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Oladipupo AA, Kelly AM, Davis DA, Bruce TJ. Investigation of dietary exogenous protease and humic substance on growth, disease resistance to Flavobacterium covae and immune responses in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023. [PMID: 37461215 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens impact the US catfish industry, and disease control can be challenging for producers. Columnaris disease in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is primarily caused by Flavobacterium covae (formerly F. columnare). Immunostimulants may enhance nonspecific immune responses and offer an alternative to antibiotic treatments in catfish. Furthermore, dietary protein sources and inclusions are also essential to fish health and nutrition and may enhance overall fish performance in pond culture. The current project evaluated two immunostimulants: a protease complex (PC) and a humic substance (HS) derived from a reed-sedge peat product. A 60-day trial examined the effects of five diets on growth performance, immune response and resistance to experimental F. covae infection in channel catfish. Diets included a high-quality fishmeal diet (32%; CF32), a high-protein soy-based diet (32%; C32), a low-protein soy-based diet (28%; C28; predominately used in industry), a low-protein soy diet supplemented with C28 + PC at 175 g metric ton-1 and C28 + HS in a low-protein diet at 23 g metric ton-1 . Following feeding for 60 d, juvenile channel catfish were sampled for growth performance and baseline health indicators (n = 3; body mucus, blood for sera, kidney and spleen). A subset of fish was then subjected to an immersion-based in vivo challenge trial with F. covae (ALG-00-530; 106 CFU mL-1 exposure). At 60d post-initiation, there were no dietary differences in the relative growth rate (p = .063) or thermal growth coefficient (p = .055), but the 32% diets generally appeared to perform best. Post-challenge, the C32 group's mortality was higher than the C28 + PC (p = .006) and C28 + HS diets (p = .005). Although not significant, the C28 and CF32 groups also demonstrated higher mortality compared to both PC and HS diets. Sera lysozyme concentration was found to increase following pathogen challenge (p < .001) and in comparison with mock-challenged catfish (p < .001). Elevated expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (il-1β, il-8, tnf-α and tgf-β) were observed at trial midpoint and post-infection when compared to 60d. The C28 treatment was found to have lower tnf-α expression than the C28 + PC (p = .042) and C28 + HS (p = .042) groups following exposure to F. covae. These challenge data suggest that the immunostimulants (PC and HS) in plant-based protein may be beneficial in protecting against F. covae when offered in low-protein channel catfish diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik A Oladipupo
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Auburn University, Greensboro, Alabama, USA
| | - D Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Effects of Fulvic Acids on Gut Barrier, Microbial Composition, Fecal Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Maguey-González JA, Gómez-Rosales S, de Lourdes Angeles M, López-Hernández LH, Rodríguez-Hernández E, Solís-Cruz B, Hernández-Patlán D, Merino-Gúzman R, Téllez-Isaías G. Effects of humic acids on the recovery of different bacterial strains in an in vitro chicken digestive model. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mudroňová D, Karaffová V, Pešulová T, Koščová J, Maruščáková IC, Bartkovský M, Marcinčáková D, Ševčíková Z, Marcinčák S. The effect of humic substances on gut microbiota and immune response of broilers. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1707780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V. Karaffová
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - T. Pešulová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - J. Koščová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I. Cingeľová Maruščáková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M. Bartkovský
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - D. Marcinčáková
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Z. Ševčíková
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - S. Marcinčák
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
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Gao Y, He J, He Z, Li Z, Zhao B, Mu Y, Lee JY, Chu Z. Effects of fulvic acid on growth performance and intestinal health of juvenile loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:47-56. [PMID: 28089895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fulvic acid supplements on intestinal digestive activity (enzymatic analysis), antioxidant activity, immune enzyme activity and microflora composition of juvenile loach (initial weight of 6.2 ± 0.1 g) reared in experimental aquaria. Five test diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2% fulvic acid were randomly assigned to three aquaria, respectively. Elevated growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in loaches that were fed fulvic acid. Maximal weight gain rates and specific growth rates occurred at the 1.5% additive level. The optimal dietary fulvic requirement for maximal growth of juvenile loach is 16.4 g per kg of the diet based on the quadratic regression analysis of specific growth rate against dietary fulvic acid levels. Furthermore, intestinal protease activity, antioxidant activity, lysozyme activity (LZM), complement 3 (C3) content, immunoglobulin M (IgM) content, acid phosphatase activity (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase activity (AKP) were significantly elevated with concomitant increasing levels of dietary fulvic acid. Following a deep sequencing analysis, a total of 42,058 valid reads and 609 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) obtained from the control group and the group displaying the most optimal growth rate were analyzed. Fulvic acid supplementation resulted in an abundance of Firmicute and Actinobacteria sequences, with a concomitant reduction in the abundance of Proteobacteria. Results indicated that fulvic acid supplementation resulted in a reduction in the relative abundance of Serratia, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Edwardsiella, and a relative increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus in the intestine. In conclusion, these results suggest that fulvic acid improves growth performance and intestinal health condition of loach, indicates that fulvic acid could be used as an immunoenhancer in loach culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Jie He
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhuliu He
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yi Mu
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Jeong-Yeol Lee
- Department of Aquaculture and Aquatic Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, South Korea
| | - Zhangjie Chu
- Fishery School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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van Eijl S, Mortaz E, Ferreira AF, Kuper F, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G, Bloksma N. Humic acid enhances cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice and IL-8 release of human monocytes. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:682-9. [PMID: 21820074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tobacco smoke is the main factor in the etiology of lung emphysema. Generally prolonged, substantial exposure is required to develop the disease. Humic acid is a major component of cigarette smoke that accumulates in smokers' lungs over time and induces tissue damage. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether humic acid pre-loading potentiates the development of cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice and increases IL-8 release by human monocytes. METHODS C57BL/6J mice received humic acid or aqueous vehicle by tracheal installation on day 0 and day 7. From day 21 to day 84, the mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or clean air for 5 days/week. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure we determined leukocytes in lung lavage, heart hypertrophy and alveolar wall destruction. Human monocytes were incubated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), humic acid or the combination overnight. RESULTS Humic acid nor cigarette smoke caused alveolar wall destruction within two months. Interestingly, the combination did induce lung emphysema. Humic acid, cigarette smoke or the combination did not change leukocyte types and numbers in lung lavage fluid, but the combination caused peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocyte infiltration. Humic acid treatment resulted in a high proportion of alveolar macrophages heavily loaded with intracellular granula. Humic acid also induces the release of IL-8 from human monocytes and enhances the CSE-induced IL-8 release. CONCLUSIONS Humic acid deposition in the lungs potentiates the development of cigarette smoke-induced interstitial inflammation and lung emphysema. Moreover, humic acid promotes IL-8 release from human monocytes. Since humic acid accumulates steadily in the lungs of smokers, this may provide an explanation for the natural history on late onset of this disease. The model described here offers a novel way to study emphysema and may direct the search for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Eijl
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Chromium(III)‐, iron(II)‐ and selenium‐humic acid/fulvic acid chelate and supplemented humifulvate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Effects of supplemental humic substances on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
In view of the alleged effect of humic acid (HA) on growth plate arthrosis in humans, we sought to find if poultry tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is caused by HA that can occur as a ground water contaminant. In 2 separate trials, broiler chickens were fed different concentrations of HA added to their diet for 4 and 5 wk. The effects of these treatments were measured by general health indices such as growth, feed conversion ratio, relative organ weights, blood differential count, serum chemistry, TD index, and bone biomechanical strength. Humic acid treatment decreased BW but appeared to improve feed conversion ratio. There was no effect on TD index or bone biomechanical strength in HA-treated birds compared with controls. There was no toxic effect of HA that was evident by the absence of any dramatic change in relative organ weights or other telltale signs of serum clinical chemistry that would suggest liver, muscle, or kidney dysfunction. Red blood cell, white blood cell, monocyte, and hematocrit values were not affected, but there was a decrease in blood heterophil counts and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, which was significant in 4-wk HA-treated birds. Overall these results show that HA slows down growth, but it does not have any adverse health effects on chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Rath
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Schepetkin I, Khlebnikov A, Kwon BS. Medical drugs from humus matter: Focus on mumie. Drug Dev Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gau RJ, Yang HL, Suen JL, Lu FJ. Induction of oxidative stress by humic acid through increasing intracellular iron: a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular disorder in blackfoot disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:743-9. [PMID: 11350046 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA), a potential toxin that has penetrated the drinking well water of blackfoot disease-endemic areas in Taiwan, has been implicated as an etiological factor of this disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of HA on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The generation of ROS was monitored by flow cytometry. Pretreatment of HUVECs with HA induced reactive oxygen species in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor (Allopurinol), NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenylene iodomium) and calcium chelator (BAPTA) could not reduce the generation of ROS. Protein kinase C inhibitor (H7) could reduce the generation of ROS slightly, but the intracellular antioxidant glutathione monoethyl ester and the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) could inhibit the generation of ROS completely. HA also enhanced the expression of ferritin and induced intracellular chelatable iron; however, HA reduced the expression of transferrin receptor. Pretreatment with DFO inhibited HA-mediated increases of ferritin synthesis and intracellular chelatable iron, but caused recovery of the inhibitory effect on transferrin receptor. Cotreatment with iron and HA induced more ROS and intracellular chelatable iron than iron or HA treatment alone. Furthermore, HA enhanced the accumulation of iron in endothelial cells. These data demonstrate that HA can increase the generation of ROS through enhancing the accumulation of intracellular iron. Taken together, our findings suggest that iron mediates HA-associated oxidative stress in endothelial cells, which may be a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular injury observed for patients with blackfoot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gau
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Schlickewei W, Riede UN, Yu J, Ziechmann W, Kuner EH, Seubert B. Influence of humate on calcium hydroxyapatite implants. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1993; 112:275-9. [PMID: 8123380 DOI: 10.1007/bf00452964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Implanted bovine apatite is highly osteoconductive, since it serves the host tissue as a "guide-line" for the deposition of newly developing bone tissue. It is well tolerated, but it showed no signs of being resorbed during the course of the experiment. Previous impregnation of the bovine hydroxyapatite with a low molecular humate substance obviously encourages its resorption. This is most easily explained by the known ability of humate to induce the activation of leucocytes. The occasional over-resorption of the apatite is dependent (1) upon the preparation of the implant (granulate) and (2) the local concentration of the humate. Future research is being directed towards the production of a satisfactorily usable form of humate and apatite and the investigation of its HIV blocking action on heterologous cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schlickewei
- Department of Surgery (Traumatology), University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
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Riede UN, Jonas I, Kirn B, Usener UH, Kreutz W, Schlickewey W. Collagen stabilization induced by natural humic substances. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992; 111:259-64. [PMID: 1389777 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humic substances are polyphenolic compounds. They have antiviral as well as desmutagenic effects and react with biopolymers such as collagen; thereby they have no toxic side effects by oral administration. In vitro incubation with humic substances raises the breaking point of the tail tendon of the rat by about 75%. The chemical resistance of the collagen fibres in tail tendon collagen is also increased by in vitro incubation with humic substances, at least insofar as the ultrastructurally and biophysically measurable destruction of the collagen fibres by 4 M guanidinium chloride is inhibited. As humic substances increase the mechanical and chemical resistance of collagen fibres and promote their "maturity", it seems likely that this effect of humic substances depends upon their interaction with the hydrogen bonding and covalent bonding of the collagen fibres. Such a conclusion is confirmed by the results of X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U N Riede
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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