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Haskins WE, Kobeissy FH, Wolper RA, Ottens AK, Kitlen JW, McClung SH, O'Steen BE, Chow MM, Pineda JA, Denslow ND, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers of traumatic brain injury by SDS-PAGE-capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22:629-44. [PMID: 15941373 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) by SDS-PAGE-capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SDS-PAGE-Capillary LC-MS(2)). Ipsilateral hippocampus (IH) samples were collected from naive rats and rats subjected to controlled cortical impact (a rodent model of TBI). Protein database searching with 15,558 uninterpreted MS(2) spectra, collected in 3 days via data-dependent capillary LC-MS(2) of pooled cyanine dye-labeled samples separated by SDS-PAGE, identified more than 306 unique proteins. Differential proteomic analysis revealed differences in protein sequence coverage for 170 mammalian proteins (57 in naive only, 74 in injured only, and 39 of 64 in both), suggesting these are putative biomarkers of TBI. Confidence in our results was obtained by the presence of several known biomarkers of TBI (including alphaII-spectrin, brain creatine kinase, and neuron-specific enolase) in our data set. These results show that SDS-PAGE prior to in vitro proteolysis and capillary LC-MS(2) is a promising strategy for the rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers associated with a specific physiological state (i.e., TBI) without a priori knowledge of the molecules involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Haskins
- Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Ray SK, Neuberger TJ, Deadwyler G, Wilford G, DeVries GH, Banik NL. Calpain and calpastatin expression in primary oligodendrocyte culture: preferential localization of membrane calpain in cell processes. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:561-9. [PMID: 12404510 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cellular localization of calpain is important in understanding the roles that calpain may play in physiological function. We, therefore, examined calpain expression, activity, and immunofluorescent localization in primary cultures of rat oligodendrocytes. The mRNA expression of m-calpain was 64.8% (P = 0.0033) and 50.5% (P = 0.0254) higher than that of mu-calpain and calpastatin, respectively, in primary culture oligodendrocytes. The levels of mRNA expression of mu-calpain and calpastatin were not significantly different. As revealed by Western blotting, cultured oligodendrocytes contained a 70 kD major band identified by membrane m-calpain antibody, a 80 kD band recognized by cytosolic m-calpain antibody, and calpastatin bands ranging from 45 to 100 kD detected by a calpastatin antibody. Calpain activity in oligodendrocytes was determined by Ca(2+)-dependent 71.2% degradation of endogenous myelin basic protein compared with control; this activity was inhibited significantly (P = 0.0111) by EGTA and also substantially by calpeptin. Localization of calpain in cultured oligodendrocytes revealed strong membrane m-calpain immunofluorescence in the oligodendrocyte cell body and its processes. In contrast, the cytosolic antibody stained primarily the oligodendrocyte cell body, whereas the processes were stained very weakly or not at all. These results indicate that the major form of calpain in glial cells is myelin (membrane) m-calpain. The dissimilar localization of cytosolic and membrane m-calpain may indicate that each isoform has a unique role in oligodendrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Chakrabarti AK, Neuberger T, Russell T, Banik NL, DeVries GH. Immunolocalization of cytoplasmic and myelin mcalpain in transfected Schwann cells: II. Effect of withdrawal of growth factors. J Neurosci Res 1997; 47:609-16. [PMID: 9089209 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970315)47:6<609::aid-jnr6>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the reversal of the regulatory effect of growth factors on calpain/calpastatin activity in transfected Schwann cells (tSc) after their subsequent withdrawal. Removal of nerve growth factor (NGF) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from tSc resulted in a smaller loss of mu calpain (37%) and mcalpain (36.5 %) activity compared to treated cells from which the growth factors were not withdrawn. The mu calpain activity increased approximately 12% following withdrawal of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at 24 hr, while the increased mcalpain activity was more than 30-40% compared with that of cells that were continuously treated. The activity of both isoforms returned to their normal levels (untreated) at 48-72 hr following withdrawal of various growth factors, including NGF, cAMP, aFGF, bFGF, platelet-derived growth factor aa (PDGFaa), and PDGFbb. The inhibitory activity of calpastatin was greater than control following withdrawal of NGF, cAMP, PDGFaa, or PDGFbb at 24 hr and this inhibitory activity was less with treatment by aFGF and bFGF. The control activity was restored at 48 hr following withdrawal of these factors. The intensity of the cytoplasmic calpain immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the nuclear and non-nuclear regions of the cytoplasm, respectively, following withdrawal of cAMP at 144 hr. Removal of bFGF from the medium resulted in an increase of cytoplasmic calpain immunoreactivity in the nuclear regions and cytoplasm, while there was dramatic loss of myelin calpain immunoreactivity from both the nuclear region and cytoplasm. The changes in calpain activity and immunoreactivity in tSc following withdrawal of growth factors suggest that release of calpain from membrane to cytosol may be regulated by these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chakrabarti
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Neuberger T, Chakrabarti AK, Russell T, DeVries GH, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Immunolocalization of cytoplasmic and myelin mCalpain in transfected Schwann cells: I. effect of treatment with growth factors. J Neurosci Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970301)47:5<521::aid-jnr7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sypecka J, Gajkowska B, Domañska-Janik K. Oligodendrocyte development in PLP "pt" mutant rabbits: glycolipid antigens and PLP gene expression. Metab Brain Dis 1995; 10:321-33. [PMID: 8847995 DOI: 10.1007/bf02109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic tremor (pt), a hereditary neurological disorder of rabbits is a recessive, X-linked point mutation of the gene for proteolipid protein (PLP) biosynthesis. This mutation results in substitution of histidine by glutamine in the PLP molecule and produces severe hypomyelination. In the present study, we investigated the developmental expression of myelin-oligodendrocyte-specific glycolipid markers by means of ELISA assay. While immunoreactivity with antibodies recognising proligodendroblast (POA) antigen was unchanged, only minute amounts of the other glycolipid markers characteristic for more advanced stages of OLs maturation, such as 04 and 01 antigens, were expressed in pt brain. The degree of down-regulation was similar to that for MBP. Concomitantly, the level of in situ expression of the mutated PLP gene mRNA in glial cells of 14 day old pt brain was found to be as high as in age-matched controls. Northern blot analysis of developmental PLP gene expression showed a significant deficit of this message in pt brain, but only at more advanced developmental stages. However, aside from changes in myelin structure, no changes in glial cell number or morphology were evident by light microscopic examination of pt mutants. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed substantial abnormalities in pt oligodendrocyte cytoarchitecture, indicating functional impairment of intracellular transport and utilisation of myelin constituents. Thus, only POA expression is positively correlated with the unchanged content of OLs in pt brain, whereas decreases of 04 and 01 antigens, together with MBP immunoreactivity, are indicators of the degree of hypomyelination. Furthermore, oligodendrocyte differentiation appears to proceed normally in pt mutant brain up to the stage of PLP gene expression. Then, due to intracellular accumulation of this abnormal gene product, synthesis of PLP as well as the other myelin-specific constituents is inhibited by a "feed-back" control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sypecka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Li Z, Banik NL. The localization of mcalpain in myelin: immunocytochemical evidence in different areas of rat brain and nerves. Brain Res 1995; 697:112-21. [PMID: 8593567 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00949-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A major part of brain mcalpain activity has been found associated with myelin, but its presence in the myelin sheath has not been clearly demonstrated by microscopic (morphological) means. Using myelin mcalpain antisera the localization of mcalpain has been investigated in tissue of rat CNS and PNS by immunohistochemical methods. These experiments also have been carried out by double labeling studies using antibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament protein (NFP). Our results indicate calpain/MBP immunoreactivity in the myelin sheath surrounding the axon while NFP antibody stained inside the axon in spinal cord; pons, cerebellum, trigeminal nerve, and sciatic nerve. Patches of light immunoreactivity of calpain were also seen in the axonal cytoplasm. The calpain immunostaining of myelin was similar to that of MBP staining indicating the presence of calpain in myelin. This finding supports the view that calpain is a constituent of myelin, may be involved in the normal turnover of myelin proteins. In pathological situations such as in demyelinating and other brain degenerative diseases, myelin may be autodigestive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Sypecka J, Domańska-Janik K. Expression of myelin-specific proteins during development of normal and hypomyelinated Paralytic tremor mutant rabbits. II. Studies on the purified myelin. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1995; 26:67-78. [PMID: 8588825 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An X-linked, recessive paralytic tremor (pt) mutation is characterized by CNS hypomyelination. In our previous work, we presented developmental studies on the expression of several myelin-specific proteins (PLP/DM-20, MBP, CNP, MAG, and MOG) in the brain homogeates of both pt mutant and age-matched control Chinchilla rabbits aged 1-120 postnatal days. A moderate reduction in all examined proteins and a striking PLP deficiency were observed in the pt mutant rabbits. In the present study, we investigated isolated and purified myelin fractions. A severe (approximately 30% of control values) and approximately constant hypomyelination of pt mutant CNS was observed during the entire investigated development (28-120 postnatal days). Although the neurological symptoms gradually regressed and a partial recovery of the affected animals usually occurred, no tendency toward regression of the hypomyelination was noticed. Whereas the content of CNP, MBP, and MAG in isolated myelin membrane fractions seemed close to normal, a drastic PLP deficiency was observed. A significantly elevated amount of MOG was found in the myelin of pt mutant rabbits. The controversy between the high degree of hypomyelination and the slight reduction in myelin protein marker expression (except for PLP) in mature brain homogenates is discussed with respect to retarded oligodendrocyte maturation and deficient processing of myelin membranes in pt mutant rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sypecka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Sypecka J, Domańska-Janik K. Expression of myelin-specific proteins during development of normal and hypomyelinated Paralytic tremor mutant rabbits. I. Studies on the brain homogenates. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1995; 26:53-66. [PMID: 8588824 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The paralytic tremor (pt) rabbit is an X-linked recessive mutant characterized by hypomyelination of the CNS. The onset of myelin mutants' neurological symptoms typically occurs about the tenth postnatal day. A partial recovery is often observed; thus, the life-span of affected animals is almost normal and they can breed successfully. Mutants presenting this phenotype were chosen for our study. Because proteins can serve as excellent markers for the myelin formation process, we examined the developmental expression of several important myelin proteins (PLP/DM-20, MBP, CNP, MAG, and MOG) in both pt mutant and control rabbit brain homogenates. Expression of the investigated proteins occurs in rabbits as follows: CNP and MAG are already present at the early postnatal stage; PLP/DM-20 and MBP appear about the 10th postnatal day; MOG, expressed last, has been detected on the 28th postnatal day. Whereas the MBP, CNP, MAG, and MOG content is only slightly reduced in mature pt mutant brain homogenates (80-90% of control values), the amount of PLP corresponds to approximately 30-40% of that present in controls. Expression of all of the examined proteins is substantially retarded in maturing brains, which leads to the conclusion that besides severe PLP deficiency, retardation of oligodendrocyte maturation is another probable feature of pt mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sypecka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Banik NL, Chou CH, Deibler GE, Krutzch HC, Hogan EL. Peptide bond specificity of calpain: proteolysis of human myelin basic protein. J Neurosci Res 1994; 37:489-96. [PMID: 7517457 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490370408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the peptide bond specificity of calpain, human myelin basic protein (HMBP) was treated with purified calpain of bovine brain. Upon incubation, HMBP component I (HMBP-I) was degraded into several peptides as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Component I was more susceptible to degradation than components II and III. HMBP degradation products were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the cleavage sites in HMBP molecules were determined by peptide sequence analysis and by N- and C-terminal analyses. The major cleavage site was found to be 94Val-95Thr with several minor cleavages at 49Arg-50Gly, 18Ala-19Ser, 23His-24Ala, 27Gly-28Phe, 59Asp-60Ser, 70Gly-71Ser, 97Arg-98Thr, 110Ser-111Leu, 145Asp-146Ala, and 156Leu-157Gly. These results indicate that calpain is involved in the limited proteolysis of human myelin basic protein and prolonged incubation causes further digestion of the large peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Banik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Chakrabarti AK, Banik NL, Lobo DC, Terry EC, Hogan EL. Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in rat brain during development: compartmentation and role in myelination. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 71:107-13. [PMID: 8381728 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90111-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The activity of both forms (microM and mM Ca(2+)-sensitive) of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) was determined in developing rat brain. Triton X-100 did not affect mcalpain activity at the earlier ages (1-5 days postpartum) whereas mcalpain activity significantly increased at 16 days and older. The mcalpain activity in brain was negligible at earlier ages (1-7 days) and the peak activity occurred between 16 and 30 days after birth. The peak activity of mcalpain in myelin was found between 16 and 30 days of age and myelin from rats older than 30 days contained 40-50% of the brain mcalpain activity. In contrast, 70-80% of the brain mcalpain activity was in cytosol at younger ages (1-10 days) and decreased to 30% with increasing age (90 days). On the other hand, mu calpain was found mainly (65-75%) associated with a membrane fraction (microsomes) before 10 days and the majority of the activity was found in cytosol (68%) between 16 and 30 days. Immunoblot studies revealed mcalpain in both myelin and cytosol from developing rat brain. These results indicate that mcalpain is present in myelin and suggest that it may be involved in the formation of myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chakrabarti
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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