1
|
Podzorski RP, Persing DH. Molecular Methods for the Detection and Identification of Viral Pathogens. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1995.18.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
2
|
Eustaquio T, Leary JF. Nanobarcoding: detecting nanoparticles in biological samples using in situ polymerase chain reaction. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5625-39. [PMID: 23144562 PMCID: PMC3493259 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the fate of nanoparticles (NPs) in a biological system, or NP biodistribution, is critical in evaluating an NP formulation for nanomedicine. Current methods to determine NP biodistribution are greatly inadequate, due to their limited detection thresholds. Herein, proof of concept of a novel method for improved NP detection based on in situ polymerase chain reaction (ISPCR), coined "nanobarcoding," is demonstrated. METHODS Nanobarcoded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NB-SPIONs) were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and hyperspectral imaging measurements. Cellular uptake of Cy5-labeled NB-SPIONs (Cy5-NB-SPIONs) was imaged by confocal microscopy. The feasibility of the nanobarcoding method was first validated by solution-phase PCR and "pseudo"-ISPCR before implementation in the model in vitro system of HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma cells, a cell line commonly used for ISPCR-mediated detection of human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS Dynamic light-scattering measurements showed that NB conjugation stabilized SPION size in different dispersion media compared to that of its precursor, carboxylated SPIONs (COOH-SPIONs), while the zeta potential became more positive after NB conjugation. Hyperspectral imaging confirmed NB conjugation and showed that the NB completely covered the SPION surface. Solution-phase PCR and pseudo-ISPCR showed that the expected amplicons were exclusively generated from the NB-SPIONs in a dose-dependent manner. Although confocal microscopy revealed minimal cellular uptake of Cy5-NB-SPIONs at 50 nM over 24 hours in individual cells, ISPCR detected definitive NB-SPION signals inside HeLa cells over large sample areas. CONCLUSION Proof of concept of the nanobarcoding method has been demonstrated in in vitro systems, but the technique needs further development before its widespread use as a standardized assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Almendro V, Marusyk A, Polyak K. Cellular heterogeneity and molecular evolution in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:277-302. [PMID: 23092187 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity represents a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment and personalized medicine. However, investigators are now elucidating intratumor heterogeneity at the single-cell level due to improvements in technologies. Better understanding of the composition of tumors, and monitoring changes in cell populations during disease progression and treatment, will improve cancer diagnosis and therapeutic design. Measurements of intratumor heterogeneity may also be used as biomarkers to predict the risk of progression and therapeutic resistance. We summarize important considerations related to intratumor heterogeneity during tumor evolution. We also discuss experimental approaches that are commonly used to infer intratumor heterogeneity and describe how these methodologies can be translated into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Almendro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Human parvovirus b19 infection in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2010; 40:612-7. [PMID: 20082878 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The identification of possible pathogens for an infectious etiology of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) is an expanding field. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of parvovirus B19, a potent infectious agent. METHODS A total of 565 patients were analyzed (90 patients with CAD, and 475 controls). Serologic analysis for human paravovirus B19 (B19) specific IgM and IgG was carried out in all patients. In addition, tissue specimens were obtained from five patients who received heart transplants. Direct in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry were performed in the samples to localize B19 DNA. RESULTS Enzyme immunoassay showed that the seropositive rate of anti-B19 IgG in patients with CAD was 1.5- to 2.7-fold more frequent than in healthy controls. Clinical characteristics did not affect the prevalence of seropositivity for B19. However, anti-B19 IgM and B19-specific DNA were not detected in healthy or individuals with CAD. Furthermore, nonradioactive in situ PCR found that the majority of B19-specific DNA was located in the endothelial cells of the thickened intima. CONCLUSIONS Our results first demonstrate a seroepidemiological and histopathological association between chronic B19 infection and CAD, suggesting that B19 infection may have a potential role in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Laflamme C, Gendron L, Turgeon N, Filion G, Ho J, Duchaine C. In situ detection of antibiotic-resistance elements in single Bacillus cereus spores. Syst Appl Microbiol 2009; 32:323-33. [PMID: 19446419 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of Bacillus spores is a challenging task in food and defense industries. In situ labeling of spores would be advantageous for detection by automated systems based on single-cell analysis. Determination of antibiotic-resistance genes in bacterial spores using in situ labeling has never been developed. Most of the in situ detection schemes employ techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that target the naturally amplified ribosomal RNA (rRNA). However, the majority of antibiotic-resistance genes has a plasmidic or chromosomal origin and is present in low copy numbers in the cell. The main challenge in the development of low-target in situ detection in spores is the permeabilization procedure and the signal amplification required for detection. This study presents permeabilization and in situ signal amplification protocols, using Bacillus cereus spores as a model, in order to detect antibiotic-resistance genes. The permeabilization protocol was designed based on the different layers of the Bacillus spore. Catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH and in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used as signal amplification techniques. B. cereus was transformed with the high copy number pC194 and low copy number pMTL500Eres plasmids in order to induce resistance to chloramphenicol and erythromycin, respectively. In addition, a rifampicin-resistant B. cereus strain, conferred by a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the chromosome, was used. Using CARD-FISH, only the high copy number plasmid pC194 was detected. On the other hand, in situ PCR gave positive results in all tested instances. This study demonstrated that it was feasible to detect antibiotic-resistance genes in Bacillus spores using in situ techniques. In addition, in situ PCR has been shown to be more sensitive and more applicable than CARD-FISH in detecting low copy targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Laflamme
- Institut Universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Centre de recherche, Hôpital Laval, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hishikawa Y, An S, Yamamoto-Fukuda T, Shibata Y, Koji T. Improvement of in situ PCR by optimization of PCR cycle number and proteinase k concentration: localization of x chromosome-linked phosphoglycerate kinase-1 gene in mouse reproductive organs. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:15-21. [PMID: 19492023 PMCID: PMC2685019 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ polymerase chain reaction (in situ PCR), which can detect a few copies of genes within a cell by amplifying the target gene, was developed to better understand the biological functions of tissues. In this study, we optimized the protocol conditions for the detection of X chromosome-linked phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (pgk-1) gene in paraffin-embedded sections of mouse reproductive organs. The effects of various concentrations of proteinase K (PK) and PCR cycle numbers were examined. To label the amplified DNA, we used digoxigenin-dUTP (Dig), Cy-3-dUTP (Cy-3), or FluorX-dCTP (FluorX). The optimal concentration of PK was 50 µg/ml for the ovary and 10 µg/ml for the testis. Ten PCR cycles were optimal for Dig and 25 cycles were optimal for FluorX and Cy-3 in the ovary and testis. The signal-to-noise ratio of FluorX and Cy-3 for ovarian tissue was better than that of Dig. Using the above conditions, we detected 1–4 and 1–2 spots of pgk-1 in the nuclei of granulosa and germ cells, respectively. Our results indicate that in situ PCR is useful for detecting a specific gene in paraffin-embedded sections under optimized conditions of both PCR cycle number and PK concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Shucai An
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomomi Yamamoto-Fukuda
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development and evaluation of an indirect in situ polymerase chain reaction for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:225-34. [PMID: 19414228 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the high sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the cell-localizing ability of in situ hybridization (ISH), an indirect in situ PCR (ISPCR) method was developed for detecting the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded inguinal lymph nodes obtained from clinically healthy PCV2-carrier pigs and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pigs. Comparisons of the relative sensitivity of indirect ISPCR with other routinely used diagnostic methods for PCV2 indicated that nested PCR was the most sensitive method followed by indirect ISPCR, conventional PCR, ISH, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Although indirect ISPCR, ISH, and IHC staining all revealed a similar signal distribution pattern of PCV2, using indirect ISPCR allowed specific amplification and detection of previously uneasily detected PCV2 signal than by routine ISH or IHC staining, particularly in those cells within the germinal center in clinically healthy PCV2-carrier pigs. Furthermore, six different PCV2 signal expression patterns in conjunction with the correlated lymphoid lesion stages were classified to describe the tissue morphological changes and viral infection. The result indicates that indirect ISPCR is a more effective, cell-based diagnostic tool with good specificity to detect limited PCV2 infection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and it would be a useful tool for further exploring the pathogenesis of PCV2 infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae as a frequent cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia among children in Beijing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:1129-32. [PMID: 19340467 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
The role of Haemophilus influenzae type b in fatal community-acquired pneumonia in Chinese children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27:942-4. [PMID: 18756187 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181757b32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the role of Haemophilus influenzae type b in children's death resulting from severe pneumonia conventional PCR, Southern blotting and in situ PCR were evaluated for the detection of Hib in 202 paraffin-embedded lung tissue autopsy samples from children with fatal outcome of pneumonia in China during the period of 1953-2002. The results indicate that Hib was a cause of fatal pneumonia in 36 (17.8%) of 202 samples.
Collapse
|
10
|
Drosten C, Müller-Kunert E, Dietrich M, Gerdes J, Schmitz H. Topographic and quantitative display of integrated human immunodeficiency virus-1 provirus DNA in human lymph nodes by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Diagn 2005; 7:219-25. [PMID: 15858145 PMCID: PMC1867524 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ polymerase chain reaction (isPCR) has been applied in many fields that require detection of a genomic marker in combination with its topographic localization in tissue. We describe here a novel approach that circumvents the major drawbacks of in situ PCR, ie, low sensitivity, leakage of DNA from cells, and inability to quantify the DNA input. Frozen sections of a lymph node from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patient were fixed on glass microscope slides, and the glass was scored into square fragments of 0.5-mm edge length using a diamond cutting device. Slides were then attached to adhesive, elastic plastic foil and finally broken, and the foil was extended to allow sorting of fragments into PCR microtiter plates. The material was tested for HIV-1 proviral DNA by a sensitive real-time PCR protocol. Subjacent sections were stained for follicular dendritic cells to identify follicles. The fragmentation process prevented leakage of amplified DNA to neighboring areas as often experienced with in situ PCR. Provirus was clearly associated with follicular areas, in which provirus-carrying cells represented an average of 0.8% of the total cell population (peak density, 3.1% of all follicular cells). The results of this method suggest that the high density of provirus-containing cells in follicles may be important for the persistence of proviral DNA in infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drosten
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Virology/Molecular Diagnostics, Bernhard-Nocht Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Löschenberger K, Szölgyényi W, Peschke R, Prosl H. Detection of the protozoan Neospora caninum using in situ polymerase chain reaction. Biotech Histochem 2005; 79:101-5. [PMID: 15513712 DOI: 10.1080/10520290410001715246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method to detect the protozoan Neospora caninum using indirect in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. In situ PCR combines the advantages of the extraordinarily high sensitivity and specificity of PCR and the in situ representation of immunohistochemical methods. We describe an indirect in situ PCR, whereby the amplified products were detected using a primed in situ (PRINS) reaction with hapten-labeled nucleotides and visualized using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies. This technique was carried out in both infected cell cultures and formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. Clear signals were obtained in the N. caninum positive samples using in situ PCR, whereas control slides with Toxoplasma gondii infected tissues always yielded negative results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Löschenberger
- Institute of Parasitology and Zoology, Veterinary University, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Holm R. In Situ Hybridization Methods to Study Microbial Populations and Their Interactions with Human Host Cells. J Microbiol Methods 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
13
|
Lane JE, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Olivares-Villagómez D, Vnencak-Jones CL, McCurley TL, Carter CE. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA within murine cardiac tissue sections by in situ polymerase chain reaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:373-6. [PMID: 12886417 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of in situ techniques to detect DNA and RNA sequences has proven to be an invaluable technique with paraffin-embedded tissue. Advances in non-radioactive detection systems have further made these procedures shorter and safer. We report the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, via indirect and direct in situ polymerace chain reaction within paraffin-embedded murine cardiac tissue sections. The presence of three T. cruzi specific DNA sequences were evaluated: a 122 base pair (bp) sequence localized within the minicircle network, a 188 bp satellite nuclear repetitive sequence and a 177 bp sequence that codes for a flagellar protein. In situ hybridization alone was sensitive enough to detect all three T. cruzi specific DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Lane
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva C, Tereso S, Nolasco G, Oliveira MM. Cellular Location of Prune dwarf virus in Almond Sections by In Situ Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 93:278-285. [PMID: 18944337 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2003.93.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used in young leaves (from trees and in vitro shoots) and flower buds of almond (Prunus dulcis), a stone fruit, for cellular location of Prune dwarf virus (PDV, a member of the genus Ilarvirus). Sections obtained from samples fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin were refixed in formaldehyde to increase tissue preservation in the RT-PCR steps. The coat protein gene of PDV was used as the target to produce a cDNA copy that was amplified by PCR and visualized using a direct detection method with digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides. Protein digestion, PCR, and detection strategies were optimized for increased tissue preservation and signal intensity. PDV was found in infected samples within the vascular tissue of young leaves and flower buds as well as in the mesophyll in developing floral organs and in the generative and vegetative cells of pollen grains. PDV signals were observed in a ring surrounding the nucleus and spread in the cytoplasm. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the technique optimization and PDV distribution in tissues and transmission through pollen. The optimized protocol of in situ RT-PCR is a powerful technique to reveal low-abundant RNA species. Therefore, it is appropriate to study cell and subcellular distribution of RNA viruses in woody species.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hviid TV. In-Cell PCR Method for Specific Genotyping of Genomic DNA from One Individual in a Mixture of Cells from Two Individuals: A Model Study with Specific Relevance to Prenatal Diagnosis Based on Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: During recent years, much attention has been paid to the possibility of using fetal cells circulating in the pregnant woman’s blood for prenatal diagnosis of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. Although successes have been achieved in enrichment procedures for fetal cells from maternal blood samples, the use of such an approach for genotyping by molecular biology techniques in a more routine setting has been hampered by the large contamination of maternal nucleated blood cells in the cell isolates. Therefore, a new method based on in-cell PCR is described, which may overcome this problem.
Methods and Results: Mixtures of cells from two different individuals were fixed and permeabilized in suspension. After coamplification of a DNA sequence specific for one of the individuals and the DNA sequence to be genotyped, the two PCR products were linked together in the fixed cells positive for both DNA sequences by complementary primer tails and further amplification steps. In a model system of mixtures of male and female CD71-positive cells from umbilical cord blood attached to immunomagnetic particles, a Y-chromosome-specific sequence (TSPY) was linked to a polymorphic HLA-DPB1 sequence only in the male cells, leading to the correct HLA-DPB1 genotyping of the male by DNA sequencing of a nested, linked TSPY-HLA-DPB1 PCR product.
Conclusion: This approach might be usable on mixed cell populations of fetal and maternal cells obtained after conventional cell-sorting techniques on maternal peripheral vein blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Vauvert Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry 339, H:S Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 30 Kettegaard Allé, DK-2650 Hvidovre, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, H:S Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sanno N, Tahara S, Kurotani R, Matsuno A, Teramoto A, Osamura RY. Cytochemical and molecular biological aspects of the pituitary and pituitary adenomas--cell differentiation and transcription factors. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 36:263-99. [PMID: 11822191 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(00)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is composed of several cell types, each responsible for the production of specific hormones. Each hormone secreting cells is defined by the activation of its respective hormone genes in a temporally and spatially regulated manner. Recent development in cytochemistry and molecular biology have provided various aspects of human pituitary adenomas, i.e., functional differentiation and classification. The molecular factors that determine hormone production have now been identified as transcription factors. Many novel transcription factors that play a role in anterior pituitary development are implicated. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional factors roles on functional differentiation of the pituitary cells and adenomas and the contribution of cytochemistry and recent development in molecular biological techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shyu JS, Chen CJ, Chiu CC, Huang SC, Harn HJ. Correlation of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 with cervical neoplasia in histological typing and clinical stage in Taiwan: an in-situ polymerase chain reaction approach. J Surg Oncol 2001; 78:101-9. [PMID: 11579387 DOI: 10.1002/jso.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In situ polymerase chain reaction (ISPCR) promises to considerably enhance our ability to detect a few copies of target nucleic acid sequences in fixed tissues and cells. The aim of this study was to investigate cervical carcinoma to determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) types on paraffin-embedded tissue sections by ISPCR and standard in situ hybridization. The results will correlate the morphological characteristics of lesions with viral typing results. METHODS This study examined prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 DNA in biopsies from 85 cervical cancer patients by ISPCR, employing HPV 16, 18 consensus primers. There are 45 patients with squamous cell carcinomas, 13 with adenocarcinoma, 2 with adenosquamous carcinomas, 3 with small cell carcinomas, and 22 carcinoma in situ. The relation between the types of HPV detected, tumor type, and clinical stage were analyzed. RESULTS Fifty-two of 85 biopsies were HPV 16- or 18-positive, HPV 16 being the most prevalent type. Squamous cell carcinoma had a high prevalence of HPV 16 and adenocarcinoma had a high prevalence of HPV 18. HPV 18 was the predominant type among high clinical stage (III-IV) cases while HPV 16 and mixed HPV 16 with HPV18 were significantly correlated with low clinical stage (0-I-II). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that certain malignant cervical tumor phenotypes and stages correlate with specific HPV type, and that ISPCR is a sensitive and fast method to detect HPV in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Shyu
- Department of Pathology, Armed Force Taoyuan Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andras SC, Power JB, Cocking EC, Davey MR. Strategies for signal amplification in nucleic acid detection. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 19:29-44. [PMID: 11697219 DOI: 10.1385/mb:19:1:029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of molecular genetics necessitate the detection of nucleic acid sequences. Current approaches involving target amplification (in situ PCR, Primed in situ Labeling, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, Strand Displacement Amplification), probe amplification (Ligase Chain Reaction, Padlock Probes, Rolling Circle Amplification) and signal amplification (Tyramide Signal Amplification, Branched DNA Amplification) are summarized in the present review, together with their advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Andras
- Babes-Boylai University, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Ecology and Genetics Department, Str. Clinicilor 5-7, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nakamura M, Honda K, Tun Z, Ogura Y, Matoba R. Application of in situ PCR to diagnose pneumonia in medico-legal autopsy cases. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2001; 3:127-33. [PMID: 12935517 DOI: 10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In situ polymerase chain reaction (in situ PCR) can detect specific sequences of DNA, such as those of micro-organisms in human tissue samples. In forensic medicine, there are many cases implicated with infection, and pneumonia is an especially common finding in autopsy cases. In the present study, we tried to detect the presence of bacterial infections in lung tissue samples. The experiment was performed with ten paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples, including three non-pneumonia cases using specific primers for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus equisimilis, and a DIG Oligonucleotide 3'-End Labeling Kit (Boehringer Mannheim). The findings showed that at least one or all three species of bacterial flora in the alveoli could be detected in all seven pneumonia cases, and that some leukocyte cytoplasms, after antigen-antibody and color emission chemical reactions, were also observed to have changed color due to phagocytosis. Detection of bacterial DNA in the leukocyte cytoplasm is a sign of vital reaction and differentiates between antemortem and postmortem infection. The present findings revealed that in situ PCR had the advantage that it helped identifying specific bacteria in the lung tissues with pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
In situ hybridization has been used for localization of specific nucleic acid sequences at the cellular level despite providing relatively low-detection sensitivity. In situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) enhance sensitivity and thus enable localization of low-abundance mRNA in a cell. However, the available methods are fraught with problems of nonspecific amplifications as a result of mispriming and/or amplification from partially digested residual genomic DNA in tissue. Herein, we demonstrate that nonspecific background amplification can be eliminated by pretreatment of samples with restriction enzymes before DNase I digestion. Primers tagged with a far-red shifted fluorescent dye such as Cy5 in PCR reactions allow identification of target mRNA by fluorescence microscopy. These novel modifications lead to increased specificity and rapid in situ detection of cellular mRNA and thus may be used for pathological diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kher
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Richard Roudebusch Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Foreman KE, Friborg J, Chandran B, Katano H, Sata T, Mercader M, Nabel GJ, Nickoloff BJ. Injection of human herpesvirus-8 in human skin engrafted on SCID mice induces Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 26:182-93. [PMID: 11390203 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been implicated in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and several B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. Serologic and molecular genetic association data has implicated HHV-8 as the causal agent of KS, but its role in the development of KS lesions is not understood. To examine the etiology of KS, HHV-8 was injected into normal human skin transplanted onto SCID mice. Injection of HHV-8 induced lesion formation that is morphologically and phenotypically consistent with KS, including the presence of angiogenesis and spindle-shaped cells latently infected with HHV-8. These findings suggest that HHV-8 is indeed the etiologic agent of KS, and that the virus plays an important role in initiation of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Foreman
- Department of Pathology and Skin Cancer Research Laboratories, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Room 301, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153-5385, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Steinhoff M, Hesse H, Göke B, Steinhoff A, Eissele R, Slater EP. Indirect RT-PCR in-situ hybridization: a novel non-radioactive method for detecting glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2001; 97:187-94. [PMID: 11164955 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To establish indirect in-situ PCR for the detection of intestinal peptide hormones, rat intestine and a murine intestinal tumor cell line, STC 1, were used. The results exhibited intensive staining of GIP-producing K-cells. Paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections yielded the best results in signal to background ratio with RT-PCR in-situ hybridization. Moreover, it was possible to elevate the positive staining signal and to reduce background staining. Digoxigenin-labeled in-situ hybridization served as a control for specificity and sensitivity of GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) mRNA expression on cryostat as well as paraffin sections. In conclusion, this RT-PCR in-situ hybridization protocol proves to be a specific, sensitive and reliable non-radioactive technique for the detection of intestinal peptide hormone mRNA, especially in tissues or tumor cells where the application of ISH is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Steinhoff
- Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leppänen PM, Koponen J, Turunen MP, Pakkanen T, Ylä-Herttuala S. Optimized in situ PCR method for the detection of gene transfer vector in histological sections. J Gene Med 2001; 3:173-8. [PMID: 11318116 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of transferred genes in histological sections has been problematic due to low transfection efficiency and copy number achieved with current vectors. In situ polymerase chain reaction (in situ PCR) is a new method for the detection of low-abundance nucleic acid targets in tissue sections. METHODS We have adapted in situ PCR method for the detection and histological localization of transgene DNA after in vivo and ex vivo retroviral gene transfer by using mild fixation and permeabilization methods. We used 4% paraformaldehyde/15% sucrose fixation combined with proteinase K permeabilization and microwave treatment. PCR signal was detected with non-radioactive digoxigenin-dUTP tailed oligonucleotide sense-probe. RESULTS The method was applicable for both paraffin-embedded and frozen tissue sections and reached the sensitivity to detect a few copies of target DNA sequence per cell. CONCLUSIONS In situ PCR is a sensitive method to localize integrated gene transfer vectors and to analyze the relationship between expression of the treatment gene and biological effects in the transfected tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Leppänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diaz-Cano SJ, Blanes A, Wolfe HJ. PCR techniques for clonality assays. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2001; 10:24-33. [PMID: 11277392 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200103000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clonal overgrowths represent the hallmark of neoplastic proliferations, and their demonstration has been proved useful clinically for the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas based on the detection of specific and dominant immunoglobulin and/or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. Nonrandom genetic alterations can also be used to test clonal expansions and the clonal evolution of neoplasms, especially analyzing hypervariable deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) regions from patients heterozygous for a given marker. These tests rely basically on the demonstration of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) resulting from either hemizygosity (nonrandom interstitial DNA deletions) or homozygosity of mutant alleles observed in neoplasms. LOH analyses identify clonal expansions of a tumor cell population, and point to monoclonal proliferation when multiple and consistent LOH are demonstrated. Based on the methylation-related inactivation of one X chromosome in female subjects, X-linked markers (e.g., androgen receptor gene) will provide clonality information using LOH analyses after DNA digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases. Therefore, both non-X-linked and X-linked analyses give complementary information, related and not related to the malignant transformation pathway respectively. Applied appropriately, these tools can establish the clonal evolution of tumor cell populations (tumor heterogeneity), identify early relapses, distinguish recurrent tumors from other metachronic neoplasms, and differentiate field transformation from metastatic tumor growths in synchronic and histologically identical neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Diaz-Cano
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Low EO, Gibbins JR, Walker DM. In situ detection of specific p53 mutations in cultured cells using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2000; 9:210-20. [PMID: 11129445 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200012000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate molecular detection of genetic mutations involved in tumorigenesis has been based predominantly on analysis of extracted DNA, but this does not provide detailed information on the location, number, type or clonal distribution of mutated cells and their precise anatomic location and clonal distribution. This study has used a sensitive and specific application of the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in situ, combined with in situ hybridization to localize and identify cells with defined p53 mutations. The ARMS-PCR was performed in situ in SW480 cells in suspension and in cells either cultured or cytospun onto glass slides. Amplified mutant DNA PCR products were detected in SW480 cells using digoxigenin-labeled probes, visually identifying cells harboring specific mutations in the p53 gene. In situ hybridization alone of the mutant cells without the amplification step was negative. Normal human fibroblasts or endothelial cells were refractory to in situ amplification. This reaction was mutation-specific as CEM cells with different p53 mutations reacted negatively. Mutant messenger RNA (mRNA) in tumor cells was also selectively amplified in situ by ARMS-PCR following reverse transcription (RT). This study demonstrates the potential of in situ ARMS-PCR or RT-ARMS-PCR for mutation analysis in situ and could have useful clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Low
- Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pascolo L, Fernetti C, Pirulli D, Bogoni S, Garcia-Mediavilla MV, Spanò A, Puzzer D, Tiribelli C, Amoroso A, Crovella S. Detection of MRP1 mRNA in human tumors and tumor cell lines by in situ RT-PCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:466-71. [PMID: 10964688 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the multridrug resistance-associated proteins is becoming increasingly important in assessing tumor sensitivity to treatment. In this work we describe a new, rapid, sensitive, and robust method for the detection of MRP1 expression based on direct RT-in situ-PCR technology and fluorochrome-modified (dCTP(Cy3)) nucleotides. MRP1 expression was found in both placenta (BeWo) and liver (Hep G2)-derived tumor cell line as well as in small cell lung carcinoma. In liver-derived cells, MRP1 expression was detected by RT-in situ-PCR but not by in situ hybridization, suggesting a higher sensitivity of in situ amplification for the low level of expression in Hep G2 cells. RT solution PCR confirmed the presence of MRP1 in BeWo and Hep G2 cells, although the level of the gene expression was lower in liver cells. This method represents a viable alternative to conventional immunohistochemistry, and may be useful in the evaluation of MRP1 expression in different tissue or cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pascolo
- CSF-Department BBCM, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
In situ PCR and immunohistochemical studies on p16 gene in pituitary adenomas. Chin J Cancer Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02983186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
28
|
Li Vigni R, Bianchi UA, Carosi G, Lomini M, Falchetti M, Callea F, Pecorelli S. Successful application of indirect in-situ polymerase chain reaction to tissues fixed in Bouin's solution. Histopathology 1999; 35:134-43. [PMID: 10460658 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the value of polymerase chain reaction-in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH) for the detection of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in paraffin sections of cervical biopsies fixed either in 10% formalin or in Bouin's solution. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed 40 biopsies from Italian women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1). In-situ hybridization techniques were performed with commercial biotinylated probes. The PCR-ISH was carried out by the 'hot start modification'. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was found in 23 of 40 patients (57. 5%); eight cases showed condylomatous features. Human papillomavirus was detected in 42.5% by ISH and in 65% by PCR-ISH. Sixty-nine per cent of positive biopsies contained HPV 16, 18, 31 and 33. HPV 6 and 11 were found only in condylomata acuminata samples. CONCLUSIONS The results point to a high incidence of HPV infection as well as of CIN in HIV-positive patients. Human papillomavirus type 16 appears to be most frequently associated with CIN. Polymerase chain reaction-ISH is more sensitive than ISH in the detection and typing of HPV DNA both in clinical and in 'latent' infections. The two techniques yielded the same results with either formalin- or Bouin's-fixed material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Li Vigni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gey A, Hamdi S, Vielh P, Mehtali M, Fridman WH, Tartour E. Development of a direct in situ RT-PCR method using labeled primers to detect cytokine mRNA inside cells. J Immunol Methods 1999; 227:149-60. [PMID: 10485262 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an original protocol of direct in situ RT-PCR with biotinylated labeled primers to detect cytokine mRNA inside cells. This label improved the specificity of the technique compared with the use of digoxigenin or fluorescein-labeled primers. We found a reliable correlation between the known expression of cytokine mRNA in a given cell and a positive signal with in situ RT-PCR. Nuclear counterstaining demonstrated that the positive signal obtained was distributed in the cytoplasm in accordance with mRNA localization. In addition, direct demonstration of the presence of the expected PCR product in cell extracts without non-specific parasitic DNA amplification provided strong support for the specificity of the method. Designing the primers in order to prevent DNA amplification, the use of recombinant Thermus thermophilus (rTth) DNA polymerase and a decreased duration of each cycle of PCR by combining the annealing and hybridization steps improved the reproducibility and reliability of the technique and morphological preservation of the cells. Experiments in which different proportions of cytokine mRNA positive and negative cells were mixed argue against significant diffusion of PCR product into initially cytokine mRNA negative cells, thereby leading to false-positive results. In comparison with the direct incorporation of labeled dNTP during amplification, our procedure appears to ensure greater specificity and does not need DNAse treatment which is often difficult to standardize. Detection of IL-2 and IFNgamma mRNA induction after T cell activation using this direct in situ RT-PCR method showed that the technique may be helpful for monitoring cytokine gene expression at a single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gey
- Unité d'Immunologie Clinique, INSERM U 255, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shieh B, Lee SE, Tsai YC, Su IJ, Li C. Detection of hepatitis B virus genome in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues with PCR-in situ hybridization. J Virol Methods 1999; 80:157-67. [PMID: 10471025 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection is described of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA in preserved hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, which were derived from 14 HBV-seropositive patients. Detection was by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the target sequence, followed by specific localization of the PCR product with in situ hybridization. PISH (PCR-in situ hybridization) yielded strong positive signals in most of the tumor tissues despite very low copy numbers of chromosome-integrated HBV genome, whereas no signal was detected in control samples, indicating that the signals were specific for HBV. Positive signals were sometimes detected in cirrhotic nodules surrounding the tumor regions, indicating that HBV had infected non-transformed liver cells. HBV-DNA was detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm in some specimens, possibly representing HBV at different stages of the life cycle. In one case, a gradient of viral DNA was revealed, with the highest DNA signal centered at the site of viral antigen expression. Taken together, PISH is shown to be a highly sensitive molecular detection method that is capable of detecting the presence of a low copy number viral genome in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Shieh
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Archival Papanicolaou-Stained Cervical Smears and in Corresponding Cervical Cone Biopsies by Using Direct In Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00129039-199906000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus latency depends on an interaction with hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The distribution of viral DNA was investigated by PCR-driven in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH), and the number of viral genomes per cell was estimated by quantitative competitive PCR during both experimental and natural latent infection. During experimental latent infection of cultured granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, the viral genome was detected in >90% of cells at a copy number of 1 to 8 viral genomes per cell. During natural infection, viral genomes were detected in 0.004 to 0.01% of mononuclear cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood or bone marrow from seropositive donors, at a copy number of 2 to 13 genomes per infected cell. When evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR-ISH, only a small proportion of experimentally infected cells (approximately 2%) had detectable latent transcripts. This investigation identifies the small percentage of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells that become latently infected during natural infection and suggests that latency may proceed in some cells that fail to encode currently identified latent transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Slobedman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bettinger D, Mougin C, Fouqué B, Kantelip B, Miguet JP, Lab M. Direct in situ reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction with biotinylated primers for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver biopsies. J Clin Virol 1999; 12:233-41. [PMID: 10382820 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(98)00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess the presence and the cellular distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the liver of 11 patients with confirmed HCV infection, a direct in situ reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies. The oligonucleotide primers used were specific to the 5' non coding region. An unlabelled downstream oligonucleotide served as a primer for reverse transcription as well as PCR. The upstream oligonucleotide serving as a primer for PCR was biotinylated, allowing a direct enzymatic detection of PCR products. HCV infected cells revealed cytoplasmic staining mainly concentrated towards the interface of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Most of the stained cells were hepatocytes and sometimes Kupffer cells. The results were compared with those obtained by RT-PCR of RNA extracted from the corresponding tissue block. Extracted HCV RNA could be detected in liver tissues of nine out of 11 (82%) infected patients. The detection rate using in situ RT-PCR was 7/11 (63%). The use of labelled primers improved specificity of direct in situ methods, by preventing non-specific incorporation of labelled dNTPs into fragmented DNA. Further studies are however required in order to increase detection sensitivity of HCV infection by in situ molecular methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bettinger
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Biologie Cellulaire, Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Gènes, Faculté Mixte de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
During the last decade, several strategies have been developed to improve the detection sensitivity of in situ hybridization (ISV) by amplification of either target nucleic acid sequences prior to ISH (e.g., in situ PCRX or the detection signals after the hybridization procedures (signal amplification). Here we outline the principles of tyramide signal amplification using the catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) technique, summarize applications as well as possible limitations of CARD 15K, and discuss some future directions of in situ nucleic acid detection using this amplification strategy.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Advances in cell and molecular biology have engendered a wide range of techniques that can be used to study the molecular events that underlie the cause of disease, thus producing a new field of study called "molecular pathology." These techniques can be either slide-based or non-slide-based (solution-based). The slide-based techniques include immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and in situ polymerase chain reaction; pathologists play a unique role in the administration of these techniques because of their ability to interpret the end product (i.e., the slide). In this manuscript, we briefly discussed the use and impact of these slide-based techniques within all phases of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Gillett
- Sierra Biomedical, Inc., Sparks, Nevada 89431, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pudney J, Nguyen H, Xu C, Anderson DJ. Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm. J Reprod Immunol 1998; 41:105-25. [PMID: 10213304 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For a number of years we have intensively investigated the localization of HIV-1 in male genital tract tissues and secretions using a variety of microscopy techniques including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and electron microscopy. Our studies have failed to demonstrate an association between HIV-1 and either testicular germ cells or spermatozoa. In this article we present our results in the context of other related studies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques that have been used to address this important research question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cho NH, Joo HJ, Ahn HJ, Jung WH, Lee KG. Detection of human papillomavirus in warty carcinoma of the uterine cervix: comparison of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and in situ polymerase chain reaction methods. Pathol Res Pract 1998; 194:713-20. [PMID: 9820868 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(98)80131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Warty carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a very rare specific variant of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, usually described as a hybrid feature of condyloma with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Besides having the koilocytes and maturation of squamous epithelium, there is unequivocal stromal invasion. The feathery surface seems to be characteristic of warty carcinoma, differentiating it from condylomata acuminata or verrucous carcinoma. Using in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) as well as an immunohistochemical technique (IHC), we determined the amplification and expression of several human papilloma virus (HPV) types (6, 11, 33, 16 and 18) in nine warty carcinomas of the uterine cervix. We found amplified HPV predominantly in the nuclei of the feathery surface in all cases only when IS-PCR was applied, while it was detected only in five (55.6%) or six cases (66.7%) by conventional IHC or ISH, respectively. We found multiple types in the same lesion in six cases (66.7%) by IS-PCR, in comparison with ISH which detected a lower incidence (22.2%). This finding of coinfection is more consistent with that seen in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) of the uterine cervix than in high SIL. It is important to be aware of these distinct lesions in postmenopausal women with their characteristic feathery and thin surface, as well as a hybrid form of exophytic condyloma and stromal invasion, and frequent coinfection of multiple different HPVs as a type of LSILs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schlott T, Ruda G, Hoppert M, Nagel H, Reimer S, Schumacher-Lütge IK, Droese M. The in situ polymerase chain reaction for detection of chlamydia trachomatis. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:1017-23. [PMID: 9705967 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that has important applications in the diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases. This study investigated an in situ PCR assay established to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical swabs. In addition, histological sections of endocervical squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed because previous studies had revealed a significant association with C. trachomatis. A total of 20 cervical neoplasms (squamous cell carcinoma in situ; n = 10; invasive squamous cell carcinoma; n = 10) and endocervical smears taken from five patients with and without inflammatory changes were analyzed by conventional PCR. Chlamydial DNA was found in 10 histological samples (six carcinomas in situ, four invasive carcinomas) and in one endocervical swab from a patient with known C. trachomatis infection. Positive specimens were used for establishing an in situ PCR assay (IS-PCR). After IS-PCR, these samples showed dense cytoplasmic staining of endocervical cells (smears) and non-neoplastic epithelial cells (cervical neoplasms). The other tumor samples and smears did not demonstrate positive PCR reaction. The results indicate that in situ PCR is an effective technique for localizing C. trachomatis in target cells because IS-PCR detection of chlamydial DNA correlated with histological and cytological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Schlott
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cytopathology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- V Uhlmann
- Department of Pathology, Cornell University Medical College, New York Hospital, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Plummer TB, Sperry AC, Xu HS, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization detection of low copy nucleic acid sequences using catalyzed reporter deposition and its usefulness in clinical human papillomavirus typing. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1998; 7:76-84. [PMID: 9785005 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199804000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) detection of low copy DNA and RNA sequences using nonisotopic probes has been difficult in the past because of a lack of sensitivity. Several techniques, such as ISH with radioisotopic-labeled probes, in situ polymerase chain reaction, in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence replication, and chemiluminescence, have allowed increased sensitivity but have required specialized and often expensive equipment, lengthy protocols, and in the case of radioactive probes, there has been an associated increased health risk. Catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) combined with ISH (CARD-ISH) increases the signal-generating potential of labeled hybridized probes and allows the detection of low copy sequences of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. To determine the sensitivity of CARD-ISH to detect nucleic acids in routinely processed specimens, we analyzed the detection of HPV 16 and 18 infection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of cultured cell lines, including CaSki cells with 400-600 copies of HPV 16, HeLa 229 cells with 10-50 copies of HPV 18, and SiHa cells with 1-2 copies of HPV 16 using a conventional ISH method and by CARD-ISH. In addition, 20 cases of clinical specimens previously analyzed for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 51 with the Enzo PathoGene kit (Enzo Diagnostics, Inc., Farmingdale, NY, U.S.A.) were reexamined with the CARD-ISH method. The CARD-ISH system detected one to two copies of HPV 16 in the SiHa cells whereas the conventional ISH method did not. Both methods detected HPV 16 and 18 in CaSki and HeLa 229 cells, respectively. Three clinical cases that were previously negative and two weakly positive cases of HPV infection were all strongly positive with the CARD-ISH system, a 25% increase in the detection of positive cases by CARD-ISH. We also showed for the first time that a cocktail of six biotinylated oligonucleotide probes was capable of detecting one to two copies of HPV 16 in SiHa cells. These results show that the CARD-ISH method increases the sensitivity of nonisotopic ISH to the level of detecting one to two copies of HPV DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections using biotinylated cDNA or oligonucleotide probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Plummer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hsi ED, Foreman KE, Duggan J, Alkan S, Kauffman CA, Aronow HD, Nickoloff BJ. Molecular and pathologic characterization of an AIDS-related body cavity-based lymphoma, including ultrastructural demonstration of human herpesvirus-8: a case report. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22:493-9. [PMID: 9537479 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199804000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body cavity-based lymphoma, also known as primary effusion lymphoma, is a newly recognized acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma that has been linked to the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8). To date, direct visualization of the virus in a clinical sample has not been demonstrated. We have performed an extensive clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, and molecular genetic correlative study on multiple tissue samples obtained premortem and at autopsy from an patient with AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity-based lymphomas. We demonstrate the presence of human herpesvirus-8 in a primary clinical sample at the ultrastructural and molecular level, as well as document multiple lymphomatous tumor masses at autopsy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/analysis
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Fatal Outcome
- HIV Infections/complications
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/chemistry
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/complications
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/pathology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/ultrastructure
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/complications
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Skin Neoplasms/complications
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- VDJ Recombinases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E D Hsi
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153-5385, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tani K, Kurokawa K, Nasu M. Development of a direct in situ PCR method for detection of specific bacteria in natural environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1536-40. [PMID: 9546190 PMCID: PMC106183 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1536-1540.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied HNPP (2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid-2'-phenylanilide phosphate) to direct in situ PCR for the routine detection of specific bacterial cells at the single-cell level. PCR was performed on glass slides with digoxigenin-labeled dUTP. The digoxigenin-labeled PCR products were detected with alkaline phosphatase-labeled antidigoxigenin antibody and HNPP which was combined with Fast Red TR. A bright red fluorescent signal was produced from conversion to HNP (dephosphorylated form) by alkaline phosphatase. We used the ECOL DNA primer set for amplification of ribosomal DNA of Escherichia coli to identify cells specifically at the single-cell level in a bacterial mixture. High-contrast images were obtained under an epifluorescence microscope with in situ PCR. By image analysis, E. coli cells in polluted river water also were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tani
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fares F, Habib M, Verniol C, Drouet E, Niveleau A. In situ amplification of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in cell suspensions. J Virol Methods 1998; 71:211-8. [PMID: 9626954 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is distributed widely throughout the world. Apart from a association with two geographically-restricted malignancies (Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), EBV is thought to be implicated in the etiology of B-cell lymphoma in immunocompromised individuals. In these patients, monitoring the viral load in serum can provide useful information on the timing of the instigation of antiviral therapy, i.e. as soon as a rise is detected. PCR technology, owing to its high sensitivity, is used frequently in such situations. In order to gain further insight into the nature of the peripheral blood cells carrying the viral genome on a cell-by-cell basis, an in situ amplification technique was developed as a model using two cell lines growing in suspension, with the aim of distinguishing between EBV-positive and EBV-negative cells. Preliminary experiments were undertaken subsequently on clinical samples from patients with infectious mononucleosis and patients with lymphoma indicating that this technique might be useful clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Fares
- Centre Commun de Quantimétrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guo J, Cheng L, Wen DR, Huang RR, Cochran AJ. Detection of tyrosinase mRNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival sections of melanoma, using the reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1998; 7:10-5. [PMID: 9646029 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199802000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of the reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction technique have reported results from assessments of cultured cells, frozen sections, and cytospin preparations. For application to routine diagnosis, it will be necessary to adapt the technique for use with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the materials that are generally available. We have evaluated the feasibility of such an approach, using surgical pathology archival material from 25 UCLA patients: 15 tissues from primary and metastatic melanoma, 7 from nonmelanocytic tumors, including cancer of the lung, colon, kidney and skin and a thyroid adenoma, and 3 nontumorous tissues. Seven of 15 melanoma tissues gave a strong positive signal, 5 gave a weak signal, and 3 were negative. None of the 10 nonmelanoma tissues gave a positive signal. The specific reaction product was mainly located in the cytoplasm. None of the nonmelanocytic tumors or normal tissues demonstrated this pattern of cytoplasmic staining. Some nonspecific nuclear staining was observed in melanocytic and nonmelanocytic tumors and must not be overread as a true positive result. It is possible to detect tyrosinase mRNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of melanoma, but the technique remains too demanding for routine application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Department of Pathology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Strappe PM, Wang TH, McKenzie CA, Lowrie S, Simmonds P, Bell JE. In situ polymerase chain reaction amplification of HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue. J Virol Methods 1998; 70:119-27. [PMID: 9562406 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A direct in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) assay is described for the detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissue. Biotin-16-dUTP is incorporated during the PCR process and microwave pretreatment of tissue sections ensures that no non-specific incorporation into damaged or nicked genomic DNA occurs. Two methods are compared to detect the biotinylated amplified product, the use of an avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase complex (ABC) and the application of tyramide signal amplification (TSA) which allows both chromogenic and fluorescence detection. TSA detection enhances the sensitivity of IS-PCR, permitting fewer PCR cycles and preserving tissue morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Strappe
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hara M, Yamada S, Hirata K. Nonradioactive In Situ Hybridization: Recent Techniques and Applications. Endocr Pathol 1998; 9:21-29. [PMID: 12114658 DOI: 10.1007/bf02739948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) has become a standard method for the localization of nucleic acid sequences in chromosomes, single cells, and tissue sections. Nonradioactive ISH has not only eliminated the problems associated with radioactive probes but has also achieved a higher degree of resolution. Advances in probe preparation and labeling methods have facilitated the general application of ISH. In combination with immunohistochemistry, ISH can provide histological information on gene activity at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels. Some nonradioactive ISH can simultaneously detect nucleic acid sequences in the same tissue or in a chromosome spread. Advances in ISH technology, including use of the polymerase chain reaction offer both a high sensitivity allowing detection of low levels of gene expression and the cytological localization of gene sequences.
Collapse
|
47
|
Imafuku S, Kokuba H, Aurelian L, Burnett J. Expression of herpes simplex virus DNA fragments located in epidermal keratinocytes and germinative cells is associated with the development of erythema multiforme lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:550-6. [PMID: 9326389 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin from acute and healed herpes simplex virus or herpes simplex virus-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM) lesions was examined by polymerase chain reaction with primers for DNA polymerase, ICP8, thymidine kinase (5' end of herpes simplex virus genome), and ICP27 (3' end of herpes simplex virus genome). The primers were herpes simplex virus specific and equally sensitive. The four herpes simplex virus genes were seen in acute herpes simplex virus lesions, but except for one patient, only polymerase (or polymerase and ICP8) were seen in 7-d healed lesional skin. Herpes simplex virus DNA was not seen 1-1.5 mo after healing. HAEM skins from 18 of 24 patients (75%) were positive for polymerase DNA and four of 24 (17%) were also positive for ICP8 or thymidine kinase DNA. Only one tissue (4%) was positive for polymerase, ICP8, and ICP27 DNA. Skin from healed HAEM lesions was still polymerase DNA positive 1-3 mo after lesion resolution. The polymerase DNA signal was in the basal and spinous cell layers of the epidermis and in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Polymerase RNA was identified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in skin from acute, but not healed polymerase DNA positive HAEM lesions, suggesting that polymerase expression is associated with HAEM lesion development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, U.S.A
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sagawa M, Jones JE, Ebina M, Jensen S, Linnoila RI. Detection of K-ras point mutation by in situ PCR in cell suspensions: comparison of the indirect and direct methods. Lung Cancer 1997; 17:181-95. [PMID: 9237154 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(97)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ PCR is a new technique for the localization of low copy number sequences. We report here a method for the in situ visualization of a point mutation in K-ras codon 12 by indirect in situ PCR. Twenty-five primers were examined to select mutant-specific primers. Harvested cell lines were fixed and suspended in PCR mixture. Forty cycles of PCR in cell suspension was performed in a thermal cycler using a hot start method. Cells were cytocentrifuged onto slides, and post-fixation was performed. The specimens on the slides were then hybridized with a digoxigenin-labeled probe, followed by color reaction. Both Calu-1 (mutated: TGT) and NCI-H460 (wild type: GGT) cells had strong hybridization signals in the nuclei with general primers. But with mutant-specific primers, only Calu-1 cells had hybridization signals. No signal was observed without primers or Taq DNA polymerase. Southern blotting of the same preparation confirmed desired amplification. We also applied direct in situ PCR, but this method failed to detect the point mutation. We conclude that our indirect in situ PCR method shows the feasibility of in situ identification of single cells carrying point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sagawa
- Biomarkers and Prevention Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Foreman KE, Bacon PE, Hsi ED, Nickoloff BJ. In situ polymerase chain reaction-based localization studies support role of human herpesvirus-8 as the cause of two AIDS-related neoplasms: Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity lymphoma. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2971-8. [PMID: 9185521 PMCID: PMC508149 DOI: 10.1172/jci119492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of investigation point to a new herpesvirus, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), as the cause of two different neoplasms seen in AIDS patients-Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and body cavity B cell lymphoma. If this virus is the etiological agent, rather than another opportunistic infectious agent, it should be present in the earliest detectable clinical lesions on a temporal basis, and localize to specific target cells in a spatial pattern consistent with tumorigenic pathways. In this study, we take advantage of the clinical accessibility to biopsy early (patch stage) skin lesions of KS to address the temporal issue, combined with in situ PCR and dual immunostaining using a marker identifying malignant cells, to address the spatial localization issue. 21 different tissue samples were subjected to PCR analysis and in situ PCR with and without simultaneous immunostaining. In normal skin from healthy individuals, no HHV-8 DNA was detected by PCR or in situ PCR. However, in all PCR-positive tissues, distinct and specific in situ PCR staining was observed. In four different patch stage KS lesions, in situ PCR staining localized to nuclei of endothelial cells and perivascular spindle-shaped tumor cells. Later stage KS lesions (plaques and nodules) revealed additional positive cells, including epidermal keratinocytes (four of five), and eccrine epithelia (two of four). These patterns were nonrestricted to skin, as pulmonary KS also revealed HHV-8-specific infection of endothelial cells and KS tumor cells, as well as epithelioid pneumocytes (two of two). In body cavity B cell lymphoma by dual staining, HHV-8 was present in malignant tumor cells (EMA immunostained positive) and not in reactive lymphocytes. These results reveal an early temporal onset and nonrandom tissue and cellular distribution pattern for HHV-8 infection that is consistent with a causal link between this DNA virus and two AIDS-related neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Foreman
- Skin Disease Research Laboratories, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153-5385, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xie B, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa H, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa T. Detection of proviral DNA of bovine leukaemia virus in cattle by a combination of in-situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. J Comp Pathol 1997; 116:87-96. [PMID: 9076603 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(97)80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) proviral DNA was detected in lymphocytes isolated from cattle with persistent lymphocytosis (PL) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in-situ hybridization (ISH) with a biotinylated pX DNA probe. Many positive cells were observed when short-term culture and a combination of ISH with PCR were used. Immunohistochemical examination of lymphocytes isolated from the lymph node showed that BLV attached mainly to surface immunoglobulins (SIg) of positive B lymphocytes, and to a few tumour-associated antigen (TAA)-, PanT-, and CD8-positive cells and non-CD4 positive cells. Electron microscopical examination revealed colloidal gold particles within the nuclei and cytoplasm of lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells from neoplastic lymph node of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) cases gave particularly strong positive signals with the ISH-PCR method. The technique of combined ISH and PCR with a biotinylated pX probe may prove useful in future studies of EBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Xie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|