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Zahan R, Feng CX. Bayesian spatial analysis of socio-demographic factors influencing pregnancy termination and its residual geographic variation among ever-married women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1348. [PMID: 32887581 PMCID: PMC7472707 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsafe pregnancy termination is a major public health concern among reproductive-aged women in many developing countries. This study evaluated the socio-demographic characteristics, as well as residual spatial correlation in pregnancy termination among Bangladeshi women. METHODS Secondary data was obtained from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey for the survey year 2014. Data included 17,863 samples of ever-married women between the ages of 15-49 years, which is a national representative sample in Bangladesh. Bayesian spatial logistic regression was used to assess the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and pregnancy termination. We flexibly modeled the non-linear effects of the continuous covariates while accounting for residual spatial correlation at the district level. RESULTS Our findings revealed that about 19% of the respondents in Bangladesh reported ever had a pregnancy terminated. The risk of pregnancy termination was higher among women who had been working, had a higher wealth index, were in a conjugal relationship, had no children, were older and started their cohabitation earlier. Residual spatial patterns revealed the areas at a higher risk of pregnancy termination, including Panchagarh, Habiganj, and Sylhet after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of pregnancy termination remains considerably high in Bangladesh. The study revealed significant associations of women's age at survey time, age at first cohabitation, occupational status, socio-economic status, marital status and the total number of children ever born with reporting having a history of terminated pregnancy among Bangladeshi ever-married women. The identified socio-demographic characteristics and districts at an increased likelihood of pregnancy termination can inform localized intervention and prevention strategies to improve the reproductive healthcare of women in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Zahan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, 176 Thorvaldson Building, Saskatoon, S7N 5C9, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cindy Xin Feng
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, S7N 2Z4, Saskatchewan, Canada. .,School of Epidemiology and Public Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Cres, Ottawa, K1G 5Z3, Ontario, Canada.
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Obadi MA, Taher R, Qayad M, Khader YS. Risk factors of stillbirth in Yemen. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2018; 11:131-136. [PMID: 29843265 DOI: 10.3233/npm-181746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yemen has the highest stillbirth rate among the Arab countries. However, the risk factors of this high rate are lacking. This study aimed to determine the maternal, newborn, and service related risk factors for stillbirths at the main maternity hospital in Sana'a city. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in the main maternity hospital in Sana'a city, Yemen. Case and controls were selected prospectively during the study period. Cases were women who delivered stillbirths after 24 weeks of gestation. Risk factors data for mothers and their neonates were collected using face-to-face interview and data abstraction from medical records. RESULTS The study included 101 women with stillbirths and 202 women with singleton live births. Mothers older than 35 years (Odds ratio (OR) = 4.9) and those with low level of education were significantly more likely to give stillbirths. Prolonged labor (OR = 5.8), mothers' anemia (OR = 2.1), less than 4 antenatal visits (OR = 5.1) and meconium stained amniotic fluid (OR = 11.5) were significantly associated with increased odds of stillbirth. Prematurity (OR = 27), umbilical complications (OR = 6.4), low birth weight (OR = 17.7), and congenital complications (OR = 40.6) were significantly associated with higher odds of stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS This study identified many risk factors of stillbirth that are amenable to intervention. Encouraging women to deliver at health facilities, providing better management of obstetrical complications, proper antenatal care, and prompt referral services are essential for reduction of stillbirths in Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Obadi
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Hail Street, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - R Taher
- Al-Sabeen Hospital, Alsabeen, Yemen
| | - M Qayad
- Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Y S Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
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Kuhnt J, Vollmer S. Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017122. [PMID: 29146636 PMCID: PMC5695442 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antenatal care (ANC) is an essential part of primary healthcare and its provision has expanded worldwide. There is limited evidence of large-scale cross-country studies on the impact of ANC offered to pregnant women on child health outcomes. We investigate the association of ANC in low-income and middle-income countries with short- and long-term mortality and nutritional child outcomes. SETTING We used nationally representative health and welfare data from 193 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2013 from 69 low-income and middle-income countries for women of reproductive age (15-49 years), their children and their respective household. PARTICIPANTS The analytical sample consisted of 752 635 observations for neonatal mortality, 574 675 observations for infant mortality, 400 426 observations for low birth weight, 501 484 observations for stunting and 512 424 observations for underweight. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcome variables are neonatal and infant mortality, low birth weight, stunting and underweight. RESULTS At least one ANC visit was associated with a 1.04% points reduced probability of neonatal mortality and a 1.07% points lower probability of infant mortality. Having at least four ANC visits and having at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 0.56% and 0.42% points, respectively. At least one ANC visit is associated with a 3.82% points reduced probability of giving birth to a low birth weight baby and a 4.11 and 3.26% points reduced stunting and underweight probability. Having at least four ANC visits and at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 2.83%, 1.41% and 1.90% points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The currently existing and accessed ANC services in low-income and middle-income countries are directly associated with improved birth outcomes and longer-term reductions of child mortality and malnourishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kuhnt
- Department of Economics & Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vollmer
- Department of Economics & Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Wall SN, Lee ACC, Niermeyer S, English M, Keenan WJ, Carlo W, Bhutta ZA, Bang A, Narayanan I, Ariawan I, Lawn JE. Neonatal resuscitation in low-resource settings: what, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 107 Suppl 1:S47-62, S63-4. [PMID: 19815203 PMCID: PMC2875104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year approximately 10 million babies do not breathe immediately at birth, of which about 6 million require basic neonatal resuscitation. The major burden is in low-income settings, where health system capacity to provide neonatal resuscitation is inadequate. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence for neonatal resuscitation content, training and competency, equipment and supplies, cost, and key program considerations, specifically for resource-constrained settings. RESULTS Evidence from several observational studies shows that facility-based basic neonatal resuscitation may avert 30% of intrapartum-related neonatal deaths. Very few babies require advanced resuscitation (endotracheal intubation and drugs) and these newborns may not survive without ongoing ventilation; hence, advanced neonatal resuscitation is not a priority in settings without neonatal intensive care. Of the 60 million nonfacility births, most do not have access to resuscitation. Several trials have shown that a range of community health workers can perform neonatal resuscitation with an estimated effect of a 20% reduction in intrapartum-related neonatal deaths, based on expert opinion. Case studies illustrate key considerations for scale up. CONCLUSION Basic resuscitation would substantially reduce intrapartum-related neonatal deaths. Where births occur in facilities, it is a priority to ensure that all birth attendants are competent in resuscitation. Strategies to address the gap for home births are urgently required. More data are required to determine the impact of neonatal resuscitation, particularly on long-term outcomes in low-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N. Wall
- Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children USA, Washington DC and Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anne CC Lee
- Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children USA, Washington DC and Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Niermeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mike English
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Wally Carlo
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Division of Women and Child Health, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abhay Bang
- Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Joy E. Lawn
- Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children USA, Washington DC and Cape Town, South Africa
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Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Hasan BS, Haws RA. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 2005; 115:519-617. [PMID: 15866863 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant and under-5 childhood mortality rates in developing countries have declined significantly in the past 2 to 3 decades. However, 2 critical indicators, maternal and newborn mortality, have hardly changed. World leaders at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 agreed on a critical goal to reduce deaths of children <5 years by two thirds, but this may be unattainable without halving newborn deaths, which now comprise 40% of all under-5 deaths. Greater emphasis on wide-scale implementation of proven, cost-effective measures is required to save women's and newborns' lives. Approximately 99% of neonatal deaths take place in developing countries, mostly in homes and communities. A comprehensive review of the evidence base for impact of interventions on neonatal health and survival in developing-country communities has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This review of community-based antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal intervention trials in developing countries aimed to identify (1) key behaviors and interventions for which the weight of evidence is sufficient to recommend their inclusion in community-based neonatal care programs and (2) key gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research and program learning. METHODS Available published and unpublished data on the impact of community-based strategies and interventions on perinatal and neonatal health status outcomes were reviewed. Evidence was summarized systematically and categorized into 4 levels of evidence based on study size, location, design, and reported impact, particularly on perinatal or neonatal mortality. The evidence was placed in the context of biological plausibility of the intervention; evidence from relevant developed-country studies; health care program experience in implementation; and recommendations from the World Health Organization and other leading agencies. RESULTS A paucity of community-based data was found from developing-country studies on health status impact for many interventions currently being considered for inclusion in neonatal health programs. However, review of the evidence and consideration of the broader context of knowledge, experience, and recommendations regarding these interventions enabled us to categorize them according to the strength of the evidence base and confidence regarding their inclusion now in programs. This article identifies a package of priority interventions to include in programs and formulates research priorities for advancing the state of the art in neonatal health care. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes some new findings while recommending an integrated approach to safe motherhood and newborn health. The results of this study provide a foundation for policies and programs related to maternal and newborn health and emphasizes the importance of health systems research and evaluation of interventions. The review offers compelling support for using research to identify the most effective measures to save newborn lives. It also may facilitate dialogue with policy makers about the importance of investing in neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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Chalumeau M, Bouvier-Colle MH, Breart G. Can clinical risk factors for late stillbirth in West Africa be detected during antenatal care or only during labour? Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:661-8. [PMID: 12055171 DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.3.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the most important risk factors for perinatal mortality in developing countries are not detectable during antenatal care but can be observed only shortly before or during labour. Although 60% of perinatal deaths in these countries are stillbirths, few epidemiological studies focus on them. We tested the hypothesis that the risk factors for late stillbirth in West Africa are detectable principally shortly before or during labour. METHODS Data came from a prospective population-based study (the MOMA survey) that collected information about 20 326 pregnant women in seven areas, primarily urban, in West Africa. RESULTS There were 19 870 singleton births. The stillbirth rate was 25.9 per 1000 total births (95% CI: 23.7-28.1). In the crude analysis, after adjustment and consideration of prevalence, the principal risk factors for late stillbirth were: late antenatal or intrapartum vaginal bleeding, intrapartum hypertension, dystocia, and infection. Other risk factors were: maternal height (<150 cm), maternal age (>35 years), previous stillbirths, hypertension at the 8-month antenatal visit and number of antenatal visits (<2). CONCLUSIONS The principal risk factors for late stillbirth observed in our study could be detected only in the late antenatal and intrapartum period. These results highlight the potential benefits of partograph use. They need to be confirmed by studies incorporating continuous intrapartum fetal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chalumeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. Unité 149 Recherches Epidémiologiques en Santé Périnatale et Santé des Femmes, Paris, France
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Abstract
A large scale community-based study in South Kanara district of Karnataka state, India has revealed that, despite a low infant mortality rate (IMR), there is a clear association between IMR and lack of antenatal care (ANC) as well as IMR and poor quality ANC. We analyse the factors which determine the utilization of ANC and show the association between quality of ANC and maternal literacy, occupation, age and parity. Factors which are also significantly associated are socio-economic status, religion and matriarchal system. Characteristically, those who do not receive any ANC are poor, illiterate, multiparous unskilled mothers over 30 years of age and who live far away from a medical facility. This study conclusively demonstrates that even in regions where IMR is low there is enough scope to reduce it further by concentrating our efforts on the high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrashekar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
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