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Brown S, Tiernan J, Biggs K, Hind D, Shephard N, Bradburn M, Wailoo A, Alshreef A, Swaby L, Watson A, Radley S, Jones O, Skaife P, Agarwal A, Giordano P, Lamah M, Cartmell M, Davies J, Faiz O, Nugent K, Clarke A, MacDonald A, Conaghan P, Ziprin P, Makhija R. The HubBLe Trial: haemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) versus rubber band ligation (RBL) for symptomatic second- and third-degree haemorrhoids: a multicentre randomised controlled trial and health-economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2018; 20:1-150. [PMID: 27921992 DOI: 10.3310/hta20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal surgical intervention for low-grade haemorrhoids is unknown. Rubber band ligation (RBL) is probably the most common intervention. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) is a novel alternative that may be more efficacious. OBJECTIVE The comparison of HAL with RBL for the treatment of grade II/III haemorrhoids. DESIGN A multicentre, parallel-group randomised controlled trial. PERSPECTIVE UK NHS and Personal Social Services. SETTING 17 NHS Trusts. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged ≥ 18 years presenting with grade II/III (second- and third-degree) haemorrhoids, including those who have undergone previous RBL. INTERVENTIONS HAL with Doppler probe compared with RBL. OUTCOMES Primary outcome - recurrence at 1 year post procedure; secondary outcomes - recurrence at 6 weeks; haemorrhoid severity score; European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, 5-level version (EQ-5D-5L); Vaizey incontinence score; pain assessment; complications; and cost-effectiveness. RESULTS A total of 370 participants entered the trial. At 1 year post procedure, 30% of the HAL group had evidence of recurrence compared with 49% after RBL [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 3.51; p = 0.0005]. The main reason for the difference was the number of extra procedures required to achieve improvement/cure. If a single HAL is compared with multiple RBLs then only 37.5% recurred in the RBL arm (adjusted OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.15; p = 0.20). Persistence of significant symptoms at 6 weeks was lower in both arms than at 1 year (9% HAL and 29% RBL), suggesting significant deterioration in both groups over the year. Symptom score, EQ-5D-5L and Vaizey score improved in both groups compared with baseline, but there was no difference between interventions. Pain was less severe and of shorter duration in the RBL group; most of the HAL group who had pain had mild to moderate pain, resolving by 3 weeks. Complications were low frequency and not significantly different between groups. It appeared that HAL was not cost-effective compared with RBL. In the base-case analysis, the difference in mean total costs was £1027 higher for HAL. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were higher for HAL; however, the difference was very small (0.01) resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £104,427 per additional QALY. CONCLUSIONS At 1 year, although HAL resulted in fewer recurrences, recurrence was similar to repeat RBL. Symptom scores, complications, EQ-5D-5L and continence score were no different, and patients had more pain in the early postoperative period after HAL. HAL is more expensive and unlikely to be cost-effective in terms of incremental cost per QALY. LIMITATIONS Blinding of participants and site staff was not possible. FUTURE WORK The incidence of recurrence may continue to increase with time. Further follow-up would add to the evidence regarding long-term clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The polysymptomatic nature of haemorrhoidal disease requires a validated scoring system, and the data from this trial will allow further assessment of validity of such a system. These data add to the literature regarding treatment of grade II/III haemorrhoids. The results dovetail with results from the eTHoS study [Watson AJM, Hudson J, Wood J, Kilonzo M, Brown SR, McDonald A, et al. Comparison of stapled haemorrhoidopexy with traditional excisional surgery for haemorrhoidal disease (eTHoS): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016, in press.] comparing stapled haemorrhoidectomy with excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Combined results will allow expansion of analysis, allowing surgeons to tailor their treatment options to individual patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41394716. FUNDING This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 88. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim Tiernan
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Katie Biggs
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Hind
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil Shephard
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike Bradburn
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Allan Wailoo
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Abualbishr Alshreef
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lizzie Swaby
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Simon Radley
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oliver Jones
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Skaife
- Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anil Agarwal
- North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | | | - Marc Lamah
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Justin Davies
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Omar Faiz
- North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Nugent
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul Ziprin
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rohit Makhija
- Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough, UK
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Albuquerque A. Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids: A guide for complications. World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:614-620. [PMID: 27721924 PMCID: PMC5037334 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i9.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubber band ligation is one of the most important, cost-effective and commonly used treatments for internal hemorrhoids. Different technical approaches were developed mainly to improve efficacy and safety. The technique can be employed using an endoscope with forward-view or retroflexion or without an endoscope, using a suction elastic band ligator or a forceps ligator. Single or multiple ligations can be performed in a single session. Local anaesthetic after ligation can also be used to reduce the post-procedure pain. Mild bleeding, pain, vaso-vagal symptoms, slippage of bands, priapism, difficulty in urination, anal fissure, and chronic longitudinal ulcers are normally considered minor complications, more frequently encountered. Massive bleeding, thrombosed hemorrhoids, severe pain, urinary retention needing catheterization, pelvic sepsis and death are uncommon major complications. Mild pain after rubber band ligation is the most common complication with a high frequency in some studies. Secondary bleeding normally occurs 10 to 14 d after banding and patients taking anti-platelet and/or anti-coagulant medication have a higher risk, with some reports of massive life-threatening haemorrhage. Several infectious complications have also been reported including pelvic sepsis, Fournier’s gangrene, liver abscesses, tetanus and bacterial endocarditis. To date, seven deaths due to these infectious complications were described. Early recognition and immediate treatment of complications are fundamental for a favourable prognosis.
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Patel S, Shahzad G, Rizvon K, Subramani K, Viswanathan P, Mustacchia P. Rectal ulcers and massive bleeding after hemorrhoidal band ligation while on aspirin. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:86-89. [PMID: 24749117 PMCID: PMC3985041 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i4.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic hemorrhoidal band ligation is a well-established nonoperative method for treatment of bleeding internal hemorrhoids (grade 1 to 3). It is a safe and effective technique with a high success rate. Complications with this procedure are uncommon. Although rectal ulceration due to band ligation is a rare complication, it can cause life-threatening hemorrhage especially when patients are on medications which impair hemostasis like aspirin or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We present 2 cases of massive lower gastro-intestinal bleeding in patients who had a band ligation procedure performed 2 wk prior to the presentation and were on aspirin at home. Both the patients were hemodynamically unstable requiring resuscitation. They required platelet and blood transfusions and were found to have rectal ulcers on colonoscopy done subsequently. The rectal ulcers corresponded to the site of band ligation. The use of aspirin by these patients would have caused defects in the hemostasis and may have predisposed them to massive bleeding in the presence of rectal ulcers occurring after the band ligation procedure. Managing aspirin before and after the ligation may be difficult especially since adequate guidelines are unavailable. Stopping aspirin in all the cases might not be safe and the decision should be individualized.
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Subramaniam D, Hureibi K, Zia K, Uheba M. The development of Fournier's gangrene following rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-201474. [PMID: 24287481 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Fournier's gangrene in an 80-year-old male patient with diabetes after a routine outpatient haemorrhoid banding procedure is described. Four days following the procedure, the patient noticed an increasing amount of pain and swelling of the perianal region. When the patient presented to the emergency department 18 days later, immediate radical debridement of ischiorectal necrotic tissue was performed. A defunctioning loop sigmoid colostomy was also formed. Subsequent operations required excision of the scrotum and abdominoperineal excision of the rectum. Histology studies later confirmed the presence of necrotising fasciitis. The case acts as a reminder that clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for high-risk patients still suffering from problems following the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Subramaniam
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
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Piskun G, Tucker R. New bipolar tissue ligator combines constant tissue compression and temperature guidance: histologic study and implications for treatment of hemorrhoids. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2012; 5:89-96. [PMID: 23152714 PMCID: PMC3496967 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s34390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several minimally invasive technologies are available to treat common soft tissue lesions including symptomatic hemorrhoids. The use of energy to deliver heat and coagulate target lesions is commonly practiced. This study compares the histologic effects produced on intestinal tissues by two energy-based systems which employ different approaches of heat delivery. Methods Two heat delivery systems were evaluated in vivo in a single porcine subject: infrared coagulator and bipolar tissue ligator utilizing constant tissue compression and temperature guidance. Eighteen treatment sites divided into three groups of six were assessed. Treatment site temperature was measured and the effects of thermal treatment in the mucosa, submucosa, submucosal vessels, and muscularis layer were scored. Lateral thermal spread beyond the energy application site was also assessed. Results Treatment site temperatures were much lower in the bipolar ligator group than in the infrared coagulator group. The mucosal and submucosal tissue changes observed in tissues treated with infrared energy and bipolar energy at 55°C were similar. Both the mucosal and submucosal tissue changes with bipolar energy at 50°C were significantly less. Conclusion Both devices achieved similar histologic results. However, the unique design of the bipolar ligator, which allows consistent capture, constant compression, and temperature monitoring of target tissue, accomplished the desired histologic changes with less muscular damage at much lower temperatures than the infrared coagulator. The use of bipolar ligation could offer clinical advantages such as reduced patient pain and a minimized chance of heat-related collateral tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Piskun
- Department of Surgery, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Treatment of the hemorrhoids and anal mucosal prolapse using elastic band ligature--early and long term results. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2012; 83:654-61. [PMID: 22343202 DOI: 10.2478/v10035-011-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED THE AIM OF THE STUDY was to evaluate the results of the treatment of internal hemorrhoids and anal mucosal prolapse using elastic band ligation and to compare this method to chosen surgical procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 648 patients (363 males and 285 females). 474 patients were treated using an elastic band ligature and 174 patients underwent surgical hemorrhoidectomy. The average age of the patients in both groups was similar--49 years. The treatment tolerance was evaluated in the prospective study group. The intensity and duration of pain was assessed on the first and second postoperative day using a Verbal Rating Scale. RESULTS 86.5% of the patients were cured using Barron's procedure, success rate for second-degree hemorrhoids was 89% and for third degree--85.2%. Surgical hemorrhoidectomy was effective in 92% of patients. Early failure of elastic ligature was noted in 2.5% of patients. The recurrences of hemorrhoidal symptoms were observed in 11% of Barron's group and in 8% after hemorrhoidectomy. The intensity of pain was much higher among patients after surgical hemorrhoidectomy. The average of the pain score in the 4th hour was 0.3 for the elastic band ligation and 1.4 for the surgical treatment. In the 24th hour--0.2 and 1.7 respectively. Mean postoperative stay was 3.8 days. CONCLUSIONS Rubber band ligation is highly effective and well tolerated. Relatively minor pain following this procedure is found in only 9.5% of patients. The disadvantages of surgical hemorrhoidectomy are: important postoperative pain and long time of wound healing that impair the recovery to professional activity.
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Walega P, Romaniszyn M, Kenig J, Herman R, Nowak W. Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation with Recto-Anal-Repair modification: functional evaluation and safety assessment of a new minimally invasive method of treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:324040. [PMID: 22547979 PMCID: PMC3324335 DOI: 10.1100/2012/324040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We present 12-month followup results of functional evaluation and safety assessment of a modification of hemorrhoidal artery ligation (DGHAL) called Recto-Anal-Repair (RAR) in treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease (HD). Methods: Patients with grade III and IV HD underwent the RAR procedure (DGHAL combined with restoration of prolapsed hemorrhoids to their anatomical position with longitudinal sutures). Each patient had rectal examination, anorectal manometry, and QoL questionnaire performed before 3 months, and 12 months after RAR procedure. Results: 20 patients completed 12-month followup. There were no major complications. 3 months after RAR, 5 cases of residual mucosal prolapse were detected (25%), while only 3 patients (15%) reported persistence of symptoms. 12 months after RAR, another 3 HD recurrences were detected, to a total of 8 patients (40%) with HD recurrence. Anal pressures after RAR were significantly lower than before (P < 0.05), and the effect was persistent 12 months after RAR. One patient (5%) reported occasional soiling 3 months after RAR. Conclusions: RAR seems to be a safe method of treatment of advanced HD with no major complications. The procedure has a significant influence on anal pressures, with no evidence of risk of fecal incontinence after the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Walega
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Pradnicka Street 35-37, 31202 Krakow, Poland
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Su MY, Chiu CT, Lin WP, Hsu CM, Chen PC. Long-term outcome and efficacy of endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2431-6. [PMID: 21633644 PMCID: PMC3103797 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i19.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the long-term outcome of endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation (EHL) for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids.
METHODS: A total of 759 consecutive patients (415 males and 344 females) were enrolled. Clinical presentations were rectal bleeding (593 patients) and mucosal prolapse (166 patients). All patients received EHL at outpatient clinics. Hemorrhoid severity was classified by Goligher’s grading. The mean follow-up period was 55.4 mo (range, 45-92 mo).
RESULTS: The number of band ligations averaged 2.35 in the first session for bleeding and 2.69 for prolapsed patients. Bleeding was controlled in 587 (98.0%) patients, while prolapse was reduced in 137 (82.5%) patients. After treatment, 93 patients experienced anal pain and 48 patients had mild bleeding. Patient subjective satisfaction was 93.6%. Repeat treatment or surgery was performed if symptoms were not relieved in the first session. In the bleeding group, the recurrence rate was 3.7% (22 patients) at 1 year, and 6.6% and 13.0% at 2 and 5 years. In the prolapsed group, the recurrence rate was 3.0%, 9.6% and 16.9% at 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively.
CONCLUSION: EHL is an easy and well-tolerated procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids, with good long-term results.
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Walega P, Krokowicz P, Romaniszyn M, Kenig J, Sałówka J, Nowakowski M, Herman RM, Nowak W. Doppler guided haemorrhoidal arterial ligation with recto-anal-repair (RAR) for the treatment of advanced haemorrhoidal disease. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12:e326-9. [PMID: 19674029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A modification of Doppler guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation (DGHAL) to include the addition of recto-anal repair is reported. Preliminary results of function and safety of third and fourth degree haemorrhoidals are given. METHOD Thirty patients underwent DGHAL combined with recto-anal-repair (RAR). Each had rectal examination, anorectal manometry and Quality of Life assessment before and 3 months after the procedure. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. There were three (10.34%) patients of intra-operative and one (3.45%) of postoperative bleeding. Three months after RAR (17.24%) patients with minor residual mucosal prolapse were detected, three (10.34%) patients reported residual symptoms. There was no case of recurrent bleeding. Anal manometry at 3 months after RAR was significantly lower than before the procedure (P < 0.05). One (3.45%) patient reported occasional soiling 3 months after RAR. CONCLUSION Recto-anal-repair is safe in treating third and fourth degree haemorrhoids with no major complications and low rate of residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walega
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Pradnicka, Krakow, Poland.
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Shanmugam V, Muthukumarasamy G, Cook JA, Vale L, Watson AJM, Loudon MA. Randomized controlled trial comparing rubber band ligation with stapled haemorrhoidopexy for Grade II circumferential haemorrhoids: long-term results. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12:579-86. [PMID: 19508542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of haemorrhoids has resulted in the introduction of new surgical techniques including stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH). This randomized controlled trial compared the long-term effectiveness of SH with rubber band ligation (RBL) in the treatment of grade II circumferential symptomatic haemorrhoids. METHOD A consecutive cohort of patients was randomly allocated to either SH or RBL. Data on haemorrhoidal symptoms, Cleveland continence scores, sphincter assessment, SF-36, EQ-5D, HAD score and prior treatment history were assessed at enrollment and reassessed by long-term postal questionnaire. The details were analysed using spss 12.0 from Microsoft Access. RESULTS Sixty patients were allocated by computer block randomization. Both groups were balanced for age, sex and symptoms. Recurrence favoured SH [3 vs 11; OR 0.18, 95% CI (0.03 to 0.86), P = 0.028] at 1 year and, at a mean of 40.67 (31-47) months [4 vs 12; OR 0.23, 95% CI (0.05, 0.95); P = 0.039]. SH patients experienced prolonged pain [Median (IQR) = 7 (5,7) vs 3 (1,7), P = 0.008] and took a longer time to return to work [6 (3,7) vs 3 (1,6) days, P = 0.018]. This was no significant difference in quality of life. CONCLUSION Stapled haemorrhoidopexy achieved better disease control at 1 year without any major complication. This was sustained in the long-term. Further studies with greater patient numbers are needed to confirm this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shanmugam
- Department of Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Abstract
Hemorrhoids are a clinical and anatomical subject that has not been completely investigated. A link between the anatomy and the symptoms has still not been established. For this reason, it is difficult to class the different treatments. Non-surgical treatment is intended not to remove but to reposition and hold the hemorrhoids in an anatomically correct position and the reduce the vascularity. Different techniques have been studies but not all of them have been approved. For the moment, the recognised techniques include: infrared therapy, sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation. Cryotherapy has not been studied in controlled studies. One hopes that new techniques such as Doppler-guided artery ligation will soon be tested and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Coulom
- Clinique Saint-Jean-Languedoc, 20 route de Revel, Toulouse, France.
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Long-term result after rubber band ligation for haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:1007-10. [PMID: 19387663 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-009-0698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rubber band ligation (RBL) is a well-known and recognised outpatient procedure utilised for the treatment of symptomatic internal haemorrhoids. This paper describes a retrospective study which analyses the short- and long-term results of a personal series of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A consecutive group of 206 patients with symptomatic internal second- and third-degree haemorrhoids were treated with RBL as outpatients from 1982 to 1989. Two or three piles were legated in a single session. All patients were systematically visited after 1 month and 1 year. Respectively after 10 and 17 years, all the patients were contacted to obtain a telephone follow-up. RESULTS The short-term follow-up at 1 month and at 1 year showed that 46% of the patients experienced moderate anal pain for 24 h post procedure. Two patients had severe pain (1%) and were admitted in the hospital to be submitted to an operative haemorrhoidectomy within a few days. Only 2.4% of the patients experienced rectal bleeding after a week, and 20% had a second session of RBL after 1 month. At 1 year follow-up, 90% of the patients with second-degree piles and 75% of patients with third-degree piles reported no residual symptoms. The long-term telephone follow-up at 10 and 17 years collected the history of 138 patients (67%). A group of 69% was asymptomatic, 28% had residual symptoms, and 3% needed further surgery. CONCLUSION RBL is a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic internal haemorrhoids. Our long-term follow-up demonstrated good long-term results for internal second- and third-degree haemorrhoids.
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Jutabha R, Jensen DM, Chavalitdhamrong D. Randomized prospective study of endoscopic rubber band ligation compared with bipolar coagulation for chronically bleeding internal hemorrhoids. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:2057-64. [PMID: 19513028 PMCID: PMC3789656 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to compare the efficacy, complications, success rate, recurrence rate at 1 year, and crossovers of rubber band ligation (RBL) with those of bipolar electrocoagulation (BPEC) treatment for chronically bleeding internal hemorrhoids. METHODS A total of 45 patients of mean age 51.5 years, who had rectal bleeding from grade II or III hemorrhoids and in whom intensive medical therapy failed, were randomized in a prospective study comparing RBL with BPEC. Treatment failure was predefined as continued bleeding, occurrence of a major complication, or failure to reduce the size of all internal hemorrhoidal segments to grade I in < or =3 treatments. Patients were followed up for 1 year. RESULTS With similar patients, rectal bleeding and other symptoms were controlled with significantly fewer treatments of RBL than of BPEC (2.3+/-0.2 vs. 3.8+/-0.4, P<0.05), and RBL had a significantly higher success rate (92% vs. 62%, P<0.05). RBL had more cases of severe pain during treatment (8% vs. 0%, P<0.05), but significantly fewer failures and crossovers (8% vs. 38%). Symptomatic recurrence at 1 year was 10% RBL and 15% BPEC. CONCLUSIONS For patients with chronically bleeding grade II or III internal hemorrhoids that are unresponsive to medical therapy, safety and complication rates of banding and BPEC were similar. The success rate was significantly higher with RBL than with BPEC. Symptom recurrence rates at 1 year were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rome Jutabha
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, and Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dennis M. Jensen
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, and Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Disaya Chavalitdhamrong
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, and Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, Wexner SD. What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3201-9. [PMID: 19598294 PMCID: PMC2710774 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorectal complaints are very common and are caused by a variety of mostly benign anorectal disorders. Many anorectal conditions may be successfully treated by primary care physicians in the outpatient setting, but patients tend not to seek medical attention due to embarrassment or fear of cancer. As a result, patients frequently present with advanced disease after experiencing significant decreases in quality of life. A number of patients with anorectal complaints are referred to gastroenterologists. However, gastroenterologists’ knowledge and experience in approaching these conditions may not be sufficient. This article can serve as a guide to gastroenterologists to recognize, evaluate, and manage medically or non-surgically common benign anorectal disorders, and to identify when surgical referrals are most prudent. A review of the current literature is performed to evaluate comprehensive clinical pearls and management guidelines for each topic. Topics reviewed include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal fistulas and abscesses, and pruritus ani.
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Two-center experience in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease using Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation: functional results after 1-year follow-up. Surg Endosc 2008; 22:2379-83. [PMID: 18622559 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation (DGHAL), as a method of treating hemorrhoidal disease, is currently used in many centers across Europe, Asia, and Australia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and functional results of DGHAL as estimated by means of anorectal manometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2000 and 2006 the DGHAL procedure was performed on 507 patients with II-IV degree hemorrhoids in two centers (Poland and Austria). Three hundred eight patients were included in the initial phase of the study, designed to estimate the method's effectiveness. During the second phase (199 patients) selected functional results were also assessed. Patients were classified as having grade II (144), III (319), and IV (44) hemorrhoids. RESULTS There were no intra- and immediate postoperative complications. Good results were reported by 351 patients (69.2%), and were acceptable in a further 75 cases (4.8%). When the patients were grouped according to the stage of hemorrhoidal disease, 133 out of 144 patients (92.4%) with grade II and 272 out of 324 (84%) with grade III had very good or good results. Only 18 out of 44 patients (41%) with grade IV were satisfied with the operation. Fifty-nine patients after anorectal folds, fissure or anal canal polyp excision required analgesics for 1-2 days. Apart from lower contraction amplitude and contraction speed after 1 month there were no differences in anorectal functional tests. CONCLUSION Based on our results we may conclude that DGHAL is a safe and effective method and may offer an important alternative to operative hemorrhoidectomy with no risk of postoperative stool incontinence, minimal postoperative pain, and early return of patients to their normal activities. Nevertheless, this is a fairly new procedure with a short-term follow-up. Until 5-year observations of large, multicenter, randomized trials are published we cannot recommend this method as a gold-standard procedure, although it still can offer significant benefits to patients.
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Kayhan B, Ozer D, Akdogan M, Ozaslan E, Yuksel O. Can 5-aminosalicylic acid suppository decrease the pain after rectal band ligation? World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3523-5. [PMID: 18567081 PMCID: PMC2716615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) suppositories on rectal band ligation-induced pain.
METHODS: Sixty patients were randomized into two treatment groups.
RESULTS: Our results showed that there was no difference between 5-ASA suppository group and the control group for pain control.
CONCLUSION: 5-ASA may be an alternative treatment for hemorrhoids; however, it does not affect the rectal band ligation-induced pain.
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Life threatening sepsis and mortality following stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Surgery 2007; 143:824-9. [PMID: 18549901 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) was conceived and developed in Europe. Over the past decade, there have been reports of severe, life-threatening complications and 2 deaths. These are the first such cases from the Americas including the third known mortality. METHODS Two case reports from US surgeons are combined with eleven reports from the medical literature (both English and non-English speaking journals) for review. Only complications which required emergency abdominal operative intervention with fecal diversion were included. RESULTS These 2 cases occurred early in the surgeons' experience with SH (under 10 cases). Incomplete rings (doughnuts) of excised rectal tissue were noted in both patients. There have been a total of 13 patients reported from seven countries across three continents requiring emergency abdominal exploration and fecal diversion for complications related directly to SH. The complications noted in these 13 patients include: 9 cases of perforation, 6 cases of sepsis, 2 cases each of obstruction and Fournier's gangrene, and 1 case each of rectovaginal fistula and intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Seventy per cent of patients underwent abdominal exploration within 3 days of SH, 90% within 5 days. The age range was 24 to 77 years. Two of the 3 oldest patients did not survive the complication (68 and 77 years of age). Three patients succumbed to sepsis in the immediate postoperative period: one on postoperative day 4 after SH (Germany),one on postoperative day 6 after SH (Spain) and the third on postoperative day 10 after SH (US). The 2 mortalities from Europe occurred immediately after colostomy 4 days after SH (Germany) and immediately after re-exploration 6 days after SH and 5 days after initial colostomy (Spain). There have been a few reports of successful, non-operative management in select patients. Symptoms of abdominal pain, urinary retention, and fever after SH frequently herald these severe life-threatening complications. CONCLUSIONS SH has resulted in potential serious morbidity and even mortality in the immediate postoperative period. As the procedure has spread in popularity around the world, so too, it appears, have these severe, life-threatening complications. These complications are often heralded by abdominal pain, urinary retention, and fever. Surgeons should be aware of all of the potential complications (and associated warning signs and symptoms) of SH.
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Chau NG, Bhatia S, Raman M. Pylephlebitis and pyogenic liver abscesses: a complication of hemorrhoidal banding. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2007; 21:601-3. [PMID: 17853956 PMCID: PMC2657991 DOI: 10.1155/2007/106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhoidal banding is a well-established and safe outpatient procedure. Septic complications of hemorrhoidal banding are rare but can be fatal. The first case of pylephlebitis (septic portal vein thrombosis) and pyogenic liver abscess following hemorrhoidal banding in a 49-year-old man with diabetes is reported in the present study. Risk factors, management and the role of prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients are discussed. Caution against hemorrhoidal banding in immunosuppressed patients, including patients with diabetes, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Chau
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sacha Bhatia
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Correspondence: Dr Maitreyi Raman, University of Calgary, 234 Scenic Acres Terrace, Calgary, Alberta T3L 1Y4. Telephone 403-241-2183, fax 403-210-9368, e-mail
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Davis KG, Pelta AE, Armstrong DN. Combined colonoscopy and three-quadrant hemorrhoidal ligation: 500 consecutive cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1445-9. [PMID: 17665261 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-0273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining outpatient colonoscopy with simultaneous three-quadrant hemorrhoidal ligation in patients with symptomatic internal hemorrhoidal disease. METHODS A four-year analysis of patients undergoing combined colonoscopy and synchronous three-quadrant hemorrhoidal ligation was performed. Indications for the procedure were patients with symptomatic internal hemorrhoids who had failed conservative management and who also required colonoscopy. Conventional colonoscopy was performed under moderate sedation, immediately followed by synchronous three-quadrant hemorrhoidal ligation, using a TriView anoscope and Short-Shot hemorrhoidal ligator. Patients undergoing this procedure were entered in a computer database, and outcomes were tracked. Patients requiring repeat ligation, surgical intervention, or readmission within 30 days were identified and further analyzed. RESULTS Five hundred patients underwent colonoscopy with simultaneous three-quadrant internal hemorrhoid ligation during the study period. Four hundred sixty-seven patients (93.4 percent) had complete resolution of their symptoms and required no further treatment. Thirty-three patients (6.6 percent) required repeat ligation, and 11 (2.2 percent) required completion surgical hemorrhoidectomy for persistent symptoms. Fifty-two patients (10.4 percent) required incidental biopsy/polypectomy during the colonoscopy. Two incidental colon carcinomas were identified, and ligation was deferred. No patients required admission for bleeding after the procedure. There were no cases of pelvic sepsis, and no patients required emergent surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS Combining colonoscopy with three-quadrant hemorrhoidal ligation is a safe and effective method of treating symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. The procedure is convenient for both physician and patient and makes more efficient use of time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Davis
- Georgia Colon & Rectal Surgical Clinic, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
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McCloud JM, Doucas H, Scott ADN, Jameson JS. Delayed presentation of life-threatening perineal sepsis following stapled haemorrhoidectomy: a case report. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007; 89:301-2. [PMID: 17394719 PMCID: PMC1964734 DOI: 10.1308/003588407x179134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fournier's gangrene has been described after injection sclerotherapy and banding of haemorrhoids as well as after conventional haemorrhoidectomy. In addition, there have been several cases following stapled haemorrhoidopexy. A patient with this complication nearly always presents within the first week following surgery. We present an illustrative case of a patient who underwent stapled haemorrhoidopexy for prolapsed haemorrhoids and presented with fever, urinary retention and peri-anal pain 39 days later. At re-operation, there was extensive peri-anal necrosis. After wide excision and fashioning of a colostomy, the patient recovered. Our case shows that late presentation can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McCloud
- Department of General Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
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Tejirian T, Abbas MA. Bacterial endocarditis following rubber band ligation in a patient with a ventricular septal defect: report of a case and guideline analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:1931-3. [PMID: 17080276 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rubber band ligation is a common option used to treat symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Severe complications such as pelvic sepsis are a rare occurrence. We report a case of endocarditis leading to septic pulmonary and renal emboli following single-quadrant rubber band ligation. The patient had a known ventricular septal defect and developed low back pain and fever after ligation of a right anterior internal hemorrhoid. He was found to have septic pulmonary emboli, a renal wedge septic infarct, and a large vegetation on his membranous ventricular septal defect requiring operative intervention. Before this report, rubber band ligation has not been associated with endocarditis. According to several guidelines, this patient did not require antibiotic prophylaxis. It is unclear whether prophylaxis could have prevented this complication. Surgeons utilizing rubber band ligation need to be familiar with all potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talar Tejirian
- Department of Surgery, Colon and Rectal Surgery Section, Kaiser Permanente, 4760 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemorrhoids are a common complaint with estimates suggesting a prevalence of 4% of the adult population. Treatments such as rubber band ligation (RBL), sclerotherapy and excisional surgery have been in use for many years, and recently stapled haemorrhoidopexy, or procedure for prolapsing haemorrhoids (PPH) has gained acceptance. However, there have been consistent reports of severe sepsis, including a number of deaths. The purpose of this review was to assess the scale of the problem, and identify any predisposing factors, common presenting features, and treatment options in those who suffer these complications. RESULTS Twenty-nine papers were identified, reporting 38 patients. Of these, 17 had undergone RBL, three had sclerotherapy, one had cryotherapy, 10 had excisional surgery and seven had PPH. Ten died as a result of their sepsis. The cases included 16 with perineal sepsis, seven with retroperitoneal gas and oedema, and six with liver abscesses. Common presenting features were urinary difficulties, fever, severe pain, septic shock and leucocytosis. Most were managed by means of surgery, although a minority survived having received conservative therapy. With the exception of two patients (one of whom was human immunodeficiency virus positive and the other had a drug-induced agranulocytosis) all were well prior to surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although extremely uncommon, severe sepsis does occur post-treatment for haemorrhoids and all surgeons who treat such patients should be aware of the potential complications and alert to their presenting features. Early presentation without evidence of tissue necrosis may be managed conservatively, although most cases are managed by means of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McCloud
- Department of General Surgery, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, UK
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J K Ku
- Department of Surgery, Ipswich General Hospital, Ipswich Central, Australia.
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Lehnhardt M, Steinstraesser L, Druecke D, Muehlberger T, Steinau HU, Homann HH. Fournier's gangrene after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy requiring subsequent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:1729-33. [PMID: 15540306 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-004-0616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of Fournier's gangrene after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy of a previously healthy 76-year-old female patient is described. After such a common surgical procedure, the patient developed full-thickness skin necrosis of the perianal region including the rectum. Immediate radical debridement was mandatory. Because of rectal involvement, a diverting sigmoid colostomy was required. The rectum had to be removed by abdominoperineal resection. This disastrous complication was completely unexpected and unpredictable after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy because of the lack of predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Handsurgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Madoff RD, Fleshman JW. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1463-73. [PMID: 15131807 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kann BR, Whitlow CB. Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and management. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2004. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tgie.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gupta PJ. Infrared coagulation: a preferred option in treating early hemorrhoids. Acta Cir Bras 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502004000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The ideal therapy for hemorrhoids is always debated. For early grades of the disease, many different modalities of treatment have been proposed. Some are effective but are more painful, others are less painful but their efficacy is not assured on long term. Infrared photocoagulation has emerged as a new addition to the list. In this procedure, the tissue is coagulated by infrared radiation. During treatment, mechanical pressure and radiation energy are applied simultaneously to ablate the blood supply to the hemorrhoidal mass. METHODS: In the present retrospective study, the effect of infrared coagulation on patients with early grades of hemorrhoids is described. In a separate study, a comparison is made between Infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation in terms of their effectiveness and discomfort. RESULTS: 212 patients were treated by infrared coagulation and were followed up for a period of 18 months. Only 28 patients had persistence or recurrence of bleeding. Overall ratio of comfort and patient satisfaction from pain and bleeding was quite satisfactory. The comparative study showed that though rubber band ligation is more effective, it is a more painful procedure. CONCLUSION: These studies shows that Infrared coagulation for hemorrhoids in early stages could prove to be a easy and effective alternative to conventional methods as it is quick, less painful and safe. The procedure can be repeated in case of recurrence and should be considered as the first choice in early hemorrhoids.
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Su MY, Chiu CT, Wu CS, Ho YP, Lien JM, Tung SY, Chen PC. Endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:871-4. [PMID: 14652555 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the efficacy of endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation for treatment of patients with symptoms caused by internal hemorrhoids. METHODS A total of 576 consecutive patients with symptoms caused by internal hemorrhoids were enrolled in the study. Symptoms were rectal bleeding (239 patients) and prolapse (337 patients). The severity of the hemorrhoids was classified by using the grading system of Goligher. RESULTS All patients were treated by the same operator. Mean follow-up was 17.5 months (range 8 to 24 months). The mean number of band ligations per session was 2.86. The mean number of treatment sessions was 1.24. At least one grade reduction in the severity of the hemorrhoids was achieved in most patients (93.58%). Moreover, rectal bleeding was controlled in 228 patients (95.4%), and rectal prolapse was reduced in 310 patients (91.99%). After treatment, 85 patients experienced anal pain, 37 had mild bleeding, 4 developed external hemorrhoidal thrombosis, and one had a peri-anal abscess. The latter 5 patients were treated surgically and recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation is a simple, safe, and effective treatment for patients with symptoms caused by internal hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yao Su
- Digestive Therapeutic Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
The ideal therapy for early stages of hemorrhoids is always debated. Some are more effective but are more painful, others are less painful but their efficacy is also lower. Thus, comfort or efficacy is a major concern. In the present randomized study, a comparison is made between infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation in terms of effectiveness and discomfort. One hundred patients with second degree bleeding piles were randomized prospectively to either rubber band ligation (N = 54) or infrared coagulation (N = 46). Parameters measured included postoperative discomfort and pain, time to return to work, relief in incidence of bleeding, and recurrence rate. The mean age was 38 years (range 19-68 years). The mean duration of disease was 17.5 months (range 12 to 34 months). The number of male patients was double that of females. Postoperative pain during the first week was more intense in the band ligation group (2-5 vs 0-3 on a visual analogue scale). Post-defecation pain was more intense with band ligation and so was rectal tenesmus (P = 0.0059). The patients in the infrared coagulation group resumed their duties earlier (2 vs 4 days, P = 0.03), but also had a higher recurrence or failure rate (P = 0.03). Thus, we conclude that band ligation, although more effective in controlling symptoms and obliterating hemorrhoids, is associated with more pain and discomfort to the patient. As infrared coagulation can be conveniently repeated in case of recurrence, it could be considered to be a suitable alternative office procedure for the treatment of early stage hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gupta
- Gupta Nursing Home, Laxminagar, Nagpur, India.
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Abstract
Ambulatory proctology is till now very underestimated discipline, which is out of interest of big surgeons. But is is a very important field due to incidence of proctological affections and severe social consequences of their inappropriate diagnosis and treatment. We stress the conservative and semi-invasive treatment of hemorrhoids, anal thrombosis and anal fissures. We also mention the other anal pathologies.
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Maw A, Concepcion R, Eu KW, Seow-Choen F, Heah SM, Tang CL, Tan AL. Prospective randomized study of bacteraemia in diathermy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 2003; 90:222-6. [PMID: 12555300 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and consequences of bacteraemia associated with diathermy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy have not been studied previously. METHODS Two hundred and five healthy patients randomized to stapled haemorrhoidectomy or diathermy haemorrhoidectomy had perioperative blood cultures taken. The clinical sequelae of bacteraemia and complications of surgery were assessed prospectively. RESULTS Six patients were excluded for protocol violations. Eleven (11 per cent) of 101 patients with stapled and five (5 per cent) of 98 who had diathermy haemorrhoidectomy had positive blood cultures for organisms after haemorrhoidectomy, predominantly anaerobes commonly found within the bacterial flora of the anorectum (P = 0.19). Transient postoperative pyrexia in several patients did not correlate with detected bacteraemia and settled spontaneously without treatment. There were no serious complications from either operative technique, and no clinical consequences from proven bacteraemia. CONCLUSION Transient bacteraemia may complicate surgical haemorrhoidectomy but has no serious clinical consequences for healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maw
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports of serious sepsis following stapled haemorrhoidectomy have raised concerns about the appropriate treatment of haemorrhoidal disease. METHODS A Medline search was undertaken for reports of sepsis following the commonly practised conservative and surgical treatments of haemorrhoids. RESULTS Published accounts of significant septic complications after injection sclerotherapy, rubber-band ligation, cryotherapy, open and closed haemorrhoidectomy, and stapled haemorrhoidectomy are discussed. This is supplemented by the authors' own experiences of stapled haemorrhoidectomy. CONCLUSION Septic complications following both conservative and surgical treatment of haemorrhoids are rare but may be catastrophic. Immunological compromise poses an additional risk for many treatment modalities. The technique of stapled haemorrhoidectomy should be learned diligently to avoid septic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Guy
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Outram Road, Singapore 169608.
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Diseases of the Rectum and Anus. Fam Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-21744-4_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tomiki Y, Higashiyama A, Okada T, Watanabe T, Sengoku H, Kamano T, Tsurumaru M, Hayashida Y, Seki E, Sakurai H, Fujii Y, Gonda H. EVALUATION OF ENDOSCOPIC HEMORRHOIDAL LIGATION IN 119 PATIENTS. Dig Endosc 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1443-1661.2003.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tomiki
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Higashiyama
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Okada
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoo Watanabe
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sengoku
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kamano
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsurumaru
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hayashida
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eichiro Seki
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakurai
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujii
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Gonda
- *First Department of Surgery and †Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo and ‡Department of Surgery, Ohta General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Placer C, Ángel Medrano M, Goena I, Bollo E. Ligadura hemorroidal mediante aspiración con dispositivo desechable. Cir Esp 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-739x(02)71984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jutabha R, Miura-Jutabha C, Jensen DM. Current medical, anoscopic, endoscopic, and surgical treatments for bleeding internal hemorrhoids. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2001. [DOI: 10.1053/tgie.2001.27859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Moore BA, Fleshner PR. Rubber band ligation for hemorrhoidal disease can be safely performed in select HIV-positive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44:1079-82. [PMID: 11535843 DOI: 10.1007/bf02234625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many surgeons have abandoned the use of rubber band ligation for the treatment of hemorrhoids in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus because of the belief that this procedure could lead to disastrous outcomes. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rubber band ligation in otherwise healthy human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. METHODS A retrospective chart review of healthy human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients who underwent rubber band ligation for symptomatic hemorrhoids between April 1993 and May 2000 was conducted. RESULTS The study group comprised 11 patients. All patients were male, with a median age of 48 (range, 32-64) years. Mean T-cell helper count was 450 (range, 200-1,000) cells/microl. A median of 2 (range, 1-4) rubber band ligations were performed per patient. The median length of follow-up was seven (range, 1-28) months. There were no deaths or complications in any study group patient. Eight patients (73 percent) had excellent results, with complete resolution of symptoms. Two patients (18 percent) had initial improvement but subsequently had hemorrhoidectomy because of recurrent symptoms. Only one patient (9 percent) had no benefit from rubber band ligation and underwent hemorrhoidectomy. CONCLUSION These data suggest that asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients can be treated safely and effectively with rubber band ligation for symptomatic hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Moore
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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40
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Abstract
Understanding of hemorrhoidal pathology and treatment has come a long way. The theory of a sliding anal canal lining and the knowledge that hemorrhoidal cushions are a normal part of the anal anatomy should encourage symptom control rather than radical removal of tissue. Techniques that fix the cushions back in position can be performed in outpatients with reasonable success rates. When required, surgery should be aimed at symptomatic hemorrhoids. It is hoped that new developments such as circular stapling and better pain management will promote increased day surgery, better pain control, and less time off work for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hulme-Moir
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Cihan A, Menteş BB, Sucak G, Karamercan A, Naznedar R, Ferahköşe Z. Fournier's gangrene after hemorrhoidectomy: association with drug-induced agranulocytosis. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:1644-8. [PMID: 10613488 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An unusual case of Fournier's gangrene after hemorrhoidectomy and drug-induced agranulocytosis, as the predisposing condition, is described. The patient had severe granulocytopenia that was attributed to the recent use of dipyrone. Together with hemodynamic resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotic and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were started. Wide surgical excision of all the gangrenous tissues, in addition to laparoscopic formation of a defunctioning sigmoid loop colostomy, was performed. The white blood cell count rose steadily and the patient experienced a rapid recovery. We emphasize that radical surgery must be accompanied by pharmacologic interventions for a successful outcome in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cihan
- Department of Surgery, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Salvati EP. Nonoperative management of hemorrhoids: evolution of the office management of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:989-93. [PMID: 10458119 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E P Salvati
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901, USA
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Barwell J, Watkins RM, Lloyd-Davies E, Wilkins DC. Life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:421-3. [PMID: 10223767 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after injection sclerotherapy for first-degree hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barwell
- Department of Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Vandervoort J, Montes H, Soetikno RM, Ukomadu C, Carr-Locke DL. Use of endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of ongoing rectal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49:392-4. [PMID: 10049429 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Vandervoort
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Trowers EA, Ganga U, Rizk R, Ojo E, Hodges D. Endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation: preliminary clinical experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:49-52. [PMID: 9684664 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation may provide an alternative to surgical treatment of internal hemorrhoids. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of endoscopic elastic band ligation for bleeding internal hemorrhoids. METHODS Endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation was performed in 20 adult patients who had chronic rectal bleeding attributed to internal hemorrhoids. Elastic band ligation was accomplished using a ligating device attached to the end of a video endoscope. Repeat endoscopy was done 3 weeks after the initial procedure. RESULTS Seventy band ligations were performed during 23 separate sessions. Post-therapy endoscopy showed reduction of hemorrhoidal size by at least one grade in 19 of 20 patients (95%). Bleeding resolved in 19 of 20 patients (95%) in 5.4 months (mean) of follow-up; 18 of 20 (90%) required only one banding session. No major complications (perforation, secondary bleeding, deep ulceration) occurred in this small group. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data indicates that endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation is a safe and effective technique for treating internal hemorrhoids. It holds promise as an important technique for successfully treating and possibly eradicating symptomatic internal hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Trowers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA
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Zuber TJ. Diseases of the Rectum and Anus. Fam Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2947-4_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to evaluate the risks of multiple hemorrhoidal bandings in a single session. METHODS We retrospectively examined all of the patients who had hemorrhoidal bandings from July 1989 to August 1992. RESULTS Patients with multiple hemorrhoidal banding in a single session when compared with patients with single banding had greater discomfort and pain (29 percent vs. 4.5 percent), but this discomfort was usually manageable with oral analgesia of limited duration. There were also more vasovagal symptoms (5.2 percent vs. 0 percent), local swelling and edema (2.6 percent vs. 0 percent), and urinary hesitancy and frequency (12.3 percent vs. 0 percent) in the multiple-banded patients. No major complication such as massive delayed bleeding and perineal or pelvic sepsis was noted. CONCLUSION Most patients tolerated multiple hemorrhoidal banding in a single session with acceptably low complications. Multiple banding in a single session is a safe and cost-effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Lee
- Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona
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Bat L, Melzer E, Koler M, Dreznick Z, Shemesh E. Complications of rubber band ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36:287-90. [PMID: 8449135 DOI: 10.1007/bf02053512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In a prospective study, 512 patients undergoing hemorrhoidal band ligation over a seven-year period were followed up to focus on complications. Thirteen patients (2.5 percent) were hospitalized: six with delayed massive rectal bleeding, three with urinary retention, pain, and fever (one developed perianal abscess), and three others with severe pain due to prolapsed thrombotic hemorrhoids (one developed difficulty in urination). One patient developed perianal abscess and perianal fistula two months after ligation. Twenty-four patients (4.6 percent) suffered from minor complications: 11 patients had painful thrombosed hemorrhoids; five experienced slippage of bands; three had mild bleeding; two developed band-related mucosal ulcer; one experienced each time, after two subsequent ligations, priapism lasting several hours; and difficulty in urination and tender induration above the dentate line occurred in two other patients. Rubber band ligation is, in effect, a miniature hemorrhoidectomy and has been considered, until recent reports of fatalities associated with this procedure, as an effective, safe, and efficient method of treating symptomatic second-degree and third-degree hemorrhoids. We conclude that the ability to handle complications that occur secondary to the rubber band ligation and, thereby, prevent sepsis and the low rate of major complications in our study justify reliance on this method of treating symptomatic hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bat
- Gastroenterology Department, H. Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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