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Yoshinaga K, Ishikawa H, Taira S, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Usami Y, Gotoh N. Selective Visualization of Administrated Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Brain Using Combination of Simple Stable Isotope-Labeling Technique and Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8685-8690. [PMID: 32468807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new method for monitoring the distribution of administrated fatty acids in the body by combination of a stable isotope-labeling technique and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). The developed stable isotope-labeling technique is very simple and able to adapt to all the fatty acid species. In this study, we synthesized stable isotope-labeled arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and they were simultaneously administrated to mice to examine their migrations and distributions in the brain. The administrated AA and DHA have two more molecular weights compared to the originals and apparently were distinguished from the originally accumulated AA and DHA in the brain using IMS. As a result, we reveal that the administered AA and DHA first accumulated in the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex in the brain. This technique does not use radio isotopes and would appear to elucidate the role of all kinds of fatty acid species in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Yuka Usami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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2
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Rahn AKK, Yaylayan VA. Isotope labeling studies on the electron impact mass spectral fragmentation patterns of chloropropanol acetates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8743-8751. [PMID: 23964824 DOI: 10.1021/jf4023228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloropropanol (CP) esters are part of an emerging group of process-induced toxicants that are considered as potential health hazards particularly in palm oil. Mass spectrometry-based methodologies for identification of CP esters in food are critical in overcoming the challenges associated with direct detection methods. In the present study, a convenient strategy was employed to generate all possible CP acetates through reacting acetic anhydride with either glycerol in the presence of a chloride source or the corresponding CPs, such as 3-chloro-, 1,3-dichloro-, 2-chloro-, and 1,2-dichloropropanols, allowing for the identification of the individual CP acetates and assignment of their mass spectral fragmentations. Mass spectral fragmentations were confirmed through the use of the isotopic signature of chlorine in addition to the isotope labeling experiments performed using isotopically labeled precursors, such as [¹³C-U₃] glycerol, [¹³C-U₄] acetic anhydride, [¹³C-2,2'] acetic anhydride, and [d₅] 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) as reactants. Such studies have indicated that all CP esters can undergo two general fragmentations under electron impact (EI) conditions, one generating the acylium ion at m/z 45 and the other generating a chlorinated cyclic acyloxonium ion at m/z 135.6. Considering the fact that such ions can also be generated from any fatty acid containing CP esters after undergoing McLafferty rearrangement, the ion at m/z 135.6 can therefore be considered as a universal marker for the presence of CP esters undergoing EI fragmentation. Furthermore, these studies have also indicated the formation of ions characteristic of CP diesters, monoesters, and dichloro esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K K Rahn
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University , 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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3
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Darwish TA, Luks E, Moraes G, Yepuri NR, Holden PJ, James M. Synthesis of deuterated [D32 ]oleic acid and its phospholipid derivative [D64 ]dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:520-9. [PMID: 24285531 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oleic acid and its phospholipid derivatives are fundamental to the structure and function of cellular membranes. As a result, there has been increasing interest in the availability of their deuterated forms for many nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, mass spectroscopy and neutron scattering studies. Here, we present for the first time a straightforward, large-scale (gram quantities) synthesis of highly deuterated [D32 ]oleic acid by using multiple, yet simple and high yielding reactions. The precursors for the synthesis of [D32 ]oleic acid are [D14 ]azelaic acid and [D17 ]nonanoic acid, which were obtained by complete deuteration (>98% D) of their (1) H forms by using metal catalysed hydrothermal H/D exchange reactions. The oleic acid was produced with ca. 94% D isotopic purity and with no contamination by the trans-isomer (elaidic acid). The subsequent synthesis of [D64 ]dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine from [D32 ]oleic acid is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee, DC NSW, 2232, Australia
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4
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Bragina NA, Chupin VV. Methods of synthesis of deuterium-labelled lipids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1997v066n11abeh000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Vaver VA, Ushakov AN. High temperature gas-liquid chromatography in lipid analysis. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 26:327-406. [PMID: 7392962 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110461.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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Kemppinen A, Kalo P. Quantification of triacylglycerols in butterfat by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry using molar correction factors for [M-RCOO]+ ions. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:260-83. [PMID: 16996071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative electron impact GC-MS method using molar correction factors (MCFs) for [M-RCOO]+ ions has been developed for determination of molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAGs). MCFs were determined by linear calibration for 226 ions of 104 TAG species with good reproducibility: on the average, coefficient of determination was 0.975 +/- 0.043 and 0.963 +/- 0.115 for saturated and unsaturated TAGs, respectively. The MCFs of the sn-1(3) regioisomers of short-chain TAGs were lower than those of sn-2 isomers indicating ca. 2-3-fold higher cleavage of butyroyl and caproyl groups from the primary positions than from the secondary position. The method enabled quantification of 139 and 135 individual TAG species of butterfat (BF) and interesterified butterfat, respectively, including several regioisomers of short-chain TAGs. The most abundant molecular species of the even-numbered TAGs in BF were butyroylpalmitoyloleoylglycerol (5.05 mol%), butyroyldipalmitoylglycerol (4.75 mol%), and palmitoyldioleoylglycerol (3.32 mol%). The method provides an alternative for elucidation of nutritional and technological properties of relatively saturated TAG mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmo Kemppinen
- Department of Food Technology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Guaragna A, De Nisco M, Pedatella S, Pinto V, Palumbo G. An expeditious procedure for the synthesis of isotopically labelled fatty acids: preparation of 2,2-d2-nonadecanoic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Kraft R, Brachwitz H, Etzold G, Langen P, Zöpfl HJ. Halogenlipide. I. Massenspektrometrische Strukturuntersuchung stellungsisomerer Fettsäureester der Halogenpropandiole (Desoxyhalogen-glyceride). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19793210507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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van den Berg JDJ, Vermist ND, Carlyle L, Holcapek M, Boon JJ. Effects of traditional processing methods of linseed oil on the composition of its triacylglycerols. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:181-99. [PMID: 15334906 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Different oil processing methods were performed, which included washing with water and treatment with lead-based driers, with and without heating to different temperatures, giving a set of 7 oils to be investigated. The effects of the traditional processing methods of linseed oil on its triacylglycerol (TAG) composition were studied, using the following analytical methods: high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS), direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS). A decrease of the initial cis-double bonds and the formation of trans-double bonds upon heating of the oils was observed. Heating a lead and oil mixture to 150 degrees C, or heating the oil alone to 300 degrees C led to the highest degree of oxidation. A difference was observed for the oxidation patterns for oils with and without the addition of lead. Furthermore, levels of oxygen incorporation were higher when lead was added to the oil. High temperature treatment of the oils resulted in an increased average molecular weight. The changes in the initial conformation of the double bond systems observed with FTIR were supported by HPLC-APCI-MS measurements that showed the formation of a number of new isomeric TAGs in the heated oil compared to freshly pressed, untreated oil. Oligomerisation up to hexamers was observed with HPSEC, and MALDI-TOF-MS. The formation of oligomers up to trimers only, however, was observed with ESI-FTICR-MS. Incorporation of oxygen was mainly observed with MALDI-TOF-MS and ESI-FTICR-MS whereas with DTMS and FTIR hardly any evidence was found for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit D J van den Berg
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Unit for Macromolecular Mass Spectrometry, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Byrdwell WC, Neff WE. Dual parallel electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS and MS/MS/MS for the analysis of triacylglycerols and triacylglycerol oxidation products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:300-319. [PMID: 11816045 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two mass spectrometers, in parallel, were employed simultaneously for analysis of triacylglycerols in canola oil, for analysis of triolein oxidation products, and for analysis of triacylglycerol positional isomers separated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was interfaced via an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface to two reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns in series. An ion trap mass spectrometer was coupled to the same two columns using an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, with ammonium formate added as electrolyte. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under these conditions produced abundant ammonium adduct ions from triacylglycerols, which were then fragmented to produce MS/MS spectra and then fragmented further to produce MS/MS/MS spectra. ESI-MS/MS of the ammoniated adduct ions gave product ion mass spectra which were similar to mass spectra obtained by APCI-MS. ESI-MS/MS produced diacylglycerol fragment ions, and additional fragmentation (MS/MS/MS) produced [RCO](+) (acylium) ions, [RCOO+58](+) ions, and other related ions which allowed assignment of individual acyl chain identities. APCI-MS of triacylglycerol oxidation products produced spectra like those reported previously using APCI-MS. APCI-MS/MS produced ions related to individual fatty acid chains. ESI-MS of triacylglycerol oxidation products produced abundant ammonium adduct ions, even for those molecules which previously produced little or no intact molecular ions under APCI-MS conditions. Fragmentation (MS/MS) of the [M+NH(4)](+) ions produced results similar to those obtained by APCI-MS. Further fragmentation (MS/MS/MS) of the diacylglycerol fragments of oxidation products provided information on the oxidized individual fatty acyl chains. ESI-MS and APCI-MS were found to be complementary techniques, which together contributed to a better understanding of the identities of the products formed by oxidation of triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wm Craig Byrdwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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11
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Phonphok N, Chidichimo G, Westerman PW. Disposition of chloroform in phosphatidylcholine membranes: a 2H- and 31P-NMR study. Chem Phys Lipids 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Laakso P. Analysis of triacylglycerols— approaching the molecular composition of natural mixtures. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129609541075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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14
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Byrdwell WC, Emken EA. Analysis of triglycerides using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids 1995; 30:173-5. [PMID: 7769975 DOI: 10.1007/bf02538272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry was investigated as a new method for analysis of a mixture of triglycerides separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A mixture of homogeneous (monoacid) triglyceride standards containing fatty acids with zero to three double bonds was analyzed to demonstrate the quality of mass spectra obtained by using the APCI interface. The mass spectra showed that minimal fragmentation occurs, resulting primarily in diglyceride [M-RCOO]+ ions and [M + 1]+ protonated molecular ions. The degree of unsaturation within the acyl chains had a marked effect on the proportion of diglyceride ions vs. the [M + 1]+ ions formed in the APCI source. The mass spectra of triglycerides containing fatty acids with two or three double bonds showed predominantly protonated triglyceride ions, with diglyceride peaks representing 13 to 25% of the base peak. The triglycerides containing singly unsaturated fatty acids gave diglyceride ions as the base peak, and [M + 1]+ ions with an intensity 20 to 28% that of the base peak. Only diglyceride ions were observable in the spectra of triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Byrdwell
- FQS, NCAUR, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA
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15
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Zöllner P, Lorbeer E, Remberg G. Utility of nicotinoyl derivatives in structural studies of mono- and diacylglycerols by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210290508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Hamilton KS, Briere K, Jarrell HC, Grant CW. Acyl chain length effects related to glycosphingolipid crypticity in phospholipid membranes: probed by 2H-NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1190:367-75. [PMID: 8142438 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wideline 2H-NMR was used to consider the relationships amongst glycosphingolipid and phospholipid fatty acid chain length and glycosphingolipid receptor function, in a system classically associated with crypticity. Galactosyl ceramide (GalCer), having 18- or 24-carbon fatty acid, was deuterium labelled at the conformationally-restricted fatty acid alpha-carbon (C-2). 2H-NMR spectra of N-[2,2-2H2]stearoyl and N-[2,2-2H2]lignoceroyl GalCer (GalCer with 18-vs. 24-carbon selectively deuterated fatty acid) were then compared over a range of temperatures in phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol membranes in which the host phospholipid had dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl, or distearoyl fatty acid composition. Findings were evaluated in the light of known sensitivity of antibody interaction with GalCer to temperature and to both glycolipid fatty acid chain length and host matrix fatty acid chain length. Under the conditions of experimentation, spectra were not obtainable for glycolipids having rigid body motions that were slow on the NMR timescale (10(-4)-10(-5) s)-i.e.. motions typical of non-fluid (gel phase) membranes. The systems, DPPC/cholesterol and DSPC/cholesterol, in which the original observation was made of increased antibody binding to GalCer with long fatty acid, proved to be characterised by receptor motions that were in this slow timescale for both 18:0 and 24:0 GalCer at 22-24 degrees C. Under conditions for which spectra could be obtained, those for GalCer with [2,2-2H2]lignoceroyl (24-carbon alpha-deuterated) fatty acid were qualitatively similar to those of its 18-carbon analogue in all (fluid) membranes examined. However, spectral splittings differed quantitatively between deuterated 18:0 and 24:0 GalCer at a given temperature, dependent upon host matrix. These differences were most marked at lower temperatures and in the longer chain (more ordered) matrices, DPPC/cholesterol and DSPC/cholesterol. This suggests that maximum effects of glycolipid chain length on glycolipid receptor function may be expected to occur in spatially and motionally constrained lipid environments. There was little effect of temperature on spectral splittings seen for a given sample containing deuterated 18:0 GalCer. The small differences seen could be adequately accounted for by relatively minor alterations in glycolipid order and backbone conformation. In contrast, 24:0 GalCer in DPPC/cholesterol and DSPC/cholesterol displayed significant variation in its spectral splittings as the temperature was reduced; and these proved to be the source of the quantitative differences between 18:0 and 24:0 GalCer referred to above.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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17
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Kalo P, Kemppinen A. Mass spectrometric identification of triacylglycerols of enzymatically modified butterfat separated on a polarizable phenylmethylsilicone column. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02564227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paavo Kalo
- ; Dept. of Applied Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Asmo Kemppinen
- ; Department of Food Technology; University of Helsinki; FIN-00014 Finland
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18
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Gross JH, Veith HH. Unimolecular fragmentations of long-chain aliphatic iminium ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210280808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Hamilton KS, Jarrell HC, Brière KM, Grant CW. Glycosphingolipid backbone conformation and behavior in cholesterol-containing phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry 1993; 32:4022-8. [PMID: 8471610 DOI: 10.1021/bi00066a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
2H NMR spectroscopy was used to consider correspondence between existing single-crystal X-ray data for glycosphingolipids and their ceramide backbone conformation in fluid phospholipid membranes. A monoglycosylated sphingolipid, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which represents the core structure of many important glycosphingolipids, was derived by partial synthesis through replacement of all native fatty acids with the 18-carbon species, stearic acid, deuterated at C2. N-[2,2-2H2]stearoyl-GlcCer was used to probe glycosphingolipid orientation and motion at low concentration in "fluid" phospholipid bilayers composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), with and without physiological amounts of cholesterol. Spectral analysis, aided by stereoselective monodeuteration of the GlcCer fatty acid at C2, demonstrated that glycosphingolipid average acyl chain backbone conformation in fluid phospholipid membranes, with or without cholesterol, is likely closely related to that predicted from single crystal X-ray studies [Pascher, I. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455, 433-451; Pascher, I., & Sundell, S. (1977) Chem. Phys. Lipids 20, 175-191]. To test the generality of this observation, specific comparisons were made involving galactosylceramide (GalCer) and globoside. GalCer provided a glycolipid differing only in monosaccharide stereochemistry (galactose vs glucose). Globoside permitted isolation of the effect of headgroup size, since it is derived from GlcCer via extension of the carbohydrate portion by the oligosaccharide, GalNAc beta 1-->3Gal alpha 1-->4Gal attached in beta 1-->4 linkage to the Glc residue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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20
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Analysis of low erucic acid turnip rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris) by negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A method giving information on the fatty acid composition in positionssn-2 andsn-1/3 of triacylglycerols. Lipids 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02536641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Watnick PI, Dea P, Chan SI. Characterization of the transverse relaxation rates in lipid bilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2082-6. [PMID: 2315304 PMCID: PMC53630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2H NMR transverse relaxation rates of a deuterated phospholipid bilayer reflect slow motions in the bilayer membrane. A study of dimyristoyl lecithin specifically deuterated at several positions of the hydrocarbon chains indicates that these motions are cooperative and are confined to the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayer. However, lipid head group interactions do play an important role in modulating the properties of the cooperative fluctuations of the hydrocarbon chains (director fluctuations), as evidenced by the effects of various lipid additives on the 2H NMR transverse relaxation rates of the dimyristoyl lecithin bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Watnick
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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22
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A, Marai L, Sandra P. Identification of the more complex triacylglycerols in bovine milk fat by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using polar capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1988; 452:93-118. [PMID: 3243860 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fourth most volatile 2.5% molecular distillate of butteroil obtained by redistillation of the most volatile 10% cut was examined by gas chromatography on a polar capillary column (RSL-300) with electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. For this purpose the distillate was first freed from the acetyldiacylglycerols by thin-layer chromatography on plain silica gel and the remainder resolved into long and short chain length saturates, cis- and trans-monoenes, dienes and trienes by thin-layer chromatography on silver nitrate-silica gel. The order of gas chromatographic elution was established for more than 100 major and minor species making up the bulk of the molecular distillate. The results were used to derive the quantitative composition of the triacylglycerol species making up the various peaks obtained by polar capillary column gas chromatography of the total molecular distillate, which closely resembles the lower half of the molecular mass distribution of whole bovine milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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23
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Yu QT, Liu BN, Zhang JY, Huang ZH. Location of methyl branchings in fatty acids: fatty acids in uropygial secretion of Shanghai duck by GC-MS of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Lipids 1988; 23:804-10. [PMID: 3185114 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
2-Substituted 4,4-dimethyloxazolines (DMOX) have been found to be a useful alternative to the commonly used methyl esters for the localization of unsaturated bonds and other substituents in the fatty chain by mass spectrometry. The powerful directed fragmentation coupled with good gas chromatographic ability enables the structure elucidation of modified fatty acids in complex mixtures. Continuing our previous study, 76 out of a total of 86 fatty acids obtained from the preen gland wax of Shanghai duck now have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of their oxazoline derivatives. The identification was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra and comparison with the spectra and equivalent chain lengths (ECL) of the corresponding methyl esters. Main components of this lipid mixture are straight chain fatty acids (8.22%), and 2-, 4- or 6-monomethyl branched acids (53.69%), amounting to 61.91% of the total acid fraction. In addition, a large number of dimethyl-substituted fatty acids (31.4%) also have been found. Typical mass spectra, which are easily recognizable and highly specific for fatty acids substituted at various positions, are presented and classified according to the structural feature of the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Yu
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Westerman PW, Pope JM, Phonphok N, Doane JW, Dubro DW. The interaction of n-alkanols with lipid bilayer membranes: a 2H-NMR study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 939:64-78. [PMID: 3349082 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of eight n-alkanols with bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) has been studied by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). At comparable temperatures and concentrations of solute in the bilayer, order parameters measured at the 1-methylene segment of the n-alkanols show a maximum for n-dodecanol. For both n-dodecanol and n-tetradecanol, orientational ordering shows a maximum at the C-4 to C-7 methylene segments, with labels at both ends of the n-alkanol exhibiting reduced order. These observations are consistent with earlier findings for n-octanol and n-decanol. Unlike the longer chain n-alkanols, ordering in n-butanol decreases from the hydroxyl group end to the methyl group end of the molecule. Orientational ordering at nine inequivalent sites in DMPC, has also been measured as a function of temperature, for bilayers containing n-butanol, n-octanol, n-dodecanol and n-tetradecanol. At the 3R,S sites on the glycerol backbone, for comparable temperatures and solute concentrations, n-butanol produces a larger disordering than the other n-alkanols. This result probably reflects the greater fraction of time spent by the hydroxyl group of n-butanol in the vicinity of the lipid polar head group compared with the hydroxyl group in longer chain n-alkanols. It was found that n-octanol orders the acyl chains of DMPC, unlike n-butanol which disorders them, and the longer chain n-alkanols which have little effect. Within experimental error, the effect of n-dodecanol on order at all sites in DMPC is the same as n-tetradecanol. The influence of n-alkanols on DMPC ordering at twelve sites has been compared with that of cholesterol which is shown to interact with DMPC bilayers in a distinctly different manner from the n-alkanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Westerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272
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Strenk LM, Westerman PW, Doane JW. A model of orientational ordering in phosphatidylcholine bilayers based on conformational analysis of the glycerol backbone region. Biophys J 1985; 48:765-73. [PMID: 4074836 PMCID: PMC1329401 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(85)83834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular and conformational ordering in aqueous multilamellar suspensions of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) have been examined by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) in the liquid crystalline (L alpha) phase. Motionally averaged quadrupolar splittings vQ from six sites in the vicinity of the glycerol backbone have been analyzed by a molecular frame and order matrix approach in which the usual assumption of a freely-rotating molecule is not invoked. By assuming a relatively rigid glycerol backbone region, the six vQ values are found to be consistent with a conformation of the glycerol backbone that is almost identical to that of one of the two structures in crystalline DMPC dihydrate (Pearson, R. H., and I. Pascher, 1979, Nature (Lond.) 281: 499-501). The orientation of the most-ordered axis of the DMPC molecule is found to be tilted at an angle of 27 +/- 2 degrees with respect to the long axis of the sn-1 chain in its extended all trans conformation. The ordering of the most ordered molecular axis with respect to the bilayer normal is expressed by an order parameter of Szz approximately equal to 0.6 +/- 0.1, consistent with values in analogous thermotropic liquid crystals.
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26
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Identification of adduct radiolysis products from pork fat. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02541838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Batrakov SG, Sadovskaya VL, Rozynov BV, Bergelson LD. Molecular species analysis of lipids by metastable ion mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 1983; 33:331-53. [PMID: 6680050 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(83)90027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A convenient universal and fast mass spectrometrical method designed for the molecular species analysis of natural lipids is described. In contrast to the commonly employed procedures the method does not require chemical or enzymatic treatment and does not include chromatographic steps. The method relies on the recognition of ions characteristic of individual molecular species in the mass spectrum of a particular lipid fraction, that is accomplished on the basis of metastable ion spectra. The efficiency of this approach is demonstrated with a variety of natural lipids: triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin and ornithinolipids. The advantages and limitations of the method as well as possible further developments are discussed.
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Glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of wax esters, steryl esters and triacylglycerols. Lipids 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Merritt C, Vajdi V. Identification of radiation-induced triglyceride adducts by mass spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02680270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Merritt
- Science and Advanced Technology Laboratory; U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Laboratories; Natick MA 01760
| | - V. Vajdi
- Science and Advanced Technology Laboratory; U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Laboratories; Natick MA 01760
- ; Department of Food Science & Nutrition; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003
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Samulski ET, Luz Z. On the blue phase of cholesterogenic liquid crystals. A deuterium NMR study. J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.439909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Skarjune R, Oldfield E. Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of deuterium-labelled N-hexadeconoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 556:208-18. [PMID: 534624 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Deuterium Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramides (cerebrosides) specifically labelled with deuterium at one of positions 2', 6', 10' and 16' of the acyl chain, or in the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of the galactose residue, have been obtained using a spin-echo technique at 34.1 MHz with a homebuilt superconducting magnet spectrometer. 2. The effects of temperature and cholesterol on the deuterium spectra have been investigated. The results indicate, when compared at the same reduced temperature, that the hydrocarbon chain organization in the liquid crystalline phase of palmitoylgalactosylceramide is essentially identical to that seen in similar chain length glycerophospholipids. In particular, two sets of quadrupole splittings are seen for a 2'-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide, indicating non-equivalent deuterons as noted previously for phospholipids. 3. Two sets of quadrupole splittings are observed for the headgroup C-6-labelled N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide. It is proposed that these signals arise from the enantiomeric R and S lipids, and that motion of the hydroxymethyl group is slow (greater than 10(-5) S). These results suggest the presence of a hydrogen bond network in the polar headgroup region. 4. The effects of cholesterol on the deuterium spectra of N-palmitoylgalactosylceramide-labelled as C2H3 in the terminal methyl group, at 1:1 mol ratios and in excess water below the crystal to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature (Tc) of the pure lipid (82 degrees C), are different to the effects seen with the phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system. The spectra below Tc are characterised by two overlapping powder patterns, one with a quadrupole splitting of approx. 6 kHz (fluid liquid-crystalline phase) and one with a quadrupole splitting of about 20--25 kHz (crystal or gel-state lipid). Exchange between these two environments is therefore slow, leading to the possibility of characterising the cerebroside-cholesterol phase diagram using deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Binnemann P, Jahr D. Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Massenspektrometrie bei der Überwachung von Lebensmitteln und Bedarfsgegenständen. I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00480888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Akesson B, Gronowitz S, Michelsen P. Digestion and absorption of trioleoyl-thioglycerol in the rat. Chem Phys Lipids 1979; 23:93-9. [PMID: 455567 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(79)90037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A triacylglycerol analogue, rac-1,2-di-O-oleoyl-3-S-oleoyl-3-thioglycerol, was fed to rats and chyle acylglycerols were analyzed. Triacylglycerol was the dominating chyle lipid but X-triacyl-1-thioglycerol constituted approx. 6% of total chyle lipids. Its identity was verified by ultraviolet and mass spectra and its stereochemical structure by ORD and CD. The proportions of triacyl-1-thio-sn-glycerol/triacyl-3-thio-sn-glycerol were 63/37 and 78/22 in two experiments. Possible reasons for this stereospecificity are discussed. The study shows that the stereochemical configuration of lipids isolated from biological material can be assessed by ORD and CD.
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Oldfield E, Meadows M, Rice D, Jacobs R. Spectroscopic studies of specifically deuterium labeled membrane systems. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the effects of cholesterol in model systems. Biochemistry 1978; 17:2727-40. [PMID: 687560 DOI: 10.1021/bi00607a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholines specifically labeled in positions 2', 3', 4', 6', 8', 10', 12', and 14', of the 2 chain, of an N-deuteriomethylphosphatidylcholine, and of cholesterol-3alpha-d1, have been obtained by the Fourier transform method at 5.46 and 3.52 T on two "home-built" widebore superconducting magnet spectrometers, as a function of temperature and composition. Data on the specifically deuterium-labeled cholesterol molecule (in nonsonicated membrane systems) permits an estimate of the most probable angle of tilt of the sterol in the membrane, and evaluation of the order parameter (Salpha) describing rigid body motions in the bilayer. Segmental order parameters derived from the data presented allow calculation of individual chain segment projections onto the director axis and, consequently, estimation of effective chain length. It is shown that mathematical models which include chain tilt as well as those which neglect this type of rigid body motion give essentially identical results when applied to the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayer systems (in excess water, between 23 and 60 degrees C). Results of calculations of chain length and membrane thickness of a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-30 mol % cholesterol membrane system at 23 degrees C give excellent agreement when compared with recent high-resolution neutron diffraction data obtained on specifically deuterium labeled lecithin-cholesterol systems. No evidence for formation of lecithin-cholesterol complexes having lifetimes of approximately 30 ms has been found. Below the pure-lipid gel-liquid crystal phase transition temperature Tc but in the presence of cholesterol, we have obtained further evidence for 1-chain/2-chain nonequivalence. At 10 degrees C, the 2' segment of the 2 chain, but not the 2' segment of the 1 chain or the 3', 6', or 12' segments of the 2 chain, is broadened almost beyond detection. These results are in agreement with similar effects reported recently for the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system and may indicate a bent configuration for the 2 chain, in the lecithin-cholesterol system. Further cooling below Tc results in loss of the 1-chain 2'-position signal intensity plus 2-chain 3', 6', and 12' signals simultaneously. The increase in length of the 2 chain of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine upon addition of 30 mol % cholesterol of 23 degrees C is about 2.3 A. Addition of cholesterol to a choline-labeled lecithin results in complex behavior of the head group deuterium quadrupole splitting as a function of temperature, and cholesterol mole fraction. Above approximately 20 mol % cholesterol, the main effect is a decrease in quadrupole splitting as cholesterol content increases, the opposite effect to that observed with hydrocarbon chains.
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Abstract
The mass spectra of lipids are reviewed with emphasis on characteristic fragmentation patterns of each general class of compounds. Recent developments in the area of field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry are discussed relative to each class of lipids.
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Satouchi K, Saito K. Studies on trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerols by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1976; 3:122-6. [PMID: 990420 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadecyl-2-decanoyl-, -hexadecanoyl- and -octadecenoyglycerols and 1-octadecyl-2-decanoyl-, hexadecanoyl- and -octadecenoylglycerols as well as 1,2-dihexadecanoylglycerol were analysed by a gas chromatography mass spectrometer system. The following points are characteristic of the fragmentation pattern of these 1-alkyl-2-acyl derivatives: (1) in the spectra of alkyl acyl derivatives, ions at [M -15]+ and [M - 90A1+. are 14 mass units less than those of the corresponding diacyl derivatives; (2) the base peak is m/e 130; (3) alkyl acyl derivatives show fragments due to one acyl group instead of the two acyl groups of diacyl derivatives; (4) ions at m/e 314 and 342, [R1O + 73]+., are characteristic of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of hexadecyl- and octadecylglycerols, respecitvely; (5) the ion [M -R1O]+ is present, but the complementary alkoxy ion is absent.
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Lawson AM, Draffan GH. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1975; 12:1-103. [PMID: 781736 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Batrakov SG, Il'ina EF, Rozynov BV, Bergel'son LD. Mass spectrometry of monoglycosyldiglycerides. Russ Chem Bull 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00921273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Åndersson B, Anderson WH, Chipault JR, Ellison EC, Fenton SW, Gellerman JL, Hawkins JM, Schlenk H. 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid, new acetylenic acid from mosses. Lipids 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02532496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Curstedt T. Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers of 2H-labelled mono- and diglycerides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 360:12-23. [PMID: 4368891 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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