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Mori H, Chen JQ, Cardiff RD, Pénzváltó Z, Hubbard NE, Schuetter L, Hovey RC, Trott JF, Borowsky AD. Pathobiology of the 129:Stat1 -/- mouse model of human age-related ER-positive breast cancer with an immune infiltrate-excluded phenotype. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:102. [PMID: 28865492 PMCID: PMC5581425 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stat1 gene-targeted knockout mice (129S6/SvEvTac-Stat1tm1Rds) develop estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), luminal-type mammary carcinomas at an advanced age. There is evidence for both host environment as well as tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms to initiate tumorigenesis in this model. In this report, we summarize details of the systemic and mammary pathology at preneoplastic and tumor-bearing time points. In addition, we investigate tumor progression in the 129:Stat1−/− host compared with wild-type 129/SvEv, and we describe the immune cell reaction to the tumors. Methods Mice housed and treated according to National Institutes of Health guidelines and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved methods were evaluated by histopathology, and their tissues were subjected to immunohistochemistry with computer-assisted quantitative image analysis. Tumor cell culture and conditioned media from cell culture were used to perform macrophage (RAW264.7) cell migration assays, including the 129:Stat1−/−-derived SSM2 cells as well as control Met1 and NDL tumor cells and EpH4 normal cells. Results Tumorigenesis in 129:Stat1−/− originates from a population of FoxA1+ large oval pale cells that initially appear and accumulate along the mammary ducts in segments or regions of the gland prior to giving rise to mammary intraepithelial neoplasias. Progression to invasive carcinoma is accompanied by a marked local stromal and immune cell response composed predominantly of T cells and macrophages. In conditioned media experiments, cells derived from 129:Stat1−/− tumors secrete both chemoattractant and chemoinhibitory factors, with greater attraction in the extracellular vesicular fraction and inhibition in the soluble fraction. The result appears to be recruitment of the immune reaction to the periphery of the tumor, with exclusion of immune cell infiltration into the tumor. Conclusions 129:Stat1−/− is a unique model for studying the critical origins and risk reduction strategies in age-related ER+ breast cancer. In addition, it can be used in preclinical trials of hormonal and targeted therapies as well as immunotherapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0892-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jane Q Chen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Zsófia Pénzváltó
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Louis Schuetter
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Dontu G, Ince TA. Of mice and women: a comparative tissue biology perspective of breast stem cells and differentiation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:51-62. [PMID: 26286174 PMCID: PMC4595531 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue based research requires a background in human and veterinary pathology, developmental biology, anatomy, as well as molecular and cellular biology. This type of comparative tissue biology (CTB) expertise is necessary to tackle some of the conceptual challenges in human breast stem cell research. It is our opinion that the scarcity of CTB expertise contributed to some erroneous interpretations in tissue based research, some of which are reviewed here in the context of breast stem cells. In this article we examine the dissimilarities between mouse and human mammary tissue and suggest how these may impact stem cell studies. In addition, we consider the differences between breast ducts vs. lobules and clarify how these affect the interpretation of results in stem cell research. Lastly, we introduce a new elaboration of normal epithelial cell types in human breast and discuss how this provides a clinically useful basis for breast cancer classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Stem Cell Group, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London School of Medicine, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tan A Ince
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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Cardiff RD, Kenney N. A compendium of the mouse mammary tumor biologist: from the initial observations in the house mouse to the development of genetically engineered mice. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a003111. [PMID: 20961975 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, mouse mammary tumor biology and the associated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) have served as the foundation for experimental cancer research, in general, and, in particular, experimental breast cancer research. Spontaneous mouse mammary tumors were the basis for studies of the natural history of neoplasia, oncogenic viruses, host responses, endocrinology and neoplastic progression. However, lacking formal proof of a human mammary tumor virus, the preeminence of the mouse model faded in the 1980s. Since the late 1980s, genetically engineered mice (GEM) have proven extremely useful for studying breast cancer and have become the animal model for human breast cancer. Hundreds of mouse models of human breast cancer have been developed since the first demonstration in 1984. The GEM have attracted a new generation of molecular and cellular biologists eager to apply their skill sets to these surrogates of the human disease. Newcomers often enter the field without an appreciation of the origins of mouse mammary tumor biology and the basis for many of the prevailing concepts. Our purpose in writing this compendium is to extend an "olive branch" while simultaneously deepen the knowledge of the novice mouse mammary tumor biologist as they journey into a field rich in pathology and genetics spanning several centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Abstract
The mouse model for breast cancer has developed into a most effective means of dissecting and understanding this devastating disease. The inbred transgenic mouse lends itself to biological, molecular, immunological, and genetic studies. The observation, dissection, transplantation, and subsequent amplification of precancerous mammary lesions and tumors give the scientist the means to readily study the tissues and design interventions and therapeutic drugs for the future eventual control of breast cancer. There are many inbred strains of mice, selected for specific characteristics. The mouse is easy to handle, breeds well, and does not require extensive facilities, funding, and handling such as monkeys, chimps, and other animal models. A huge advantage is the capability for the transplantation of tissues as well as gene manipulation, which make the transgenic mouse a major research resource. The mouse has served the scientific community well for over a century and will continue to do so in the quest for understanding breast cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J T Young
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Hutchison and County Road 98, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
For over a century, mouse mammary tumor biology and the associated Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) have served as the foundation for experimental cancer research, in general, and, in particular, experimental breast cancer research. Spontaneous mouse mammary tumors were the basis for studies of the natural history of neoplasia, oncogenic viruses, host responses, endocrinology, and neoplastic progression. However, lacking formal proof of a human mammary tumor virus, the preeminence of the mouse model faded in the 1980s. Since the late 1980s, genetically engineered mice (GEM) have proven extremely useful for studying breast cancer and have become the animal model for human breast cancer. Hundreds of mouse models of human breast cancer have been developed since the first demonstration, in 1984, that the mouse mammary gland could be molecularly targeted and used to test the oncogenicity of candidate human genes. Now, very few scientists can avoid using a mouse model to test the biology of their favorite gene. The GEM have attracted a new generation of molecular and cellular biologists eager to apply their skills to these surrogates of the human disease. Newcomers often enter the field without an appreciation of the origins of mouse mammary tumor biology and the basis for many of the prevailing concepts. Our purpose in writing this short history of mouse mammary tumor biology is to provide a historical perspective for the benefit of the newcomers. If Einstein was correct in that "we stand on the shoulders of giants," the neophytes should meet their giants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Cardiff RD, Moghanaki D, Jensen RA. Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2000; 5:421-37. [PMID: 14973386 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009534129331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foci of atypical mammary epithelium have been associated with breast cancer in many species including mouse and man. The advent of targeted genomics has led to the creation of numerous genetically engineered mice (GEM) which display focal atypical lesions associated with mammary cancer. Some early lesions in GEM have a remarkable morphological similarity to pre-cancers in humans. While the malignant potential of atypical foci have been thoroughly documented in the non-GEM by tissue transplantation, a review of the literature reveals that precursor lesions in GEM remain incompletely described and only partially documented. Their validation as appropriate models of human breast preneoplasia awaits classical transplantation studies. Here, we review the literature characterizing early lesions of GEM models of mammary cancer, discuss the principles of the Focality, Atypia, and Association and present an introduction of mammary transplantation for model Validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Cardiff RD, Anver MR, Gusterson BA, Hennighausen L, Jensen RA, Merino MJ, Rehm S, Russo J, Tavassoli FA, Wakefield LM, Ward JM, Green JE. The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: the consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting. Oncogene 2000; 19:968-88. [PMID: 10713680 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NIH sponsored a meeting of medical and veterinary pathologists with mammary gland expertise in Annapolis in March 1999. Rapid development of mouse mammary models has accentuated the need for definitions of the mammary lesions in genetically engineered mice (GEM) and to assess their usefulness as models of human breast disease. The panel of nine pathologists independently reviewed material representing over 90% of the published systems. The GEM tumors were found to have: (1) phenotypes similar to those of non-GEM; (2) signature phenotypes specific to the transgene; and (3) some morphological similarities to the human disease. The current mouse mammary and human breast tumor classifications describe the majority of GEM lesions but unique morphologic lesions are found in many GEM. Since little information is available on the natural history of GEM lesions, a simple morphologic nomenclature is proposed that allows direct comparisons between models. Future progress requires rigorous application of guidelines covering pathologic examination of the mammary gland and the whole animal. Since the phenotype of the lesions is an essential component of their molecular pathology, funding agencies should adopt policies ensuring careful morphological evaluation of any funded research involving animal models. A pathologist should be part of each research team.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardiff
- U.C.D. Center for Comparative Medicine, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The mouse has emerged as a primary animal model for human breast cancer because the mammary glands of the two species are very similar in structure and function. In this regard the TDLU and LA have similar morphology. The mouse, infected by MMTV, develops "spontaneous" tumors with specific but limited tumor phenotypes. The advent of genetic manipulation has created transgenic mice that develop hyperplasias and tumors morphologically and cytochemically comparable to lesions in humans. Even experienced pathologists have difficulty distinguishing between lesions from the two species, and the morphological similarities support the utility of the mouse model in understanding human breast cancer. In this essay we review our experience with the histopathology of human and mouse mammary disease by comparing the normal gland with hyperplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of traditional and transgenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and The Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Squartini F, Bistocchi M, Sarnelli R, Basolo F. Early pathologic changes in experimental and human breast cancer: facts and comments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 464:231-61. [PMID: 3014948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb16007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Simpson HW, Mutch F, Halberg F, Griffiths K, Wilson D. Bimodal age-frequency distribution of epitheliosis in cancer mastectomies: relevance to preneoplasia. Cancer 1982; 50:2417-22. [PMID: 7139535 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19821201)50:11<2417::aid-cncr2820501129>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A census of epitheliosis in 500 consecutive cancer mastectomies has been carried out. The probability of concurrence of this phenomenon with cancer has a bimodal age-frequency distribution. It is high in cancer mastectomies from women in their early 40s, low in the late 50s and high again in the elderly. Epitheliosis during the reproductive life span is regarded as a reversible ovary-dependent abnormality. It is greatly increased in the premenopausal cancerous breast and it is thought that it carries increased risk for cancer initiation. In contrast the probability of epitheliosis in the breast in the elderly cancer patient is only slightly greater than in "noncancerous" post mortem breasts of similar age. Much of this "epitheliosis" may represent, in fact, indolent autonomous cancer though a small proportion could be epitheliosis supported by extraovarian estrogen.
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Anastassiades OT, Tsakraklides E, Gogas J. The histology of fibrocystic disease of the female breast. Correlation with epithelial proliferative lesions and carcinoma in situ. Pathol Res Pract 1981; 172:109-29. [PMID: 7312702 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(81)80127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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