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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Chen J, Yu F, Bao Y. Overexpression and truncation of a novel cold-adapted lipase with improved enzymatic characteristics. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 214:106376. [PMID: 37839629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The novel cold-adapted lipase (Lip ZC12) derived from Psychrobacter sp. ZY124 exhibited higher catalytic activity at 20-40 °C, the whole gene was then sequenced, analyzed, and overexpressed. However, its intrinsic structural characteristics lead to a decreased affinity toward the substrate, thus limiting the improvement of catalytic efficiency. Modeling the homologous structure and simulating the binding process of Lip ZC12 with the substrate. It was found that truncated lid (lip-Δlid) could not only increase the kcat, but also significantly enhance the substrate affinity, the substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of Lip ZC12 modified by lid truncation were significantly improved. The results revealed that the kcat/Km value of lip-Δlid was 1.6 times higher than that of free lipase. This improved catalytic performance of cold-adapted lipase, and these findings laid an important foundation for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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2
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Kinetic studies on the transesterification of sunflower oil with 1-butanol catalyzed by Rhizomucor miehei lipase in a biphasic aqueous-organic system. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Wikmark Y, Engelmark Cassimjee K, Lihammar R, Bäckvall JE. Removing the Active-Site Flap in Lipase A fromCandida antarcticaProduces a Functional Enzyme without Interfacial Activation. Chembiochem 2015; 17:141-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Wikmark
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karim Engelmark Cassimjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Richard Lihammar
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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4
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Modification and simulation of Rhizomucor miehei lipase: the influence of surficial electrostatic interaction on enantioselectivity. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:871-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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5
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Jia R, Hu Y, Liu L, Jiang L, Zou B, Huang H. Enhancing Catalytic Performance of Porcine Pancreatic Lipase by Covalent Modification Using Functional Ionic Liquids. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess,
College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
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6
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Cheng M, Angkawidjaja C, Koga Y, Kanaya S. Requirement of lid2 for interfacial activation of a family I.3 lipase with unique two lid structures. FEBS J 2012; 279:3727-3737. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cheng
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
| | - Clement Angkawidjaja
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
- International College; Osaka University; Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
| | - Shigenori Kanaya
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
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7
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Enhancing the functional properties of thermophilic enzymes by chemical modification and immobilization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:326-46. [PMID: 22112558 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of proteins (mostly typically enzymes) onto solid supports is mature technology and has been used successfully to enhance biocatalytic processes in a wide range of industrial applications. However, continued developments in immobilization technology have led to more sophisticated and specialized applications of the process. A combination of targeted chemistries, for both the support and the protein, sometimes in combination with additional chemical and/or genetic engineering, has led to the development of methods for the modification of protein functional properties, for enhancing protein stability and for the recovery of specific proteins from complex mixtures. In particular, the development of effective methods for immobilizing large multi-subunit proteins with multiple covalent linkages (multi-point immobilization) has been effective in stabilizing proteins where subunit dissociation is the initial step in enzyme inactivation. In some instances, multiple benefits are achievable in a single process. Here we comprehensively review the literature pertaining to immobilization and chemical modification of different enzyme classes from thermophiles, with emphasis on the chemistries involved and their implications for modification of the enzyme functional properties. We also highlight the potential for synergies in the combined use of immobilization and other chemical modifications.
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8
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Marton Z, Léonard-Nevers V, Syrén PO, Bauer C, Lamare S, Hult K, Tranc V, Graber M. Mutations in the stereospecificity pocket and at the entrance of the active site of Candida antarctica lipase B enhancing enzyme enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as an industrial biocatalyst in chemical process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The purified lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PS, Amano) was immobilized on a commercially available microporous polypropylene support. The enzyme was rapidly and completely adsorbed on the support. Special attention was devoted to the demonstration of the lack of diffusional limitations, either internal or external, when a soluble substrate (p-nitrophenylacetate, pNPA) was used. The activity yield was high (100%) with pNPA and very low (0.4%) with p-nitrophenylpalmitate (pNPP). These values clearly showed that the immobilized enzyme was fully active as soon as activity was assayed on a soluble substrate rather than an insoluble one. With the latter one, the low activity was due mainly to a slow rate of substrate diffusion inside the porous support. The same diffusional phenomenon could explain the complete change of fatty acid specificity of the immobilized lipase. After immobilization, the lipase was mainly specific for short chain fatty acid esters, whereas the free enzyme was mainly specific for long chain esters. The activity-versus-temperature profiles were not greatly affected by immobilization with maximal reaction rates in the range 45 degrees to 50 degrees C for both enzyme preparations. However, immobilization increased enzyme stability mainly by decreasing the sensitivity to temperature of the inactivation reaction. Half-lives at 80 degrees C were 11 and 4 min for the immobilized and free enzymes, respectively. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 181-189, 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pencreac'h
- Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, CNRS ERS 157, Biocatalysis and Fine Chemistry Group, Marseille, France
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11
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Karboune S, Archelas A, Baratti JC. Free and immobilized Aspergillus niger epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic p-chlorostyrene oxide in a neat organic solvent medium. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Fernandez L, Fernandez L, Bañuelos O, Zafra A, Ronchel C, Perez-Victoria I, Morales JC, Fernandez L, Bañuelos O, Zafra A, Ronchel C, Perez-Victoria I, Morales JC, Velasco J, Fernandez L, Bañuelos O, Zafra A, Ronchel C, Perez-Victoria I, Morales JC, Velasco J, Adrio JL. Alteration of substrate specificity ofGalactomyces geotrichumBT107 lipase I on eicosapentaenoic acid-rich triglycerides. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420801897650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Zarevúcka M, Wimmer Z. Plant products for pharmacology: application of enzymes in their transformations. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2447-2473. [PMID: 19330086 PMCID: PMC2635649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different plant products have been subjected to detailed investigations due to their increasing importance for improving human health. Plants are sources of many groups of natural products, of which large number of new compounds has already displayed their high impact in human medicine. This review deals with the natural products which may be found dissolved in lipid phase (phytosterols, vitamins etc.). Often subsequent convenient transformation of natural products may further improve the pharmacological properties of new potential medicaments based on natural products. To respect basic principles of sustainable and green procedures, enzymes are often employed as efficient natural catalysts in such plant product transformations. Transformations of lipids and other natural products under the conditions of enzyme catalysis show increasing importance in environmentally safe and sustainable production of pharmacologically important compounds. In this review, attention is focused on lipases, efficient and convenient biocatalysts for the enantio- and regioselective formation / hydrolysis of ester bond in a wide variety of both natural and unnatural substrates, including plant products, eg. plant oils and other natural lipid phase compounds. The application of enzymes for preparation of acylglycerols and transformation of other natural products provides big advantage in comparison with employing of conventional chemical methods: Increased selectivity, higher product purity and quality, energy conservation, elimination of heavy metal catalysts, and sustainability of the employed processes, which are catalyzed by enzymes. Two general procedures are used in the transformation of lipid-like natural products: (a) Hydrolysis/alcoholysis of triacylglycerols and (b) esterification of glycerol. The reactions can be performed under conventional conditions or in supercritical fluids/ionic liquids. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in supercritical fluids combine the advantages of biocatalysts (substrate specificity under mild reaction conditions) and supercritical fluids (high mass-transfer rate, easy separation of reaction products from the solvent, environmental benefits based on excluding organic solvents from the production process).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Zarevúcka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic. E-Mail:
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4 – Krč, Czech Republic
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14
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Rodriguez JA, Mendoza LD, Pezzotti F, Vanthuyne N, Leclaire J, Verger R, Buono G, Carriere F, Fotiadu F. Novel chromatographic resolution of chiral diacylglycerols and analysis of the stereoselective hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipases. Anal Biochem 2007; 375:196-208. [PMID: 18162167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose a general and accessible method for the resolution of enantiomeric 1,2-sn- and 2,3-sn-diacylglycerols based on derivatization by isocyanates, which can be easily used routinely by biochemists to evaluate the stereopreferences of lipases in a time course of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis. Diacylglycerol (DAG) enantiomers were transformed into carbamates using achiral and commercially available reagents. Excellent separation and resolution factors were obtained for diacylglycerols present in lipolysis reaction mixtures. This analytical method was then applied to investigate the stereoselectivity of three model lipases (porcine pancreatic lipase, PPL; lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, MML; and recombinant dog gastric lipase, rDGL) in the time course of hydrolysis of prochiral triolein as a substrate. From the measurements of the diglyceride enantiomeric excess it was confirmed that PPL was not stereospecific (position sn-1 vs sn-3 of triolein), whereas MML and rDGL preferentially hydrolyzed the ester bond at position sn-1 and sn-3, respectively. The enantiomeric excess of DAGs was not constant with time, decreasing with the course of hydrolysis. This was due to the fact that DAGs can be products of the stereospecific hydrolysis of TAGs and substrates for stereospecific hydrolysis into monoacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Enzymology at Interfaces and Physiology of Lipolysis, CNRS-UPR 9025-IBSM, 13009 Marseille, France
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15
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Gutiérrez-Ayesta C, Carelli AA, Ferreira ML. Relation between lipase structures and their catalytic ability to hydrolyse triglycerides and phospholipids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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17
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Magnusson AO, Rotticci-Mulder JC, Santagostino A, Hult K. Creating Space for Large Secondary Alcohols by Rational Redesign of Candida antarctica Lipase B. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1051-6. [PMID: 15883973 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The active site of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) hosts the catalytic triad (Ser-His-Asp), an oxyanion hole and a stereospecificity pocket. During catalysis, the fast-reacting enantiomer of secondary alcohols places its medium-sized substituent in the stereospecificity pocket and its large substituent towards the active-site entrance. The largest group to fit comfortably in the stereospecificity pocket is ethyl, and this restricts the number of secondary alcohols that are good substrates for CALB. In order to overcome this limitation, the size of the stereospecificity pocket was redesigned by changing Trp104. The substrate specificity of the Trp104Ala mutant compared to that of the wild-type lipase increased 270 times towards heptan-4-ol and 5500 times towards nonan-5-ol; this resulted in the high specificity constants 1100 and 830 s(-1) M(-1), respectively. The substrate selectivity changed over 400,000 times for nonan-5-ol over propan-2-ol with both Trp104Ala and the Trp104Gln mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Magnusson
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Secundo F, Carrea G, Tarabiono C, Brocca S, Lotti M. Activity and enantioselectivity of wildtype and lid mutated Candida rugosa lipase isoform 1 in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:236-40. [PMID: 15052644 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The activity and enantioselectivity of lipase 1 from Candida rugosa and of a chimera enzyme obtained by replacing the lid of isoform 1 with the lid of isoform 3 were compared in organic solvents. The alcoholysis of chloro ethyl 2-hydroxy hexanoate with methanol and of vinyl acetate with 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol were used as model reactions in different reaction conditions. The chimera enzyme was less active and enantioselective than the wildtype in all the conditions tested. A rationale for such decreases could be that the chimera lipase has a lower proportion of enzyme molecules in the open form. This might lead to a hindered access to the enzyme active site, thus affecting the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Bendikien≐ V, Surin≐nait≐ B, Juodka B, Safarikova M. Insights into catalytic action mechanism of Pseudomonas mendocina 3121-1 lipase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Brocca S, Secundo F, Ossola M, Alberghina L, Carrea G, Lotti M. Sequence of the lid affects activity and specificity of Candida rugosa lipase isoenzymes. Protein Sci 2003; 12:2312-9. [PMID: 14500889 PMCID: PMC2366935 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0304003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2003] [Revised: 07/12/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Candida rugosa produces multiple lipase isoenzymes (CRLs) with distinct differences in substrate specificity, in particular with regard to selectivity toward the fatty acyl chain length. Moreover, isoform CRL3 displays high activity towards cholesterol esters. Lipase isoenzymes share over 80% sequence identity but diverge in the sequence of the lid, a mobile loop that modulates access to the active site. In the active enzyme conformation, the open lid participates in the substrate-binding site and contributes to substrate recognition. To address the role of the lid in CRL activity and specificity, we substituted the lid sequences from isoenzymes CRL3 and CRL4 in recombinant rCRL1, thus obtaining enzymes differing only in this stretch of residues. Swapping the CRL3 lid was sufficient to confer to CRL1 cholesterol esterase activity. On the other hand, a specific shift in the chain-length specificity was not observed. Chimeric proteins displayed different sensitivity to detergents in the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Brocca
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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21
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Douchet I, De Haas G, Verger R. Lipase regio- and stereoselectivities toward three enantiomeric pairs of didecanoyl-deoxyamino-O methyl glycerol: a kinetic study by the monomolecular film technique. Chirality 2003; 15:220-6. [PMID: 12582987 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study was carried out on the regio- and stereoselectivities of 12 lipases of animal and microbial origin. For this purpose, monomolecular films consisting of three pairs of enantiomers (didecanoyl-deoxyamino-O methyl glycerol, DDG) containing a single hydrolyzable decanoyl ester bond and two lipase-resistant groups were spread at the air-water interface. Each of the lipases tested displayed a particular type of behavior, on the basis of which they were classified in two groups, depending on their ability to hydrolyze the sn-2 position. From the qualitative point of view, the sn-2 preference measured on triacylglycerides and DDG were in good agreement. The inductive chemical effect might explain why a greater level of hydrolytic activity was observed with the diglycerides than with DDG. With most of the lipases tested, it was observed that the enantiomeric pair having two distal acyl chains was more clearly differentiated stereochemically than the two homologous pairs with two adjacent acyl chains. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that during the chiral recognition process two of the three attachment points may be the external (distal) hydrophobic chains, which is in line with the hypothesis of a tuning fork conformation of a triglyceride in the lipase active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Douchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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22
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Abstract
Lipases are used frequently as chiral catalysts in the synthesis of various fine chemicals and intermediates. The increasing need of compounds with high stereochemical purity requires catalysts with an improved and controlled performance. This overview emphasizes some important aspects for the control of lipase enantioselectivity and some examples where the enantioselectivity has been altered or reversed are highlighted. However, in several of these cases the complete explanation for the altered or reversed enantioselectivity remains unclear and needs to be solved. Three different strategies (engineering of the reaction medium, the substrate molecule, and the enzyme) for exploring lipase enantioselectivity at a molecular level are discussed and summarized. These three different approaches represent powerful tools for understanding the molecular basis for lipase enantioselective catalysis and can guide the rational improvement and tailoring of catalyst performance. By combining approaches from chemistry and biology much is learnt about the most important parameters controlling lipase enantioselectivity for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berglund
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Magnusson A, Hult K, Holmquist M. Creation of an enantioselective hydrolase by engineered substrate-assisted catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4354-5. [PMID: 11457210 DOI: 10.1021/ja015604x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Magnusson
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
Cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi has been studied extensively with respect to its structural and functional properties. The crystal structure of the enzyme was solved to high atomic resolution (1 angstrom), while data on structural dynamics have been obtained from detailed NMR studies. Functional data were mainly derived from kinetic studies using substrate analogues that simplify the kinetic behaviour. The properties of wild-type cutinase are reviewed and discussed in relation with the effects brought about by site-directed variants of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Egmond
- Unilever Research Laboratorium, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, the, Vlaardingen, Netherlands.
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25
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Overbeeke P, Govardhan C, Khalaf N, Jongejan J, Heijnen J. Influence of lid conformation on lipase enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Customizing lipases for biocatalysis: a survey of chemical, physical and molecular biological approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Herrgård S, Gibas CJ, Subramaniam S. Role of an electrostatic network of residues in the enzymatic action of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase family. Biochemistry 2000; 39:2921-30. [PMID: 10715112 DOI: 10.1021/bi9916980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used continuum electrostatic methods to investigate the role of electrostatic interactions in the structure, function, and pH-dependent stability of the fungal Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RmL) family. We identify a functionally important electrostatic network which includes residues S144, D203, H257, Y260, H143, Y28, R80, and D91 (residue numbering is from RmL). This network consists of residues belonging to the catalytic triad (S144, D203, H257), residues located in proximity to the active site (Y260), residues stabilizing the geometry of the active site (Y28, H143), and residues located in the lid (D91) or close to the first hinge (R80). The lid and the first hinge are associated with the interfacial activation of lipases, where an alpha-helical lid opens up by rotating around two hinge regions. All network residues are well conserved in a set of 12 lipase homologues, and 6 of the network residues are located in sequence motifs. We observe that the effects of modeled mutations R86L, D91N, and H257F on the pH-dependent electrostatic free energies differ significantly in the closed and open conformations of RmL. Mutation R86L is especially interesting since it stabilizes the closed conformation but destabilizes the open one. Site-site electrostatic interaction energies reveal that interactions between R86 and D61, D113, and E117 stabilize the open conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herrgård
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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28
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Abstract
The production of enantiopure compounds is of steadily increasing importance to the chemical and biotechnological industries. In principal, the application of directed evolution in combination with newly developed screening methods enables the generation of enzymes with improved enantioselectivity. The first and most advanced example relates to a bacterial lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This enzyme was evolved towards a model substrate to yield in a lipase mutant showing > 90% enantiomeric excess as compared to 2% for the wild-type lipase. The creation of enantioselective enzymes by directed evolution will become an important technology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jaeger
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
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29
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Cipiciani A, Bellezza F, Fringuelli F, Stillitano M. Enantioselectivity of alcohol-treated Candida rugosa lipase in the kinetic resolution of racemic methyl 2-aryloxypropionates in water and aqueous organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Holmquist M, Berglund P. Creation of a synthetically useful lipase with higher than wild-type enantioselectivity and maintained catalytic activity. Org Lett 1999; 1:763-5. [PMID: 10823202 DOI: 10.1021/ol9907466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] We have found that two Geotrichum candidum lipase isozymes have remarkably different abilities to differentiate between enantiomers of ethyl 2-methyldecanoate. By rational recombination of selected portions of the two isozymes, we have created a novel lipase with an enantioselectivity superior to that of the best wild-type parent isozyme. Site-directed mutagenesis identified two key amino acid residues responsible for the improved enantioselectivity without compromised total activity of the reengineered enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Peters GH, Bywater RP. Computational analysis of chain flexibility and fluctuations in Rhizomucor miehei lipase. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 1999; 12:747-54. [PMID: 10506284 DOI: 10.1093/protein/12.9.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have performed molecular dynamics simulation of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Rml) with explicit water molecules present. The simulation was carried out in periodic boundary conditions and conducted for 1. 2 ns in order to determine the concerted protein dynamics and to examine how well the essential motions are preserved along the trajectory. Protein motions are extracted by means of the essential dynamics analysis method for different lengths of the trajectory. Motions described by eigenvector 1 converge after approximately 200 ps and only small changes are observed with increasing simulation time. Protein dynamics along eigenvectors with larger indices, however, change with simulation time and generally, with increasing eigenvector index, longer simulation times are required for observing similar protein motions (along a particular eigenvector). Several regions in the protein show relatively large fluctuations and in particular motions in the active site lid and the segments Thr57-Asn63 and the active site hinge region Pro101-Gly104 are seen along several eigenvectors. These motions are generally associated with glycine residues, while no direct correlations are observed between these fluctuations and the positioning of prolines in the protein structure. The partial opening/closing of the lid is an example of induced fit mechanisms seen in other enzymes and could be a general mechanism for the activation of Rml.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Tuomi WV, Kazlauskas RJ. Molecular Basis for Enantioselectivity of Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia toward Primary Alcohols. Modeling, Kinetics, and Chemical Modification of Tyr29 to Increase or Decrease Enantioselectivity. J Org Chem 1999; 64:2638-2647. [PMID: 11674331 DOI: 10.1021/jo981783y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) shows good enantioselectivity toward primary alcohols. An empirical rule can predict which enantiomer of a primary alcohol reacts faster, but there is no reliable strategy to increase the enantioselectivity. We used a combination of molecular modeling of lipase-transition state analogue complexes and kinetic measurements to identify the molecular basis of the enantioselectivity toward two primary alcohols: 2-methyl-3-phenyl-1-propanol, 1, and 2-phenoxy-1-propanol, 2. In hydrolysis of the acetate esters, PCL favors the (S)-enantiomer of both substrates (E = 16 and 17, respectively), but, due to changes in priorities of the substituents, the (S)-enantiomers of 1 and 2 have opposite shapes. Computer modeling of transition state analogues bound to PCL show that primary alcohols bind to PCL differently than secondary alcohols. Modeling and kinetics suggest that the enantioselectivity of PCL toward 1 comes from the binding of the methyl group at the stereocenter within a hydrophobic pocket for the fast-reacting enantiomer, but not for the slow-reacting enantiomer. On the other hand, the enantioselectivity toward 2 comes from an extra hydrogen bond between the phenoxy oxygen of the substrate to the phenolic OH of Tyr29. This hydrogen bond may slow release of the (R)-alcohol and thus account for the reversal of enantioselectvity. To decrease the enantioselectivity of PCL toward 2-acetate by a factor of 2 to E = 8, we eliminated the hydrogen bond by acetylation of the tyrosyl residues with N-acetylimidazole. To increase the enantioselectivity of PCL toward 2-acetate by a factor of 2 to E = 36, we increased the strength of the hydrogen bond by nitration of the tyrosyl residues with tetranitromethane. This is one of the first examples of a rationally designed modification of a lipase to increase enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Victor Tuomi
- McGill University, Department of Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 2K6 Canada
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33
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Alcántara AR, de Fuentes IE, Sinisterra JV. Rhizomucor miehei lipase as the catalyst in the resolution of chiral compounds: an overview. Chem Phys Lipids 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Holmquist M. Insights into the molecular basis for fatty acyl specificities of lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Candida rugosa. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 93:57-66. [PMID: 9720250 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite immense progress in our comprehension of lipase structure and function during the past decade, the basis for lipase acyl specificities has remained poorly understood. This review summarizes some recent advances in the understanding at the molecular-level of substrate acyl recognition by two members in a group of large (Mw approximately 60 kDa) microbial lipases. Two aspects of acyl specificity will be focused upon. (i) The unique preference of a fungal Geotrichum candidum lipase for long-chain cis (delta-9) unsaturated fatty acid moieties in the substrate. Mutational analysis of this lipase identified residues essential for its anomalous acyl preference. This information highlighted for the first time parts in the lipase molecule involved in substrate acyl differentiation. These results are discussed in the context of the 3D-structure of a G. candidum lipase isoenzyme and structures of the related Candida rugosa lipase in complex with inhibitors. (ii) The mechanism by which the yeast C. rugosa lipase discriminates between enantiomers of a substrate with a chiral acyl moiety. Molecular modeling in combination with substrate engineering and kinetic analyses, identified two alternative substrate binding models. This allowed for the proposal of a molecular mechanism explaining how long-chain alcohols can act as enantioselective inhibitors of this enzyme. A picture is thus beginning to emerge of the interplay between lipase structure and fatty acyl specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Wade RC, Gabdoulline RR, Lüdemann SK, Lounnas V. Electrostatic steering and ionic tethering in enzyme-ligand binding: insights from simulations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5942-9. [PMID: 9600896 PMCID: PMC34177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To bind at an enzyme's active site, a ligand must diffuse or be transported to the enzyme's surface, and, if the binding site is buried, the ligand must diffuse through the protein to reach it. Although the driving force for ligand binding is often ascribed to the hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interactions also influence the binding process of both charged and nonpolar ligands. First, electrostatic steering of charged substrates into enzyme active sites is discussed. This is of particular relevance for diffusion-influenced enzymes. By comparing the results of Brownian dynamics simulations and electrostatic potential similarity analysis for triose-phosphate isomerases, superoxide dismutases, and beta-lactamases from different species, we identify the conserved features responsible for the electrostatic substrate-steering fields. The conserved potentials are localized at the active sites and are the primary determinants of the bimolecular association rates. Then we focus on a more subtle effect, which we will refer to as "ionic tethering." We explore, by means of molecular and Brownian dynamics simulations and electrostatic continuum calculations, how salt links can act as tethers between structural elements of an enzyme that undergo conformational change upon substrate binding, and thereby regulate or modulate substrate binding. This is illustrated for the lipase and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Ionic tethering can provide a control mechanism for substrate binding that is sensitive to the electrostatic properties of the enzyme's surroundings even when the substrate is nonpolar.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Wade
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cygler
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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37
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López-Belmonte MT, Alcántara AR, Sinisterra JV. Enantioselective Esterification of 2-Arylpropionic Acids Catalyzed by Immobilized Rhizomucor miehei Lipase. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961342j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Trinidad López-Belmonte
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José V. Sinisterra
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Hult K, Holmquist M. [18] Kinetics, molecular modeling, and synthetic applications with microbial lipases. Methods Enzymol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)86020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Ransac S, Ivanova M, Verger R, Panaiotov I. [13] Monolayer techniques for studying lipase kinetics. Methods Enzymol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)86015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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40
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41
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Itoh T, Takagi Y, Murakami T, Hiyama Y, Tsukube H. Crown Ethers as Regulators of Enzymatic Reactions: Enhanced Reaction Rate and Enantioselectivity in Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of 2-Cyano-1-methylethyl Acetate. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo951598+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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MacManus DA, Vulfson EN. Substituent effects on the regioselectivity of enzymatic acylation of 6-O-alkylglycopyranosides using Pseudomonas cepacia lipase. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Haas MJ, Esposito D, Cichowicz DJ. A software package to streamline the titrimetric determination of lipase activity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02546219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Esposito
- ; USDA, ARS, ERRC; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19118
- ; La Salle University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; 1900 W. Olney Ave. Philadelphia PA 19141
- ; Department of Biochemistry School of Hygiene and Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; 615 N. Wolf St. Baltimore MD 21205
| | - David J. Cichowicz
- ; USDA, ARS, ERRC; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19118
- ; La Salle University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; 1900 W. Olney Ave. Philadelphia PA 19141
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44
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Holmquist M, Clausen IG, Patkar S, Svendsen A, Hult K. Probing a functional role of Glu87 and Trp89 in the lid of Humicola lanuginosa lipase through transesterification reactions in organic solvent. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1995; 14:217-24. [PMID: 7662109 DOI: 10.1007/bf01886762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the functional role of Glu87 and Trp89 in the lid of Humicola lanuginosa lipase, site-directed mutagenesis at Glu87 and Trp89 was carried out. The catalytic performance of wild-type and mutated lipases was studied in transesterification reactions in cyclohexane at a controlled water activity. Two different acyl donors were used in the investigation: tributyrin, a natural substrate for a lipase, and vinyl butyrate, an activated ester suitable for fast and efficient lipase-catalyzed transformations in preparative organic synthesis. As acyl acceptor 1-heptanol was used. The Glu87Ala mutation decreased the Vmax,app value with tributyrin and vinyl butyrate by a factor of 1.5 and 2, respectively. The Km,app for tributyrin was not affected by the Glu87Ala mutation, but the Km,app for vinyl butyrate increased twofold compared to the wild-type lipase. Changing Trp89 into a Phe residue afforded an enzyme with a 2.7- and 2-fold decreased Vmax,app with the substrates tributyrin and vinyl butyrate, respectively, compared to the wild-type lipase. No significant effects on the Km,app values for tributyrin or vinyl butyrate were seen as a result of the Trp89Phe mutation. However, the introduction of a Glu residue at position 89 in the lid increased the Km,app for tributyrin and vinyl butyrate by a factor of > 5 and 2, respectively. The Trp89Glu mutated lipase could not be saturated with tributyrin within the experimental conditions (0-680 mM) studied here. With vinyl butyrate as a substrate the Vmax,app was only 6% of that obtained with wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Alcohols as enantioselective inhibitors in a lipase catalysed esterification of a chiral acyl donor. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00134196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Rogalska E, Nury S, Douchet I, Verger R. Lipase stereoselectivity and regioselectivity toward three isomers of dicaprin: A kinetic study by the monomolecular film technique. Chirality 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.530070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Holmquist M, Martinelle M, Clausen IG, Patkar S, Svendsen A, Hult K. Trp89 in the lid of Humicola lanuginosa lipase is important for efficient hydrolysis of tributyrin. Lipids 1994; 29:599-603. [PMID: 7815893 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether Trp89 located in the lid of the lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Humicola lanuginosa is important for the catalytic property of the enzyme, site-directed mutagenesis at Trp89 was carried out. The kinetic properties of wild type and mutated enzymes were studied with tributyrin as substrate. Lipase variants in which Trp89 was changed to Phe, Leu, Gly or Glu all showed less than 14% of the activity compared to that of the wild type lipase. The Trp89Glu mutant was the least active with only 1% of the activity seen with the wild type enzyme. All Trp mutants had the same binding affinity to the tributyrin substrate interface as did the wild type enzyme. Wild type lipase showed saturation kinetics against tributyrin when activities were measured with mixed emulsions containing different proportions of tributyrin and the nonionic alkyl polyoxyethylene ether surfactant, Triton DF-16. Wild type enzyme showed a Vmax = 6000 +/- 300 mmol.min-1.g-1 and an apparent Km = 16 +/- 2% (vol/vol) for tributyrin in Triton DF-16, while the mutants did not show saturation kinetics in an identical assay. The apparent Km for tributyrin in Triton DF-16 was increased as the result of replacing Trp89 with other residues (Phe, Leu, Gly or Glu). The activities of all mutants were more sensitive to the presence of Triton DF-16 in the tributyrin substrate than was wild type lipase. The activity of the Trp89Glu mutant was decreased to 50% in the presence of 2 vol% Triton DF-16 compared to the activity seen with pure tributyrin as substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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