of amoxicillin from serum and normal saline were 87 and 88%, respectively. The coefficients of variation were 1.78-6.13% for intra-day and 0.82-6.42% for inter-day analyses. The accuracy was within 100+/-6%. This method was successfully applied to analyze amoxicillin in mouse serum and BAL samples from a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Du
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
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49
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Abstract
This paper is the third in a series on the prescribing of medicines for children by dentists working in primary care. It deals with antibiotics, which may be prescribed for infections arising from teeth, and reviews current best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus O A Palmer
- Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education and Training, Mersey Deanery, 4 Dowhills Road, Blundellsands, Liverpool L23 8SN, UK.
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50
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease) is the most common tick-borne bacterial infection and the incidence is increasing in parts of Europe and the USA. Prompt antimicrobial therapy using oral agents such as doxycycline or amoxicillin is successful among more than 90% of patients. Inadequate penetration of oral agents into the CNS may result in the development of overt neuroborreliosis. The parenteral agent ceftriaxone is the drug of choice for severe acute and chronic infections, due to good penetration into CSF, convenient single daily dosage regimen and proven high efficacy in clinical trials involving a wide variety of disseminated infections. Regardless of therapeutic agent, there appears to a small minority of patients (<10%) who do not respond; such cases may be due to long-term persistence of borrelial cysts and to misdiagnoses based solely on seropositivity. Several adjunct therapies are available, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and immune system supplements, but clinical trials have yet to be conducted.
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