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Kim D, Lee Y, Kim HR, Park YJ, Hwang H, Rhim H, Kang T, Choi CW, Lee B, Kim MS. Hypothalamic administration of sargahydroquinoic acid elevates peripheral thermogenic signaling and ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity through the sympathetic nervous system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21315. [PMID: 34716371 PMCID: PMC8556287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sargassum serratifolium (C. Agardh) C.Agardh, a marine brown alga, has been consumed as a food and traditional medicine in Asia. A previous study showed that the meroterpenoid-rich fraction of an ethanolic extract of S. serratifolium (MES) induced adipose tissue browning and suppressed diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome when orally supplemented. Sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA) is a major component of MES. However, it is unclear whether SHQA regulates energy homeostasis through the central nervous system. To examine this, SHQA was administrated through the third ventricle in the hypothalamus in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice and investigated its effects on energy homeostasis. Chronic administration of SHQA into the brain reduced body weight without a change in food intake and improved metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes. Cold experiments and biochemical analyses indicated that SHQA elevated thermogenic signaling pathways, as evidenced by an increase in body temperature and UCP1 signaling in white and brown adipose tissues. Peripheral denervation experiments using 6-OHDA indicated that the SHQA-induced anti-obesity effect is mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, possibly by regulating genes associated with sympathetic outflow and GABA signaling pathways. In conclusion, hypothalamic injection of SHQA elevates peripheral thermogenic signaling and ameliorates diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Park
- Korea Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Whan Choi
- Natural Product Research Team, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Qiao L, Yoo HS, Bosco C, Lee B, Feng GS, Schaack J, Chi NW, Shao J. Adiponectin reduces thermogenesis by inhibiting brown adipose tissue activation in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1027-36. [PMID: 24531262 PMCID: PMC4077285 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether or not adiponectin regulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and thermogenesis. METHODS Core body temperatures (CBTs) of genetic mouse models were monitored at room temperature and during cold exposure. Cultured brown adipocytes and viral vector-mediated gene transduction were used to study the regulatory effects of adiponectin on Ucp1 gene expression and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The CBTs of adiponectin knockout mice (Adipoq(-/-)) were significantly higher than those of wild type (WT) mice both at room temperature and during the cold (4°C) challenge. Conversely, reconstitution of adiponectin in Adipoq(-/-) mice significantly blunted β adrenergic receptor agonist-induced thermogenesis of interscapular BAT. After 10 days of intermittent cold exposure, Adipoq(-/-) mice exhibited higher UCP1 expression and more brown-like structure in inguinal fat than WT mice. Paradoxically, we found that the anti-thermogenic effect of adiponectin requires neither AdipoR1 nor AdipoR2, two well-known adiponectin receptors. In sharp contrast to the anti-thermogenic effects of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and especially AdipoR2 promote BAT activation. Mechanistically, adiponectin was found to inhibit Ucp1 gene expression by suppressing β3-adrenergic receptor expression in brown adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that adiponectin suppresses thermogenesis, which is likely to be a mechanism whereby adiponectin reduces energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Habara H, Hayashi Y, Inomata N, Niijima A, Kangawa K. Organ-Specific Activation of the Gastric Branch of the Efferent Vagus Nerve by Ghrelin in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:31-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13180fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Giordano A, Kay Song C, Bowers RR, Christopher Ehlen J, Frontini A, Cinti S, Bartness TJ. Reply to Kreier and Buijs: no sympathy for the claim of parasympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Giordano A, Song CK, Bowers RR, Ehlen JC, Frontini A, Cinti S, Bartness TJ. White adipose tissue lacks significant vagal innervation and immunohistochemical evidence of parasympathetic innervation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1243-55. [PMID: 16809481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00679.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based on immunohistochemical labeling of a SNS marker (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]), tract tracing of WAT sympathetic postganglionic innervation, pseudorabies virus (PRV) transneuronal labeling of WAT SNS outflow neurons, and functional evidence from denervation studies. Recently, WAT para-SNS (PSNS) innervation was suggested because local surgical WAT sympathectomy (sparing hypothesized parasympathetic innervation) followed by PRV injection yielded infected cells in the vagal dorsomotor nucleus (DMV), a traditionally-recognized PSNS brain stem site. In addition, local surgical PSNS WAT denervation triggered WAT catabolic responses. We tested histologically whether WAT was parasympathetically innervated by searching for PSNS markers in rat, and normal (C57BL) and obese (ob/ob) mouse WAT. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities were absent in WAT pads (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal subcutaneous) from all animals. Nearly all nerves innervating WAT vasculature and parenchyma that were labeled with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5; pan-nerve marker) also contained TH, attesting to pervasive SNS innervation. When Siberian hamster inguinal WAT was sympathetically denervated via local injections of catecholaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (sparing putative parasympathetic nerves), subsequent PRV injection resulted in no central nervous system (CNS) or sympathetic chain infections suggesting no PSNS innervation. By contrast, vehicle-injected WAT subsequently inoculated with PRV had typical CNS/sympathetic chain viral infection patterns. Collectively, these data indicate no parasympathetic nerve markers in WAT of several species, with sparse DMV innervation and question the claim of PSNS WAT innervation as well as its functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Rooks CR, Penn DM, Kelso E, Bowers RR, Bartness TJ, Harris RBS. Sympathetic denervation does not prevent a reduction in fat pad size of rats or mice treated with peripherally administered leptin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R92-102. [PMID: 15731403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00858.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin increases sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in brown adipose tissue and renal nerves. Experiments described here tested whether SNS innervation is required for peripheral, physiological concentrations of leptin to reduce body fat. In experiment 1, one epididymal (EPI) fat pad was sympathectomized by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) in C57BL/6 mice that were then infused for 13 days with PBS or 10 microg leptin/day from an intraperitoneal miniosmotic pump. Surprisingly, EPI denervation increased total body fat of PBS-infused mice but leptin decreased the size of both injected and noninjected EPI pads in 6OHDA mice. Experiment 2 was identical except for the use of male Sprague-Dawley rats that were infused with 50 microg leptin/day. Leptin had little effect on EPI weight or norepinephrine (NE) content, but denervation of one EPI pad decreased the effect of leptin on intact EPI, inguinal and retroperitoneal (RP) fat and increased the size of the mesenteric fat pad. Experiment 3 included groups in which either one EPI or one RP pad was denervated. RP denervation reduced RP NE content but did not prevent a leptin-induced reduction in fat pad mass. Therefore, the SNS is not required for low doses of leptin to reduce body fat. EPI denervation significantly increased adipocyte number in contralateral EPI and RP fat pads and this was prevented by leptin. These changes in intact pads of rats with one denervated fat pad imply communication between fat depots and suggest that both leptin and the SNS regulate the size of individual depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie R Rooks
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Dawson Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Demas GE, Bartness TJ. Novel method for localized, functional sympathetic nervous system denervation of peripheral tissue using guanethidine. J Neurosci Methods 2001; 112:21-8. [PMID: 11640954 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple technique for local chemical sympathectomy of peripheral tissues is described using guanethidine. Multiple microinjections of guanethidine were made into inguinal or epididymal white adipose tissue (IWAT and EWAT) pads or spleens of hamsters. Guanethidine virtually abolished the sympathetic innervation of both EWAT and IWAT, as measured by the absence of significant norepinephrine (NE) tissue content two weeks later and as suggested by the two-fold increase in IWAT mass characteristic of surgically induced WAT denervation. These measures were not affected in the contralateral pads given equivolumetric injections of saline. Guanethidine injections into the spleen lead to a functional sympathectomy, as indicated by significant depletions of NE content. Because guanethidine treatment did not decrease body mass, induce ptosis, or spread to closely associated adjacent tissue (contralateral EWAT pad), no chemical-induced malaise or global sympathetic denervation was suggested. Guanethidine was more effective than two other local sympathectomy treatments, injections of the sympathetic neurotoxin anti-dopamine-beta-hydroxylase saporin or surgical denervation, in decreasing IWAT NE content and increasing IWAT pad mass. Collectively, these results suggest that locally applied, chemical sympathectomy with guanethidine provides an effective, restricted method for sympathectomizing WAT, spleen and likely other peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Demas
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave. NE, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
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Nnodim JO, Lever JD. Neural and vascular provisions of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1988; 182:283-93. [PMID: 3213825 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001820309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The innervation of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue has been studied by light and fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy after treatment with "false" adrenergic neurotransmitters 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine. The vascular markers neoprene latex and thioflavin S were used to define the blood vascular arrangements within the around the tissue. Catecholaminergic innervation was revealed by fluorescence microscopy at both parenchymal and vasomotor sites. In animals injected with 6-hydroxydopamine, this catecholaminergic fluorescence was extinguished in the parenchymal nerve distribution and markedly reduced in the vasomotor plexus. Identification of an extensive network of noradrenergic vasomotor and parenchymal nerve terminals was established by electron microscopy after 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine administration, but unmarked terminals were also observed in both distributions. These unmarked terminals might represent an additional nonnoradrenergic nerve supply to interscapular brown adipose tissue. The thoracodorsal veins draining the fat pads are directly tributary to a large median perforating vein, which joins the azygos vein, and are also continuous with the axillary vein. In addition to the recognized vascular distribution pattern of lobular arteries supplying an abundant capillary plexus drained by lobular veins, direct arteriovenous anastomoses were observed within the interscapular brown fat pad. It is postulated that these additional vascular arrangements are determinant in the phenomenal increase in blood flow through brown adipose tissue during metabolic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Nnodim
- Department of Anatomy, University College, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Barnard T, Ruusa J. Mitochondrial matrix granules in soft tissues. I. Elemental composition by x-ray microanalysis. Exp Cell Res 1979; 124:339-47. [PMID: 389646 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wakade AR. Recent developments in degeneration of the sympathetic neuron. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 10:351-7. [PMID: 387513 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(79)90069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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