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Ngo-Mback MNL, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Marco HG. Antifungal Compounds from Microbial Symbionts Associated with Aquatic Animals and Cellular Targets: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040617. [PMID: 37111503 PMCID: PMC10142389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections continue to be a serious public health problem, leading to an estimated 1.6 million deaths annually. It remains a major cause of mortality for people with a weak or affected immune system, such as those suffering from cancer under aggressive chemotherapies. On the other hand, pathogenic fungi are counted among the most destructive factors affecting crops, causing a third of all food crop losses annually and critically affecting the worldwide economy and food security. However, the limited number currently available and the cytotoxicity of the conventional antifungal drugs, which are not yet properly diversified in terms of mode of action, in addition to resistance phenomena, make the search for new antifungals imperative to improve both human health and food protection. Symbiosis has been a crucial alternative for drug discovery, through which many antimicrobials have been discovered. This review highlights some antifungal models of a defensive symbiosis of microbial symbiont natural products derived from interacting with aquatic animals as one of the best opportunities. Some recorded compounds with supposed novel cell targets such as apoptosis could lead to the development of a multitherapy involving the mutual treatment of fungal infections and other metabolic diseases involving apoptosis in their pathogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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2
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Kasteel M, Ketelaar T, Govers F. Fatal attraction: How Phytophthora zoospores find their host. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:13-21. [PMID: 36792439 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete plant pathogens, such as Phytophthora and Pythium species produce motile dispersal agents called zoospores that actively target host plants. Zoospores are exceptional in their ability to display taxis to chemical, electrical and physical cues to navigate the phyllosphere and reach stomata, wound sites and roots. Many components of root exudates have been shown attractive or repulsive to zoospores. Although some components possess very strong attractiveness, it seems that especially the mix of components exuded by the primary host is most attractive to zoospores. Zoospores actively approach attractants with swimming behaviour reminiscent of other microswimmers. To achieve a unified description of zoospore behaviour when sensing an attractant, we propose the following terms for the successive stages of the homing response: reorientation, approaching, retention and settling. How zoospores sense and process attractants is poorly understood but likely involves signal perception via cell surface receptors. Since zoospores are important for infection, undermining their activity by luring attractants or blocking receptors seem promising strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kasteel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Becking T, Kiselev A, Rossi V, Street-Jones D, Grandjean F, Gaulin E. Pathogenicity of animal and plant parasitic Aphanomyces spp and their economic impact on aquaculture and agriculture. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amponsah J, Tegg RS, Thangavel T, Wilson CR. Moments of weaknesses - exploiting vulnerabilities between germination and encystment in the Phytomyxea. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1603-1615. [PMID: 33821562 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attempts at management of diseases caused by protozoan plant parasitic Phytomyxea have often been ineffective. The dormant life stage is characterised by long-lived highly robust resting spores that are largely impervious to chemical treatment and environmental stress. This review explores some life stage weaknesses and highlights possible control measures associated with resting spore germination and zoospore taxis. With phytomyxid pathogens of agricultural importance, zoospore release from resting spores is stimulated by plant root exudates. On germination, the zoospores are attracted to host roots by chemoattractant components of root exudates. Both the relatively metabolically inactive resting spore and motile zoospore need to sense the chemical environment to determine the suitability of these germination stimulants or attractants respectively, before they can initiate an appropriate response. Blocking such sensing could inhibit resting spore germination or zoospore taxis. Conversely, the short life span and the vulnerability of zoospores to the environment require them to infect their host within a few hours after release. Identifying a mechanism or conditions that could synchronise resting spore germination in the absence of host plants could lead to diminished pathogen populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Amponsah
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia.,Biotechnology and Nuclear Agricultural Research Institute Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Tamilarasan Thangavel
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0212
| | - Paul F. Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0212
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6
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Ma XP, Zhang WF, Yi P, Lan JJ, Xia B, Jiang S, Lou HY, Pan WD. Novel Flavones from the Root of Phytolacca acinosa
Roxb
. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Pan Ma
- College of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical College; 201 Dalian Road Zunyi 563000 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Fang Zhang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Zunyi; 43 Ma-an-shan Road Zunyi 563003, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Sai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Hua-Yong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants; Guizhou Medical University; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
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Mondol MAM, Farthouse J, Islam MT, Schüffler A, Laatsch H. Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Curvularia sp. M12 Act as Motility Inhibitors against Phytophthora capsici Zoospores. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:347-355. [PMID: 28195475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Curvularia sp., strain M12, was isolated from a leaf of the medicinal plant Murraya koenigii and cultured on rice medium followed by chemical screening of the culture extract. Chromatographic analysis led to the isolation of four new compounds, murranofuran A (1), murranolide A (2), murranopyrone (3a), and murranoic acid A (4a), along with six known metabolites, N-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)acetamide (5), curvularin (6), (S)-dehydrocurvularin (7), pyrenolide A (8), modiolide A (9), and 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (10). The structures of the known compounds were confirmed by comparing ESI HR mass spectra, 1H and 13C NMR, and optical rotation data with values reported in the literature. The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass data. The absolute configurations of the new compounds were established by coupling constant analysis, modified Mosher's method, and CD data. Compound 8 showed a strong motility impairing activity against Phytophthora capsici zoospores at a low concentration (100% at 0.5 μg/mL) in a short time (30 min). Compounds 2, 3a, 6, 7, 9, and 10 exhibited zoospore motility impairment activity at higher concentrations (IC50: 50-100 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Mojid Mondol
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tamannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannatul Farthouse
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University , Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Tofazzal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University , Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Anja Schüffler
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research , D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tamannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Zhang X, Zhai C, Hua C, Qiu M, Hao Y, Nie P, Ye W, Wang Y. PsHint1, associated with the G-protein α subunit PsGPA1, is required for the chemotaxis and pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:272-85. [PMID: 25976113 PMCID: PMC6638540 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Zoospore chemotaxis to soybean isoflavones is essential in the early stages of infection by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Previously, we have identified a G-protein α subunit encoded by PsGPA1 which regulates the chemotaxis and pathogenicity of P. sojae. In the present study, we used affinity purification to identify PsGPA1-interacting proteins, including PsHint1, a histidine triad (HIT) domain-containing protein orthologous to human HIT nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). PsHint1 interacted with both the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)- and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound forms of PsGPA1. An analysis of the gene-silenced transformants revealed that PsHint1 was involved in the chemotropic response of zoospores to the isoflavone daidzein. During interaction with a susceptible soybean cultivar, PsHint1-silenced transformants displayed significantly reduced infectious hyphal extension and caused a strong cell death in plants. In addition, the transformants displayed defective cyst germination, forming abnormal germ tubes that were highly branched and exhibited apical swelling. These results suggest that PsHint1 not only regulates chemotaxis by interacting with PsGPA1, but also participates in a Gα-independent pathway involved in the pathogenicity of P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujuan Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pingping Nie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Islam MT, von Tiedemann A, Laatsch H. Protein kinase C is likely to be involved in zoosporogenesis and maintenance of flagellar motility in the peronosporomycete zoospores. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:938-947. [PMID: 21486142 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-10-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The motility of zoospores is critical in the disease cycles of Peronosporomycetes that cause devastating diseases in plants, fishes, vertebrates, and microbes. In the course of screening for secondary metabolites, we found that ethyl acetate extracts of a marine Streptomyces sp. strain B5136 rapidly impaired the motility of zoospores of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola at 0.1 μg/ml. The active principle in the extracts was identified as staurosporine, a known broad-spectrum inhibitor of protein kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC). In the presence of staurosporine (2 nM), zoospores moved very slowly in their axis or spun in tight circles, instead of displaying straight swimming in a helical fashion. Compounds such as K-252a, K-252b, and K-252c structurally related to staurosporine also impaired the motility of zoospores in a similar manner but at varying doses. Among the 22 known kinase inhibitors tested, the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine was the most potent to arrest the motility of zoospores at concentrations starting from 5 nM. Inhibitors that targeted kinase pathways other than PKC pathways did not practically show any activity in impairing zoospore motility. Interestingly, both staurosporine (5 nM) and chelerythrine (10 nM) also inhibited the release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangia in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, staurosporine completely suppressed downy mildew disease in grapevine leaves at 2 μM, suggesting the potential of small-molecule PKC inhibitors for the control of peronosporomycete phytopathogens. Taken together, these results suggest that PKC is likely to be a key signaling mediator associated with zoosporogenesis and the maintenance of flagellar motility in peronosporomycete zoospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tofazzal Islam
- Department of Crop Science, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Islam MT. Ultrastructure of Aphanomyces cochlioides zoospores and changes during their developmental transitions triggered by the host-specific flavone cochliophilin A. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50 Suppl 1:S58-67. [PMID: 20473957 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces cochlioides is a serious damping-off causing pathogen of sugar beet, spinach and some other members of Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae. The biflagellated motile zoospores of the pathogen locate their host roots by perceiving the host-specific flavone cochliophilin A (5-hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone), transiently modify into cystospores that germinate prior to penetration. This study for the first time illustrated ultrastructure of the zoospores and morphological modification during their developmental transitions triggered by cochliophilin A using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM revealed that zoospores had two heterokont flagella inserted laterally into a ventral groove of their body where each is attached to a kinetosome. In the cross sections of flagellar axonemes, two single and nine peripheral microtubules in doublets were clearly observed. Mitochondria, the Golgi complexes, finger print vesicles, and vesicles with striated electron opaque inclusion and vesicles containing a granular cortex and center were also detected. The latter vesicles disappeared and two flagella were shed when zoospores converted to spherical cystsopores. The shape, size and number of mitochondria were dynamically changed during the encystment of zoospores presumably through fission and fusion processes. The dynamics of mitochondria observed in this study indicated its distinct role in the signal transduction pathway of the zoospore encystment. This study also revealed the transformation of shape of nuclei from pyriform in zoospores to spherical in cystospores and lanceolate in the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tofazzal Islam
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Dynamic rearrangement of F‐actin organization triggered by host‐specific plant signal is linked to morphogenesis ofAphanomyces cochlioideszoospores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:553-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Actin filaments predominate in morphogenic cell stages, whereas plaques predominate in non-morphogenic cell stages in Peronosporomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:868-82. [PMID: 18524561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the structural distribution of both types of actin arrays, filaments and plaques, in a soil-borne phytopathogenic peronosporomycete (oomycete), Aphanomyces cochlioides, under standardized host-free bioassays. The phenomenon was monitored during progression through all the asexual developmental processes of the organism. It was noted that the filamentous-form of actin was predominant during the morphogenic (morphologically active) stages of development. Conversely, during non-morphogenic (morphologically quiescent) stages, plaques dominated. From these analyses, we proposed a criterion that predominance of an actin form relates to, and precedes the morphological behaviour of a cellular stage in Peronosporomycetes. A decrease in the quantity of plaques in the encysted zoospore (non-morphogenic stage) during its developmental progression into morphogenic stages, both in germination and regeneration processes, asserted the notion that plaques function as the organization centres and are related to the reorganization of cell structure and the transition of the cell into a new stage. Furthermore, polymerization of filamentous-form during emergence stages in zoospore regeneration process revealed that filaments render motility to a developing zoospore. This unprecedented function of filaments in the developing zoospores was demonstrated using nicotinamide (0.8 x 10(-6)m), which did not cause actin disruption, but could induce zoospore encystment, and its further replacement with water triggered the zoospore emergence process. Additionally, by using latrunculin B, an actin polymerization inhibitor, we also demonstrated the functional necessity of actin during various developmental processes in Aphanomyces.
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Kikuchi K, Matsushita N, Suzuki K, Hogetsu T. Flavonoids induce germination of basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus bovinus. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:563-570. [PMID: 17516095 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Under laboratory conditions, spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi usually germinate very poorly or not at all. In a previous study, we showed that spores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus bovinus germinated through the combination of activated charcoal treatment of media and co-culture with seedlings of Pinus densiflora, which suggested that some substances contained in root exudates induced the germination. Among the compounds reported from root exudates, flavonoids have been elucidated to play various and substantial roles in plant-microbe interactions; we therefore investigated the effects of flavonoids on basidiospore germination of S. bovinus by the diffusion gradient assay on water agar plates pretreated with charcoal powder. Seven out of the 11 flavonoids tested, hesperidin, morin, rutin, quercitrin, naringenin, genistein, and chrysin, had greater effects than controls, whereas flavone, biochanin A, luteolin, and quercetin showed no positive effects. The effective concentration presumably corresponded to several micromolar levels, which was equivalent to those effective for pollen development, nod gene induction, and spore germination of F. solani f. sp. pisi and AM fungi. The results suggest that flavonoids play a role as signaling molecules in symbiotic relationships between woody plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Forest Botany, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Laboratory of Forest Botany, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Forest Microbiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan
| | - Taizo Hogetsu
- Laboratory of Forest Botany, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Sakihama Y, Shimai T, Sakasai M, Ito T, Fukushi Y, Hashidoko Y, Tahara S. A photoaffinity probe designed for host-specific signal flavonoid receptors in phytopathogenic Peronosporomycete zoospores of Aphanomyces cochlioides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 432:145-51. [PMID: 15542053 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aphanomyces cochlioides zoospores show chemotaxis to cochliophilin A (5-hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone, 1), a host derived attractant, and also respond to 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (2) known as an equivalent chemoattractant. To investigate the chemotactic receptors in the zoospores, we designed photoaffinity probes 4'-azido-5,7-dihydroxyflavone (3) and 4'-azido-7-O-biotinyl-5-hydroxyflavone (4) considering chemical structure of 2. Both 3 and 4 had zoospore attractant activity which was competitive with that of 1. When zoospores were treated with the biotinylated photoaffinity probe followed by UV irradiation and streptavidin-gold or peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin, probe-labeled proteins were detected on the cell membrane. This result indicated that the 1-specific-binding proteins, a candidate for hypothetical cochliophilin A receptor, were localized on the cell membrane of the zoospores. This is the first experimental evidence of flavonoid-binding proteins being present in zoospores, using chemically synthesized azidoflavone as photoaffinity-labeling reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sakihama
- Laboratory of Ecological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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15
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Islam MT, Ito T, Sakasai M, Tahara S. Zoosporicidal activity of polyflavonoid tannin identified in Lannea coromandelica stem bark against phytopathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces cochlioides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:6697-6703. [PMID: 12405764 DOI: 10.1021/jf020554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In a survey of nonhost plant secondary metabolites regulating motility and viability of zoospores of the Aphanomyces cochlioides, we found that stem bark extracts of Lannea coromandelica remarkably inhibited motility of zoospores followed by lysis. Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical characterization of Lannea extracts by MALDI-TOF-MS revealed that the active constituents were angular type polyflavonoid tannins. Commercial polyflavonoid tannins, Quebracho and Mimosa, also showed identical zoosporicidal activity. Against zoospores, the motility-inhibiting and lytic activities were more pronounced in Lannea extracts (MIC 0.1 microg/mL) than in Quebracho (MIC 0.5 microg/mL) and Mimosa (MIC 0.5 microg/mL). Scanning electron microscopic observation visualized that both Lannea and commercial tannins caused lysis of cell membrane followed by fragmentation of cellular materials. Naturally occurring polyflavonoid tannin merits further study as potential zoospore regulating agent or as lead compound. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of zoosporicidal activity of natural polyflavonoid tannins against an oomycete phytopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tofazzal Islam
- Laboratory of Ecological Chemistry, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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16
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Tyler BM. Molecular basis of recognition between phytophthora pathogens and their hosts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 40:137-167. [PMID: 12147757 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120601.125310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recognition is the earliest step in any direct plant-microbe interaction. Recognition between Phytophthora pathogens, which are oomycetes, phylogenetically distinct from fungi, has been studied at two levels. Recognition of the host by the pathogen has focused on recognition of chemical, electrical, and physical features of plant roots by zoospores. Both host-specific factors such as isoflavones, and host-nonspecific factors such as amino acids, calcium, and electrical fields, influence zoospore taxis, encystment, cyst germination, and hyphal chemotropism in guiding the pathogen to potential infection sites. Recognition of the pathogen by the host defense machinery has been analyzed using biochemical and genetic approaches. Biochemical approaches have identified chemical elicitors of host defense responses, and in some cases, their cognate receptors from the host. Some elicitors, such as glucans and fatty acids, have broad host ranges, whereas others such as elicitins have narrow host ranges. Most elicitors identified appear to contribute primarily to basic or nonhost resistance. Genetic analysis has identified host resistance (R) genes and pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes that interact in a gene-for-gene manner. One Phytophthora Avr gene, Avr1b from P. sojae, has been cloned and characterized. It encodes a secreted elicitor that triggers a system-wide defense response in soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene, Rps1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
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Simple Flavones Possessing Complex Biological Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Mizutani M, Hashidoko Y, Tahara S. Factors responsible for inhibiting the motility of zoospores of the phytopathogenic fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides isolated from the non-host plant Portulaca oleracea. FEBS Lett 1998; 438:236-40. [PMID: 9827552 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In a survey of plant secondary metabolites regulating the behaviour of Aphanomyces cochlioides zoospores, we found that root extracts of Portulaca oleracea inhibited zoospore motility. Bioassay-directed fractionation of Portulaca constituents revealed that the inhibitory activity was dependent on the interaction of two chemically different factors. These were identified as a phenolic compound, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, which by itself was active as a zoospore stimulant, and an acidic compound, 1-linoleoyl-2-lysophosphatidic acid monomethyl ester, which had zoospore-repellent activity. When Chromosorb W AW particles coated with a mixture of these pure compounds were bioassayed in Petri dishes, the inhibitory effect on zoospore motility was identical with that caused by root tip or root extracts of P. oleracea. Inhibited zoospores rapidly settled to the bottom of the Petri dishes where they initially encysted, and then germinated within 1-2 h. This is the first report of factors which inhibit zoospore motility without killing or bursting the zoospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizutani
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Morris PF, Bone E, Tyler BM. Chemotropic and contact responses of phytophthora sojae hyphae to soybean isoflavonoids and artificial substrates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:1171-8. [PMID: 9701573 PMCID: PMC34881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.4.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1998] [Accepted: 05/12/1998] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein on the chemotropic behavior of germinating cysts of Phytophthora sojae. Hyphal germlings were shown to respond chemotropically to daidzein and genistein, suggesting that hyphal tips from zoospores that have encysted adjacent to the root may use specific host isoflavones to locate their host. Observations of the contact response of hyphal germlings were made on several different substrates in the presence and absence of isoflavones. Hyphal tips of germlings detected and penetrated pores in membranes and produced multiple appressoria on smooth, impenetrable surfaces. Hyphae that successfully penetrated the synthetic membrane were observed to grow away from the membrane surface. The presence of isoflavones in the medium surrounding the hyphal germlings did not appear to alter any of those habits. Daidzein and genistein did not inhibit germination or initial hyphal growth at concentrations up to 20 &mgr;M.
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Affiliation(s)
- PF Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 (P.F.M., E.B.)
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Deacon J, Donaldson S. Molecular recognition in the homing responses of zoosporic fungi, with special reference to Pythium and Phytophthora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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