Rheumatoid lymphoedema

[Unilateral lymphedema of the upper limb in a rheumatoid arthritis]

Les lymphœdèmes chroniques et localisés des membres ne sont qu'exceptionnellement signalés au cours de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR). Nous rapportons l'observation d'une patiente âgée de 63 ans ayant une PR diagnostiquée depuis dix ans et traitée par hydroxychloroquine, prednisone et méthotrexate avec une bonne évolution fût explorée pour une tuméfaction du membre supérieur gauche évoluant depuis deux ans. À l'examen clinique on notait un membre infiltré en totalité, indolore, élastique et recouvert d'une peau tendue, luisante mais d'aspect normal. Le reste de l'examen somatique était sans particularités. La biologie ne montrait pas d'anomalies. L'imagerie médicale (radiographies-X standards des os de l'avant bras et du thorax, scanner-X thoracique, échographie des parties molles et du creux axillaire, doppler artériel et veineux du membre atteint et écho-mammographie) se révélait normale. La lympho-scintigraphie concluait à l'absence de visualisation du réseau lymphatique superficiel gauche. Le diagnostic de lymphœdème secondaire associé à la PR était retenu devant la négativité du bilan étiologique. Une kinésithérapie de drainage lymphatique fût prescrite en association à des assauts cortisoniques mais l'amélioration n’était que partielle. Parmi les manifestations extra articulaires de la PR, les lymphœdèmes chroniques localisés des membres restent inhabituels et souvent méconnus. Leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques sont mal élucidés et leur traitement ne fait pas encore l'unanimité. Ils gardent en revanche une implication pronostique fonctionnelle majeure.

Lymphedema

Aggressively applied decongestive measures (ie, manual lymphatic drainage, low-stretch bandaging, exercise, skin care, application of compressive elastic garments) are the mainstay of lymphatic therapy. Therapeutic regimens should differentiate between the sequential goals of acute volume reduction and maintenance of limb volume. Elastic garments should not be employed until maximal volume reduction has been attained through decongestive lymphatic techniques. It is my opinion that use of intermittent pneumatic compression devices can play an important adjunctive role to decongestive lymphatic therapy but should not be substituted for these techniques. At this time, I am not inclined to use pharmacologic therapy in these patients but anxiously await the results of studies that might demonstrate efficacy for molecular approaches. Surgical intervention is reserved for a small number of well-selected patients. Liposuction for volume reduction appears to be a very promising approach for specific patients.

Lymph draining from foot joints in rheumatoid arthritis provides insight into local cytokine and chemokine production and transport to lymph nodes

OBJECTIVE

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammatory reactions in joints and adjacent tissues unaccompanied by clinically evident changes in lymphatics and lymph nodes draining the inflamed areas. The explanation for this phenomenon, which contrasts with infectious processes in joints and soft tissues that evoke major changes in the lymphatic system, is unclear. To determine which inflammatory factors produced in the joints of RA patients are transported in lymph to lymph nodes, we measured levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, and chemokines in prenodal lymph from the foot joints of RA patients and quantified their rate of transport to regional lymph nodes.

METHODS

Lymph was collected from the cannulated lymphatics draining the foot joints, tendons, fascia, and skin of 20 RA patients. Lymph flow rate and concentrations of proteins and immunoglobulins were measured. Cytokine and chemokine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results were compared with those obtained in 20 control subjects.

RESULTS

In the cannulated vessel, the mean +/- SEM lymph flow rate in RA patients was almost 2-fold that in control subjects (22.6 +/- 3.2 ml/24 hours versus 13.2 +/- 1.1 ml/24 hours; P < 0.01). Lymph concentrations of total protein, IgG, and IgM were 1.80 +/- 0.14 gm/dl, 384 +/- 45 mg/dl, and 32.0 +/- 1.5 mg/dl, respectively, in RA patients and 1.66 +/- 0.14 gm/dl, 238 +/- 32 mg/dl, and 15.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dl, respectively, in control subjects. The corresponding lymph:serum (L:S) ratios were 0.21 +/- 0.02, 0.22 +/- 0.02, and 0.15 +/- 0.02, respectively, in RA patients and 0.22 +/- 0.02, 0.19 +/- 0.02, and 0.11 +/- 0.02, respectively, in control subjects. The L:S ratios of <1 and the absence of significant differences between groups suggested a lack of local production of immunoglobulins. In RA patients, lymph concentrations (in pg/ml) were as follows: interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) 14.8 +/- 3.9, IL-6 511 +/- 143, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) 9.9 +/- 1.1, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) 4,274 +/- 737, IL-10 13.3 +/- 4.4, IL-8 846 +/- 174, IL-15 6.2 +/- 0.9, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 2.30 +/- 0.15, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 80.4 +/- 8.6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) 171 +/- 34. In control subjects, these values were as follows: IL-1beta 1.50 +/- 0.25, IL-6 79.0 +/- 14.6, TNFalpha 4.4 +/- 1.1, IL-1Ra 208 +/- 52, IL-10 0.0, IL-8 216 +/- 83, IL-15 5.00 +/- 0.45, GM-CSF 0.40 +/- 0.05, VEGF 42.0 +/- 2.4, and MIP-1alpha 3.4 +/- 1.7 (P < 0.05 versus RA patients for all except IL-15). The L:S ratio was >1 in all RA patient samples for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-1Ra, IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-15, TNFalpha, and MIP-1alpha, indicating local production of cytokines. Great variability in lymph cytokine concentrations, presumably reflecting differences in the intensity of local inflammation, was not reflected in serum cytokine concentrations. Intravenously infused methylprednisolone decreased lymph cytokine levels to normal within 12 hours. In contrast, their concentrations in serum showed little or no change.

CONCLUSION

High lymph concentrations of cyto kines and chemokines, exceeding those in serum, were found in RA patients. The L:S concentration ratios of > 1 indicate the local production of these cytokines and chemokines in the inflamed tissues. High flow rates of lymph containing high cytokine concentrations through the regional lymph nodes are likely to affect node lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Analysis of cytokines in lymph should provide insight into events in inflamed tissues in RA and in regional lymph nodes.

Lymphatic obstruction in rheumatoid arthritis

We describe four patients with rheumatoid arthritis and unilateral upper limb oedema. In all cases, qualitative lymphoscintigraphy showed lymphatic obstruction in the affected limb.

Lymphoedema of the limbs in rheumatoid arthritis

The lymphoedema of the extremities is a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); it does not appear to be correlated with positivity for rheumatoid factor nor with the clinical activity of the disease. The authors describe 6 cases of lymphoedema in patients affected by RA; in 3 of them the lymphoedema was localized in the upper and in the remaining cases in the lower limbs. Four patients, (one of whom has been subjected to a lymphoangiography which demonstrates an obstruction of the deep lymphatics), presented an increase of the plasma fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). This could confirm the hypothesis according to which the lymphoedema could be attributable to an obstruction of the lymphatics caused by fibrin and other degradation products of the coagulation system. In one case the authors underscore the therapeutic effectiveness of lymphodrainage associated with administration of diuretics.

Lymphatic disorders in rheumatoid arthritis

Lymphedema is a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Diagnosis is clinical: long-standing, painful swelling of a whole limb in association with RA. Cases described in the literature are predominantly of the upper limbs, sometimes bilateral. Diagnosis can be confirmed by biopsy of lymph nodes, lymphography, or preferably lymphoscintigraphy. The etiology of the edema is unknown. Mechanical obstruction and lymphangitis have been suggested. Pharmacological and surgical treatment of the edema have been disappointing, and treatment of the underlying RA does not improve the lymphedema. Physical treatment of the affected limb, such as massage, manual drainage techniques, light compression bandaging, and exercise, has been moderately effective.

Lymphedema of the upper limb in patients with psoriatic arthritis

Upper limb lymphedema occurs rarely in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but has been reported only once in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The pathogenesis is unknown. This study describes four patients (three women) with upper limb lymphedema, chronic symmetrical polyarthritis, and psoriasis. Three were seronegative, diagnosed PsA; one was seropositive. Age ranged from 39 to 64 years, duration of psoriasis was 6 to 42 years, and duration of arthritis was 6 to 12 years. Onset of lymphedema was unrelated to the extent or severity of arthritis, and no other cause for this condition was identified. Radiological appearances ranged from mildly abnormal to advanced joint destruction, but carpal disease was prominent in all patients. Lymphoscintigraphy was abnormal in three subjects. Lymphedema became bilateral in two and was associated with radiological progression of arthritis. Disease-modifying therapy produced improvement of lymphedema in two patients and correction of the lymphoscintigraphic abnormality in one. This study describes upper limb lymphedema in patients with PsA and suggests that local synovitis may play a role in its pathogenesis.

Lymphoedema of the limbs as an extra-articular feature of rheumatoid arthritis

Seven patients with lymphoedema of the hands and arms, an unusual extra-articular feature of rheumatoid arthritis, are described. In all cases the lymphoedema persisted throughout follow up--in one case for more than five years--and was resistant to treatment with slow acting drugs, steroids, or cytotoxic agents. There was no correlation with severity of disease. It is concluded that the lymphoedema in these patients may be associated with reduced numbers of lymphatic vessels; increased capillary permeability or abnormal fibrinolysis may also be contributory factors. Conservative management of such patients is recommended.

Lymphoedema of the limbs as an extra-articular feature of rheumatoid arthritis

Seven patients with lymphoedema of the hands and arms, an unusual extra-articular feature of rheumatoid arthritis, are described. In all cases the lymphoedema persisted throughout follow up--in one case for more than five years--and was resistant to treatment with slow acting drugs, steroids, or cytotoxic agents. There was no correlation with severity of disease. It is concluded that the lymphoedema in these patients may be associated with reduced numbers of lymphatic vessels; increased capillary permeability or abnormal fibrinolysis may also be contributory factors. Conservative management of such patients is recommended.