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Junior MN, Lopes-Silva JP, Takito MY, Franchini E. Cadet and Junior Performance Is Associated With Senior's World Championship and Olympics Achievement in Judo. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:54-59. [PMID: 36693247 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2147477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We determined whether cadet and junior Judo World Championship participation and medal achievement would predict senior performance at World Championship (WC) and Olympic Games (OG). Methods: We analyzed retrospectively a total of 7780 athletes who competed at the OG and WC in the cadet, junior, and senior between 2009 and 2021. Results: There was an increase in the probability of winning a medal in the senior category (WC and OG, and only WC) ranged from 4.3 to 4.5 for medal-winning cadets compared to non-medalists and this probability remained around 3.3-3.8 for medalists in the male and 5.3-5.4 for the female medalists in cadet WC. Moreover, the chance of winning a medal in the senior category (WC and OG) was 8.1-8.5 times greater for medalists when compared to non-medalists in the junior WC. In turn, the probability of winning a medal in the senior (WC) was 1.5-1.7 times greater for athletes who did not compete in the junior WC. In the OG, the probability of winning a medal was 3.5 greater times for medalists when compared to non-medalists at cadet and junior WC. Conclusion: Thus, being a cadet or junior WC medalist increases the probability of winning a senior WC or an Olympic medal.
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Rodrigues JCC, Penna EM, Machado HES, Sant’Ana J, Diefenthaeler F, Coswig VS. Effects of lower and upper body fatigue in striking response time of amateur karate athletes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14764. [PMID: 36743962 PMCID: PMC9897062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In combat sports, strikes or counter-strikes response time (RT) can be related to performance and sporting success. Moreover, training sessions are usually highly fatiguing, which is expected to impair basic skills, such as RT. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on punch and kick RTs of karate practitioners. Twelve individuals of both sexes from different levels (three yellow belts, three red belts, two orange belts, two green belts, one brown belt, and one black belt) were selected. Participants were aged 22 ± 3 years old, with a stature of 169.1 ± 6.5 cm, and a body mass of 65.5 ± 10 kg. Six visits were held with each participant. On the first 2 days, the RT of punches and kicks was measured by a validated smartphone app (TReaction). For the subsequent visits, a randomized incremental test for the upper or lower body was adopted as motor fatigue protocol, immediately followed by punches and kicks RT tests, also in random order. For induction of lower and upper body-specific muscle fatigue, the ITStriker app was used, which operates by emitting sound signals transmitted by a smartphone. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Regarding the mean punches RT, significant effects between situations for the upper (F(2,22) = 11.5; ω2 = 0.23; p < 0.001) and lower body (F(2,22) = 14.2; ω2 = 0.18; p < 0.001) fatigue protocols were found. The negative effect of the lower body fatigue protocol in punches RT was evident regardless of the order of the tests (punch RT first: Δ = 10.5%; t = 4.4; p < 0.001; d = 1.0; kick RT first: Δ = 11.4%; t = 4.8; p < 0.001; d = 1.1). Regarding mean kicks RT, significant effects were found between situations for the lower (F(2,22) = 16.6; ω2 = 0.27; p < 0.001) but not for the upper (F(2,22) = 2.3; ω2 = 0.02; p = 0.12) body fatigue protocols. Kick RTs were negatively affected by the lower body fatigue protocol regardless of the RT order applied (punch RT first: Δ = 7.5%; t = 3.0; p = 0.01; d = 0.8; kick RT first: Δ = 14.3%; t = 5.7; p < 0.001; d = 1.5). Upper body fatigue does not impair punch or kick RTs. Thus, it is concluded that the specificity of fatigue protocols and striking order should be considered while performing RT demanding techniques in karate practice. Specifically, lower body motor fatigue may impair both kicks and punches RT, which highlights the role of lower limbs in punches performance. Otherwise, upper body motor fatigue seems to induce impairments that are limited to the specific motor actions of this body segment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Macedo Penna
- Faculdade de Educação Fisica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hugo Enrico Souza Machado
- Faculdade de Educação Fisica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jader Sant’Ana
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Victor S. Coswig
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil,Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Khemila S, Romdhani M, Abedelmalek S, Chtourou H, Souissi MA, BenTouati E, Souissi N. The effect of time of day and high intensity exercise on cognitive performances of elite adolescent karate athletes. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1542-1553. [PMID: 36268677 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2132165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of time of day (TOD) on several components of cognitive performance prior and post to a physically exhaustive task in a sample of adolescent elite athletes. In a counterbalanced and randomized order, fourteen highly trained male karate athletes (17 ± 0.96 years; 1.75 ± 0.07 m; 68.0 ± 9.50 kg; BMI 22.15 ± 0.54 kg.m-2) completed two test sessions at 09h00 and 16h00. Cognitive performance was evaluated before and after the karate specific test (KST). During each session, participants completed the profile of mood state (POMS), simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times, comparison test (COMT), mental rotation test (MRT), egocentric distance estimation (DE), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). KST was not TOD dependent (p > .05, d = 0.33). RPE scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (p < .05, d = 0.68). Before the KST, SRT (p < .01, d = 0.69), CRT (p < .01, d = 0.47), COMT (p < .01, d = 0.62) and MRT (p < .001, d = 0.65) were better in the afternoon than in the morning. However, DE was not affected by the TOD (P > .05). KST improved SRT (p < .01, d = 0.078), CRT (p < .001, d = 0.72), COMT (p < .001, d = 1.31) and MRT (p < .001, d = 0.80) performances only in the morning. Cognitive performances are TOD dependent with higher performances realized in the afternoon. Performing a high intensity exercise in the morning, but not in the afternoon, enhanced several aspects of cognitive performances. The current results indicate that an intensive warm-up could be beneficial when a morning competition requires high cognitive readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Khemila
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Motricité-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Salma Abedelmalek
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Education and Continuous Training, Virtual University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna BenTouati
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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Osmanski-Zenk K, Ningel A, Tischer T, Mittelmeier W. Vergleichende Untersuchung der posturalen Kontrolle bei 20–40-Jährigen und Karate-Kaderathleten mittels eines neuromuskulären Trainingsgerätes. SPORTVERLETZUNG · SPORTSCHADEN 2022; 36:200-207. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1912-4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die posturale Kontrolle dient dem Erhalt der aufrechten Körperhaltung und trägt zur Gleichgewichtsregulation bei. Die im höheren Alter zunehmenden neuromuskulären Defizite führen zu einer Verschlechterung der posturalen Kontrolle, die durch neuromuskuläres Training verbessert werden kann. In der Annahme, dass neuromuskuläre Defizite bereits früh auftreten, wurden die posturalen Fähigkeiten von 20–40-Jährigen untersucht. Zudem wurde der Einfluss von Leistungssport auf die posturale Kontrolle durch die Untersuchung von Karate-Kaderathleten geprüft.
Methodik Für einen Altersvergleich wurden 123 altershomogene Gesunde zwischen 20 und 40 Jahren untersucht. 24 Karate-Kaderathleten wurden mit den 20–25-jährigen Gesunden der „Normalbevölkerung“ verglichen. Zur Datenerhebung wurde ein neuromuskuläres Trainingsgerät, der Human Body Equilibrium 360 (Huber 360), verwendet.
Ergebnisse Im Altersvergleich zeigten sich für alle 7 Messungen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Probanden waren zu jung, um Defizite zu erkennen. Jedoch zeigten sich einige allgemeine Erkenntnisse. Im beidbeinigen Stand war bei allen Gruppen eine signifikante Zunahme der Körperschwerpunkt (KSP) -Schwankungen nach Augenschluss zu sehen. Der Einfluss der Füßigkeit bzw. Händigkeit zeigte sich im Einbeinstand und Krafttest. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede waren zu verzeichnen. Bei der Untersuchung der Karate-Kaderathleten zeigten sich verschiedene trainingsspezifische Anpassungen. So konnten Karatesportler den Wegfall der visuellen Information besser kompensieren. Karatesportler wiesen außerdem ein signifikant breiteres Gangbild und ein größeres Stabilitätsareal auf. Sportler konnten ihren KSP weiter verlagern, ohne aus dem Gleichgewicht zu geraten.
Diskussion Der Huber 360 ist als Rehabilitations- und Trainingsgerät aufgrund der geringen Trennschärfe der Tests in seinem gesamten Anwendungsspektrum nur bedingt geeignet, da signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen schwer zu detektieren sind. Einzelne trainingsspezifische Anpassungen durch leistungsorientiertes Karatetraining sind erkennbar und unterstreichen den Einfluss des Trainings auf die posturale Kontrolle. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Anwendung des Huber 360 zur Beurteilung von posturalen Fähigkeiten im Altersvergleich und bei Unterscheidung trainingsspezifischer Anpassungen einen differenzierten und selektiveren Einsatz der einzelnen Tests bedarf. Weitere Untersuchungen mit älteren Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen sind geplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Osmanski-Zenk
- Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, GERMANY
| | - Amelie Ningel
- Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik: Universitatsmedizin Rostock Orthopadische Klinik und Poliklinik, Rostock, GERMANY
| | - Wolfram Mittelmeier
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik: Universitatsmedizin Rostock Orthopadische Klinik und Poliklinik, Rostock, GERMANY
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Jeknić V, Dopsaj M, Toskić L, Koropanovski N. Muscle Contraction Adaptations in Top-Level Karate Athletes Assessed by Tensiomyography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10309. [PMID: 36011944 PMCID: PMC9408118 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper aimed to compare the involuntary stimulated neuromuscular response of thigh muscles in top-level karate athletes and recreational groups. METHODS The study included 13 male karate athletes (KAs) and 14 non-athlete male individuals (NAs). Tensiomyographic (TMG) measurements were obtained from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between KAs and NAs in knee extensor/flexor delay time (Td), contraction time (Tc), total contraction time (Tct), maximal radial displacement of the muscle belly (Dm) and rate of muscle tension development (RMTD). On a group level, KA dominant-leg extensors and flexors and also non-dominant-leg knee flexors had significant differences when compared to NA. Tct is a TMG parameter in which the KAs and NAs differ the most in the case of the knee extensors, while flexor muscles differ the most in the RMTD parameter. CONCLUSIONS The lower Tct values indicate an improved ability of top-level karateka to make fast contractions of the agonist muscles. KAs' higher RMTD values suggest on strength characteristics needed in breaking actions of the antagonist muscles. Existence of contraction-relaxation-contraction neuromuscular pattern in the RF muscle suggests on implementation of training strategies that involves both rapid muscle contractions and relaxations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velimir Jeknić
- Palms Sports, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111188, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sport, Abu Dhabi Police College, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Toskić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University in Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
- Faculty of Sport, University “Union-Nikola Tesla”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Koropanovski
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Smajla D, Spudić D, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Differences in Force-Velocity Profiles During Countermovement Jump and Flywheel Squats and Associations With a Different Change of Direction Tests in Elite Karatekas. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828394. [PMID: 35800347 PMCID: PMC9253395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (F-v) relationship has been proposed as a biomechanical characteristic to comprehensively evaluate neuromuscular capabilities within different tasks such as vertical jumping, sprinting and bench pressing. F-v relationship during flywheel (FW) squats was already validated, however, it was never compared to F-v profile of vertical jumps or associated with change of direction (CoD) performance. The aims of our study were (1) to compare F-v profiles measured during counter movement jumps (CMJs) and FW squats, (2) to determine correlations of F-v mechanical capacities with different CoD tests, (3) to investigate the portion of explained variance in CoD tests with the F-v outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 elite karatekas. They performed CMJs and FW squats using progressive loads to calculate F-v profile outcome variables and different CoD tests (CoD at 90°, CoD at 180°, t-test, short karate specific test (KST) and long KST). Our results showed significantly higher values in all F-v outcome variables (F0—theoretical maximal force, V0—maximal unloaded velocity, Pmax—maximal power output, F-vslope—the slope of F-v relationship) calculated from CMJs compared to FW squats (all p < 0.01). Significant positive moderate correlations between the tasks were found for F0 and Pmax (r = 0.323–0.378, p = 0.018–0.045). In comparison to F-v outcome variables obtained in FW squats, higher correlations were found between F-v outcome variables calculated from CMJs and CoD tests. The only significant correlation in F-v outcome variables calculated from FW squats was found between Pmax and short KST time. For all CoD tests, only one F-v predictor was included; more specifically—CMJ-F0 for CoD 90°, CoD 180° and t-test, and FW-Pmax for short KST performance. To conclude, our results showed that F-v relationship between CMJs and FW squats differed significantly and cannot be used interchangeably for F-v profiling. Moreover, we confirmed that high force and power production is important for the successful performance of general and karate specific CoD tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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Ben Hassen S, Negra Y, Uthoff A, Chtara M, Jarraya M. Reliability, Validity, and Sensitivity of a Specific Agility Test and Its Relationship With Physical Fitness in Karate Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:841498. [PMID: 35399280 PMCID: PMC8984015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a developed specific karate agility test (SKAT) and to examine its relationship with physical fitness. A total of 36 karateka voluntarily participated in this study. During two separate sessions, international and national ranked athletes completed the SKAT by performing three changes of direction (CoD): two in a preplanned manner and one in response to a stimulus that was provided by a live tester (Light tester). Assessment of CoD, horizontal jumping ability, 5 and 10 m sprint time, and dynamic balance were also applied during these two occasions. To evaluate SKAT’s construct validity, two groups were recruited based on their karate results: High- vs. low-ranked athletes. Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the SKAT were examined from the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and receiving operator characteristic analysis. Regarding relative and absolute reliability, the ICC of SKAT was excellent at >0.95 and the SEM was <5%. According to the sensitivity analysis, the power to detect small performance changes can be rated as “good” in karate athletes (SWC > SEM). The SKAT showed a moderate relationship with the CoD, jumping, sprint, and dynamic balance tests. High-ranked athletes were better than their low-ranked counterparts on SKAT (Cohen’s d = 2.00). The area under the receiving operator characteristic curve was 0.76. To sum up, the SKAT is a reliable and valid tool to assess the agility performance of karatekas and can be used by conditioning trainers to detect “true” performance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Ben Hassen
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aaron Uthoff
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Moktar Chtara
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Jarraya
- Laboratoire Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Jarraya,
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El-Ashker S, Chaabene H, Prieske O. Maximal isokinetic elbow and knee flexor-extensor strength measures in combat sports athletes: the role of movement velocity and limb side. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:40. [PMID: 35296340 PMCID: PMC8925177 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Maximal isokinetic strength ratios of joint flexors and extensors are important parameters to indicate the level of muscular balance at the joint. Further, in combat sports athletes, upper and lower limb muscle strength is affected by the type of sport. Thus, this study aimed to examine the differences in maximal isokinetic strength of the flexors and extensors and the corresponding flexor–extensor strength ratios of the elbows and knees in combat sports athletes. Method Forty male participants (age = 22.3 ± 2.5 years) from four different combat sports (amateur boxing, taekwondo, karate, and judo; n = 10 per sport) were tested for eccentric peak torque of the elbow/knee flexors (EF/KF) and concentric peak torque of the elbow/knee extensors (EE/KE) at three different angular velocities (60, 120, and 180°/s) on the dominant and non-dominant side using an isokinetic device. Results Analyses revealed significant, large-sized group × velocity × limb interactions for EF, EE, and EF–EE ratio, KF, KE, and KF–KE ratio (p ≤ 0.03; 0.91 ≤ d ≤ 1.75). Post-hoc analyses indicated that amateur boxers displayed the largest EE strength values on the non-dominant side at ≤ 120°/s and the dominant side at ≥ 120°/s (p < 0.03; 1.21 ≤ d ≤ 1.59). The largest EF–EE strength ratios were observed on amateur boxers’ and judokas’ non-dominant side at ≥ 120°/s (p < 0.04; 1.36 ≤ d ≤ 2.44). Further, we found lower KF–KE strength measures in karate (p < 0.04; 1.12 ≤ d ≤ 6.22) and judo athletes (p ≤ 0.03; 1.60 ≤ d ≤ 5.31) particularly on the non-dominant side. Conclusions The present findings indicated combat sport-specific differences in maximal isokinetic strength measures of EF, EE, KF, and KE particularly in favor of amateur boxers on the non-dominant side. Trial registration: This study does not report results related to health care interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El-Ashker
- Self-Development Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany. .,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, 8189, Jendouba, Tunisia.
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Azócar-Gallardo J, Campos-Uribe V, García-García JM. Relationship between explosive strength characteristics with change of direction speed in junior and cadet karate athletes. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Explosive strength and change of direction speed (CODS) are relevant physical abilities in karate. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the characteristics of explosive strength and the 5-m linear sprint (5M) with CODS performance and ii) to examine the influential characteristics of explosive strength on CODS performance. METHODS: Eighteen cadet and junior karate athletes, eight females and ten males were evaluated. The physical abilities assessments included: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5M and CODS. Also, pre-stretch percentage increase (PSA), eccentric utilization index (EUR) reactive strength index (RSI) were calculated. RESULTS: Superior performance (p< 0.05) was documented in SJ, CMJ and CODS in male vs. female. Also, significant correlations between CODS with SJ and CMJ (r=-0.70 to -0.80; R2=-0.51 to -0.73; p< 0.05, respectively) and correlations (r=-0.14 to -0.22; R2= 0.01 to 0.04; p> 0.05) between CODS with RSI, EUR and PSA. Multiple regression model documented that only SJ significantly influenced CODS performance in male (R2= 60%; p= 0.009) and female (R2= 71%; p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: CODS correlate with SJ and CMJ. In particular, SJ influence CODS independently of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- School of Sports and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Life and Wellness Quality Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Victor Campos-Uribe
- Programa de Vida Saludable, Actividad Física y Deporte, Undergraduate Studies Universidad de Talca Campus Curicó, Curicó, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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10
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Echeverria J, Santos OC. Toward Modeling Psychomotor Performance in Karate Combats Using Computer Vision Pose Estimation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248378. [PMID: 34960464 PMCID: PMC8709157 DOI: 10.3390/s21248378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances enable the design of systems that interact more closely with humans in a multitude of previously unsuspected fields. Martial arts are not outside the application of these techniques. From the point of view of the modeling of human movement in relation to the learning of complex motor skills, martial arts are of interest because they are articulated around a system of movements that are predefined, or at least, bounded, and governed by the laws of Physics. Their execution must be learned after continuous practice over time. Literature suggests that artificial intelligence algorithms, such as those used for computer vision, can model the movements performed. Thus, they can be compared with a good execution as well as analyze their temporal evolution during learning. We are exploring the application of this approach to model psychomotor performance in Karate combats (called kumites), which are characterized by the explosiveness of their movements. In addition, modeling psychomotor performance in a kumite requires the modeling of the joint interaction of two participants, while most current research efforts in human movement computing focus on the modeling of movements performed individually. Thus, in this work, we explore how to apply a pose estimation algorithm to extract the features of some predefined movements of Ippon Kihon kumite (a one-step conventional assault) and compare classification metrics with four data mining algorithms, obtaining high values with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Echeverria
- Computer Science School, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga C. Santos
- aDeNu Research Group, Artificial Intelligence Department, Computer Science School, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Somatotype Profiles of Montenegrin Karatekas: An Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412914. [PMID: 34948524 PMCID: PMC8701986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Competitive karate activity involves numerous factors affecting performance in sport. Physical structure and somatotype is considered to be one of them. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences between karate athletes in five male and five female official weight categories in different anthropometric measurements and to determine the somatotype profiles of athletes divided by weight categories. This study consisted of a total of 27 male karate athletes (21.88 ± 4.66 years) and 24 female karate athletes (20.29 ± 3.14 years). Measurements were taken in April 2020. Athletes are classified into official weight categories according to World Karate Federation rules. Somatotypes were calculated using anthropometry. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis to compare group differences regarding weight categories. Anthropometric parameters were highest in the heaviest categories compared to lighter categories. All male subjects were endomorphic mesomorph, except for category <84 kg, which was endomorphic ectomorphs. Somatotype analysis of male categories found a difference between the <75 kg and <84 kg in endomorphy. In mesomorphy, there is no difference between categories. Perceiving ectomorphy, there is a significant difference between the first category and the >84 kg. Profiling female athletes, three different types of somatotypes were obtained concerning the weight category. The lightest weight category was predominantly endomorphic ectomorphs, and two weight categories were ectomorphic endomorphs (<61 kg and <68 kg), and the other two weight categories were endomorphic mesomorphs (<55 kg and >68 kg). Somatotype differences in the female karate athletes were observed only in the ectomorphy components, between <50 kg and <61 kg. The present study points to how the somatotypes profiles of karate athletes differ between weight categories.
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12
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Martín EBS, Cancino-López J, Gallardo JA, Zapata-Bastías J, García-García JM. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques on Jumping Ability and Change of Direction Speed in Karate Athletes: An Inter-individual Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769267. [PMID: 34887776 PMCID: PMC8650689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 4weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques and analyzed inter-individual variability [classified in responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on jumping ability and change of direction speed (CODS) in youth karate athletes. Athletes of both genders (n=10) were randomly assigned into experimental group (EG; n=5) and the control group (CG; n=5). The EG trained 2-3days per week applying HIIT (three rounds [15 sets of 4s all-out specific efforts with 8s of dynamical pauses] with 3min of recovery between rounds) during their usual training during 4weeks. Assessments included squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) and CODS by T-test. No significant interaction effect group by time was found. Although, in percentage and effect size (ES) terms increases were reported in both groups for SJ (EG: 15.2%, ES=0.91 vs. CG: 12.4%, ES=0.02) and only in EG for the T-test (-1.7%; ES=-0.35). In turn, a trend toward a higher proportion of Rs was observed in the EG (40% Rs) vs. CG (20% Rs) for SJ and CODS, respectively. In conclusion, the addition to regular training of a HIIT with specific techniques and based on the temporal combat structure after 4weeks was not a sufficient stimulus to increase jumping ability and CODS in karate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Movimiento Humano, Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino-López
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jairo Azócar Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Movimiento Humano, Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Zapata-Bastías
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-García
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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13
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Millet GP, Brocherie F, Burtscher J. Olympic Sports Science-Bibliometric Analysis of All Summer and Winter Olympic Sports Research. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:772140. [PMID: 34746779 PMCID: PMC8564375 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.772140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The body of scientific literature on sports and exercise continues to expand. The summer and winter Olympic games will be held over a 7-month period in 2021-2022. Objectives: We took this rare opportunity to quantify and analyze the main bibliometric parameters (i.e., the number of articles and citations) across all Olympic sports to weigh and compare their importance and to assess the structure of the "sport sciences" field. The present review aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of Olympic sports research. We quantified the following topics: (1) the most investigated sports; (2) the main journals in which the studies are published; (3) the main factors explaining sport-specific scientific attractiveness; (4) the influence of being in the Olympic programme, economic weight, and local influences on research output; and (5) which research topic is the most investigated across sports. Methods: We searched 116 sport/exercise journals on PubMed for the 40 summer and 10 winter Olympic sports. A total of 34,038 articles were filtered for a final selection of 25,003 articles (23,334 articles on summer sports and 1,669 on winter sports) and a total of 599,820 citations. Results and Discussion: Nine sports [football (soccer), cycling, athletics, swimming, distance & marathon running, basketball, baseball, tennis, and rowing] were involved in 69% of the articles and 75% of the citations. Football was the most cited sport, with 19.7 and 26.3% of the total number of articles and citations, respectively. All sports yielded some scientific output, but 11 sports (biathlon, mountain biking, archery, diving, trampoline, skateboarding, skeleton, modern pentathlon, luge, bobsleigh, and curling) accumulated a total of fewer than 50 publications. While ice hockey is the most prominently represented winter sport in the scientific literature, winter sports overall have produced minor scientific output. Further analyses show a large scientific literature on team sports, particularly American professional sports (i.e., baseball, basketball, and ice hockey) and the importance of inclusion in the Olympic programme to increasing scientific interest in "recent" sports (i.e., triathlon and rugby sevens). We also found local/cultural influence on the occurrence of a sport in a particular "sport sciences" journal. Finally, the relative distribution of six main research topics (i.e., physiology, performance, training and testing, injuries and medicine, biomechanics, and psychology) was large across sports and reflected the specific performance factors of each sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Anthropometric and fitness normative values for young karatekas. Biol Sport 2021; 38:351-357. [PMID: 34475618 PMCID: PMC8329972 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide information regarding the anthropometric and fitness profile of young karatekas and to study its evolution with age. Data from top-level karatekas were included in the analysis: 97 athletes in the U14 category (12–13 years old), 238 in cadet (14–15 years old), 261 in junior (16–17 years old) and 177 in U21 (18–20 years old), which makes a total of 773 athlete data sets. Karatekas underwent anthropometric (weight, height, body mass index and body fat percentage) and fitness (sit and reach, 20-m shuttle run, standing long jump, overhead 3-kg ball throw, 10x5-m shuttle run, and plate-tapping) assessments during the training camps organized by the Spanish National Karate Federation between 1999 and 2016. Male karatekas were taller and heavier, and performed better than females in all the fitness dimensions assessed, except for flexibility and speed of upper limb movements. The obtained cardiovascular and lower-body muscular values indicated that karatekas in this study were placed between the 80th and the 90th percentile when compared with the general population. The results of the agility, coordination and speed of upper limb movements, and flexibility tests showed that the karatekas obtained much higher scores than those observed in age-matched populations. Young karatekas show a high fitness level in comparison with the general population, especially with regards to aerobic performance, lower-body muscular power and upper-limb movement speed. Reference values of anthropometric and fitness dimensions are provided in order to be used by coaches, conditioning trainers and sport scientists when testing young male and female karatekas.
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15
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Marković S, Kos A, Vuković V, Dopsaj M, Koropanovski N, Umek A. Use of IMU in Differential Analysis of the Reverse Punch Temporal Structure in Relation to the Achieved Maximal Hand Velocity. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124148. [PMID: 34204235 PMCID: PMC8234953 DOI: 10.3390/s21124148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To achieve good performance, athletes need to synchronize a series of movements in an optimal manner. One of the indicators used to monitor this is the order of occurrence of relevant events in the movement timeline. However, monitoring of this characteristic of rapid movement is practically limited to the laboratory settings, in which motion tracking systems can be used to acquire relevant data. Our motivation is to implement a simple-to-use and robust IMU-based solution suitable for everyday praxis. In this way, repetitive execution of technique can be constantly monitored. This provides augmented feedback to coaches and athletes and is relevant in the context of prevention of stabilization of errors, as well as monitoring for the effects of fatigue. In this research, acceleration and rotational speed signal acquired from a pair of IMUs (Inertial Measurement Unit) is used for detection of the time of occurrence of events. The research included 165 individual strikes performed by 14 elite and national-level karate competitors. All strikes were classified as slow, average, or fast based on the achieved maximal velocity of the hand. A Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant general differences in the order of occurrence of hand acceleration start, maximal hand velocity, maximal body velocity, maximal hand acceleration, maximal body acceleration, and vertical movement onset between the groups. Partial differences were determined using a Mann–Whitney test. This paper determines the differences in the temporal structure of the reverse punch in relation to the achieved maximal velocity of the hand as a performance indicator. Detecting the time of occurrence of events using IMUs is a new method for measuring motion synchronization that provides a new insight into the coordination of articulated human movements. Such application of IMU can provide additional information about the studied structure of rapid discrete movements in various sporting activities that are otherwise imperceptible to human senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Marković
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.U.)
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.V.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anton Kos
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.U.)
| | - Vesna Vuković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.V.); (M.D.)
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.V.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Nenad Koropanovski
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Anton Umek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.U.)
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16
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Przybylski P, Janiak A, Szewczyk P, Wieliński D, Domaszewska K. Morphological and Motor Fitness Determinants of Shotokan Karate Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094423. [PMID: 33919352 PMCID: PMC8122661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The achievement of high performance levels in a complex structured sport such as karate is determined by the competitor’s physical fitness, fighting technique, tactics and mental state. This study aimed to identify the most important determinants of top-level performance in karate. Methods: The participants were 32 karate competitors (12 women and 20 men) aged 18–25 years. A series of tests measuring 11 anthropometric features was undertaken twice during a year, separated by a 6-week interval during a training camp at the Olympic Preparation Center in Walcz, Poland. Motor skills were measured with strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and reaction time tests. Special motor fitness was assessed with tests of karate technical skills. The results were subject to statistical analysis using multiple stepwise regression of the Polish Karate Federation ranking points as the dependent variable. Results: The multiple regression analysis revealed two main determinants of high scores in female and male karate competitors. In women, these were thigh circumference and the speed of the mawashi-geri-kick roundhouse technique (i.e., the maximum number of delivered kicks in 30 s), whilst for men they were the extent of the sideway leg swing to the highest possible height (yoko-geri) and general endurance assessed with the bent arm hang test. Conclusion: Karate training should account for the determinants of high-level competitive karate performance identified in this study. Strengthening the lower limbs, exercises increasing hip joint mobility, low position movements, performing leg techniques in various planes and applying external loads undoubtedly increase a karate athlete’s strength and lead to the development of a more extensive repertoire of karate leg techniques, especially at the highest-scoring head level (jodan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Przybylski
- Department of Various Sports and Camp Organisation, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Janiak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Szewczyk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Dariusz Wieliński
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(61)-835-51-90
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17
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Hausen M, Freire R, Machado AB, Pereira GR, Millet GP, Itaborahy A. Maximal and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses to a Novel Graded Karate Test. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:310-316. [PMID: 34211324 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose and assess the physiological responses of a novel graded karate test. Ten male national-level karate athletes (age 26 ± 5 yrs; body mass 69.5 ± 11.6 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.09 m) performed two exercise tests (separated by 2-7 days): 1) a running-based cardiopulmonary exercise test; 2) a graded karate test. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was comprised of an individualized ramp protocol for treadmill running, and the graded karate test was comprised of a sequence of 'kisami-gyaku-zuki" punching at a fixed frequency of a stationary target that becomes progressively distant. Cardiorespiratory responses, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured. A verification phase was also performed in both tests to confirm the maximal physiological outcomes. The graded karate test evoked similar maximal responses to the running protocol: V̇O2 (57.4 ± 5.1 vs 58.3 ± 3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.53), heart rate (192 ± 6 vs 193 ± 10]beats.min-1; p = 0.62) and blood lactate (14.6 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 3.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.14) with a shorter duration (351 ± 71 vs 640 ± 9 s; p < 0.001). Additionally, the graded karate test evoked higher V̇O2 (72.6 ± 6.5 vs 64.4 ± 4.3 %V̇O2MAX; p = 0.005) and heart rate (89.4 ± 4.6 vs 77.3 ± 7.2 %HRMAX p < 0.001) at the ventilatory threshold and a higher heart rate (97.0 ± 2.4 vs 92.9 ± 2.2 %HRMAX; p = 0.02) at the respiratory compensation point. Incremental and verification phases evoked similar responses in V̇O2 and minute-ventilation during both tests. This novel displacement-based sport-specific test evoked similar maximal and higher submaximal responses, indicating a superior pathway to assess karate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa B Machado
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Hirata K, Kanehisa H, Miyamoto N. Association between medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit architecture and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with and without consideration of slack angle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248125. [PMID: 33667276 PMCID: PMC7935265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint flexibility is theoretically considered to associate with muscle-tendon unit (MTU) architecture. However, this potential association has not been experimentally demonstrated in humans in vivo. We aimed to identify whether and how MTU architectural parameters are associated with joint range of motion (RoM), with a special emphasis on slack angle. The fascicle length, pennation angle, tendinous tissue length, MTU length, and shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) were assessed during passive ankle dorsiflexion using ultrasound shear wave elastography in 17 healthy males. During passive dorsiflexion task, the ankle joint was rotated from 40° plantar flexion to the maximal dorsiflexion joint angle at which each subject started experiencing pain. From the ankle joint angle-shear modulus relationship, the angle at which shear modulus began to rise (slack angle) was calculated. Two dorsiflexion RoMs were determined as follows; 1) range from the anatomical position to maximal angle (RoManat-max) and 2) range from the MG slack angle to maximal angle (RoMslack-max). The MTU architectural parameters were analyzed at the anatomical position and MG slack angle. The resolved fascicle length (fascicle length × cosine of pennation angle) and ratios of resolved fascicle or tendinous tissue length to MTU length measured at the MG slack angle significantly correlated with the RoMslack-max (r = 0.491, 0.506, and -0.506, respectively). Any MTU architectural parameters assessed at the anatomical position did not correlate with RoManat-max or RoMslack-max. These results indicate that MTUs with long fascicle and short tendinous tissue are advantageous for joint flexibility. However, this association cannot be found unless MTU architecture and joint RoM are assessed with consideration of muscle slack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Szczęsna A, Błaszczyszyn M, Pawlyta M. Optical motion capture dataset of selected techniques in beginner and advanced Kyokushin karate athletes. Sci Data 2021; 8:13. [PMID: 33462240 PMCID: PMC7813879 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human motion capture is commonly used in various fields, including sport, to analyze, understand, and synthesize kinematic and kinetic data. Specialized computer vision and marker-based optical motion capture techniques constitute the gold-standard for accurate and robust human motion capture. The dataset presented consists of recordings of 37 Kyokushin karate athletes of different ages (children, young people, and adults) and skill levels (from 4th dan to 9th kyu) executing the following techniques: reverse lunge punch (Gyaku-Zuki), front kick (Mae-Geri), roundhouse kick (Mawashi-Geri), and spinning back kick (Ushiro-Mawashi-Geri). Each technique was performed approximately three times per recording (i.e., to create a single data file), and under three conditions where participants kicked or punched (i) in the air, (ii) a training shield, or (iii) an opponent. Each participant undertook a minimum of two trials per condition. The data presented was captured using a Vicon optical motion capture system with Plug-In Gait software. Three dimensional trajectories of 39 reflective markers were recorded. The resultant dataset contains a total of 1,411 recordings, with 3,229 single kicks and punches. The recordings are available in C3D file format. The dataset provides the opportunity for kinematic analysis of different combat sport techniques in attacking and defensive situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szczęsna
- Department of Computer Graphics, Vision and Digital Systems, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Akademicka 16, Poland.
| | - Monika Błaszczyszyn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758, Opole, Prószkowska 76, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawlyta
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, 02-008, Warsaw, Koszykowa 86, Poland
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20
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Rossi L. Bioimpedance to Assess the Body Composition of High-performance Karate Athletes: Applications, Advantages and Perspectives. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE 2021; 12:69-72. [PMID: 35069943 PMCID: PMC8667809 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Karate, a millennial martial art, was recently inserted among traditional Olympic combat sports for the Olympic Games in Japan. The aim of the present study is to determine, through bioimpedance analysis, the body composition of high-performance athletes participating in the São Paulo Olympic Karate Project. Participants were 22 athletes of both sexes, average age of 23.6 (6.0) years old, body mass of 66.6 (13.5) kg and fat percentage of 16.6 (5.5)%. Bioimpedance test indicated significant differences between sexes related to sexual dysmorphia, which had an impact on bioelectrical variables. Through comparative evaluation between male and female athletes, this study contributes to body composition analysis, indicating that, in the future, related bioimpedance tests should be used beyond their classical application, including phase angle, muscle function and other attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rossi
- Scientific Academic Department (DAC) of the São Paulo Karate Federation (FPK). Post-doctoral degree from School of Pharmaceutical Sciences – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo – SP, Brazil
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Changes in the Hormonal Profile of Athletes following a Combat Sports Performance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9684792. [PMID: 33145363 PMCID: PMC7599089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9684792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Results Following fighting, the adrenaline concentration was significantly higher in all athletes, most markedly in K (p < 0.001). Baseline cortisol and BDNF levels did not differ among the groups and rose significantly in all the groups after the performance. Baseline testosterone concentration was slightly higher in K than in JSW and rose in all the groups to reach similar levels; the increase in T was significantly higher than in K. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in the characteristics of the combat sports investigated, including the type of physical effort and the required balance between restraint and aggression, the performance in each of them gives rise to similar hormonal changes with a possible exception of karate showing higher stress hormone levels.
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Molinaro L, Taborri J, Montecchiani M, Rossi S. Assessing the Effects of Kata and Kumite Techniques on Physical Performance in Elite Karatekas. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3186. [PMID: 32503343 PMCID: PMC7309074 DOI: 10.3390/s20113186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing physical performance of elite karatekas and non-karatekas. More specifically, effects of kumite and kata technique on joint mobility, body stability, and jumping ability were assessed by enrolling twenty-four karatekas and by comparing the results with 18 non-karatekas healthy subjects. Sensor system was composed by a single inertial sensor and optical bars. Karatekas are generally characterized by better motor performance with respect nonkaratekas, considering all the examined factors, i.e., mobility, stability, and jumping. In addition, the two techniques lead to a differentiation in joint mobility; in particular, kumite athletes are characterized by a greater shoulder extension and, in general, by a greater value of preferred velocity to perform joint movements. Conversely, kata athletes are characterized by a greater mobility of the ankle joint. By focusing on jumping skills, kata technique leads to an increase of the concentric phase when performing squat jump. Finally, kata athletes showed better stability inclosed eyes condition. The outcomes reported here can be useful for optimizing coaching programs for both beginners and karatekas based on the specific selected technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Molinaro
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
- Motustech – Sport & Health Technology c/o Marilab, 00121 Ostia Lido, Rome, Italy
| | - Juri Taborri
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Massimo Montecchiani
- FIAMME ORO – Polizia di Stato, 00148 Rome, Italy;
- FIJLKAM – Italian Federation of Judo, Wrestling, Karate and Martial Arts, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
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Mudric M, Cuk I, Janicijevic D, Nedeljkovic A, García-Ramos A. Feasibility of a modern video-based technology for assessing the reaction time during specific karate kumite situations. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1767355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mudric
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, the Research Centre , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, Singidunum University , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, the Research Centre , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Nedeljkovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, the Research Centre , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica De La Santísima Concepción , Concepción, Chile
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Absolute and Relative Strength, Power and Physiological Characteristics of Indian Junior National-Level Judokas. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020014. [PMID: 32012960 PMCID: PMC7077207 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical qualities that underpin successful junior judokas requires continuing investigation. We investigated the physical and physiological characteristics of junior national level judokas. We tested 25 (15 male, 10 female) Indian judokas for absolute and relative strength (back-squat and bench-press one-repetition maximum (1RM) as well as isometric handgrip), aerobic (RAMP test) and lower-body anaerobic power (Wingate 6-s sprint and countermovement jump), change-of-direction (5-0-5 test) and speed (30 m sprint). Athletes were grouped according to national-level competition placing (gold-medal winners (GM; n = 8), all medal winners (MW; n = 13), non-medallists (NM; n = 12), and NM plus silver and bronze; all others (AO; n = 17)). Stepwise discriminant function analysis determined characteristics likely to predict successful performance. Independent t-tests and effect size (Hedge’s g) analyses were performed between groups. GM demonstrated greater lower-body absolute (20.0%; g = 0.87, p = 0.046) and relative 1RM strength (21.0%; g = 0.87, p = 0.047), and greater lower-body absolute (25.4%; g=1.32, p=0.004) and relative (27.3%; g = 1.27, p = 0.005) anaerobic power compared to AO. Furthermore, anaerobic power can correctly predict 76.5% and 62.5% of AO and GM athletes, respectively. No differences were observed between MW and NM groups. The results suggest the importance of lower-body strength and power for junior national-level judokas and provides information for professionals working with these athletes.
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25
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Rezaei S, Akbari K, Gahreman DE, Sarshin A, Tabben M, Kaviani M, Sadeghinikoo A, Koozehchian MS, Naderi A. Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:44. [PMID: 31623659 PMCID: PMC6798418 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ergogenic properties of acute caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on athletic performance have been previously investigated. However, each sport has unique physiological and technical characteristics which warrants optimizing supplementations strategies for maximizing performance. This study examined the effects of CAF and NaHCO3 ingestion on physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion during a Karate-specific aerobic test (KSAT) in competitive karatekas. Methods In a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial, eight Karatekas underwent five experimental conditions including control (CON), placebo (PLA), CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 before completing KSAT. Capsules containing 6 mg/kg BW CAF were consumed 50 min prior to a KSAT whilst 0.3 g/kg BW NaHCO3 was consumed for 3 days leading to and 120, 90, and 60 min prior to a KSAT. Time to exhaustion (TTE), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate (BL) were measured before, immediately after and 3 min following KSAT. Results TTE was significantly greater following CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 consumption compared to PLA and CON. However, the differences between CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). BL increased significantly from baseline to immediately after and 3 min following KSAT in all conditions (p < 0.01), while RPE at the end of KSAT was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.11). Conclusions Karate practitioners may benefit from the ergogenic effects of CAF and NaHCO3 when consumed separately or together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rezaei
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Akbari
- Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical education and sport sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. .,Raad Sports Club, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel E Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Amir Sarshin
- Faculty of Physical education and sport sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Majid S Koozehchian
- Department of Kinesiology, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL, 36265, USA
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Sports Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran
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Functional and Structural Plasticity of Brain in Elite Karate Athletes. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2018; 2018:8310975. [PMID: 30425820 PMCID: PMC6218732 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8310975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional neural differences between the elite karate athletes and control group have been investigated in the concept of this study. 13 elite karate athletes and age-gender matched 13 volunteers who have not performed regular exercises participated in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to acquire the anatomical and functional maps. T1-weighted anatomical images were segmented to form gray and white matter images. Voxel-based morphometry is used to elucidate the differences between the groups. Moreover, resting state functional measurements had been done, and group independent component analysis was implemented in order to exhibit the resting state networks. Then, second-level general linear models were used to compute the statistical maps. It has been revealed that increased GM volume values of inferior/superior temporal, occipital, premotor cortex, and temporal pole superior were present for the elite athletes. Additionally, WM values were found to be increased in caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, and mammilary region for the elite karate players. Similarly, for the elite karate players, the brain regions involved in the movement planning and visual perception are found to have higher connectivity values. The differences in these findings can be thought to be originated from the advances gained through the several years of training which is required to be an elite karate athlete.
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Endocrine Modulation in Long-Term Karate Practitioners. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1074801. [PMID: 30410552 PMCID: PMC6206564 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1074801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Karate is a martial arts discipline which is widely practiced in the Western world as a form of self-defense, as well as a discipline to achieve physical and mental balance. However, little is known with respect to its specific psychobiological effects, particularly in relation to the influence that it may exert on the endocrine system. Thus, in the present study, we examined the effects of karate on several hormonal parameters of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axes in long-time practitioners. Methods Twenty-two healthy volunteer subjects (12 experimental and 10 controls) participated in the study. Experimental subjects were karate players with a minimum of 3 years of practice in this discipline. Blood samples for the quantification of hormonal parameters were taken in both groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed for each variable in order to analyze the differences between groups. Results Statistically significant differences were found in cortisol and thyroid hormones, with the karate group showing lower levels of these hormones as compared to control. Conclusions These findings, therefore, reveal that long-term karate practice is associated with a significant endocrine modulation, which suggests interesting psychobiological and clinical implications. Further research is needed to verify these preliminary results, as well as properly assessing its possible use as a psychosomatic intervention tool.
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28
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Immunological Modulation in Long-Term Karate Practitioners. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1654148. [PMID: 30046332 PMCID: PMC6038592 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1654148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Karate is a Japanese martial arts system with potential physical and psychological benefits. However, karate has been scarcely investigated from a psychobiological perspective, and its effects on the immune system remain virtually unknown. We designed the present study with the aim of analyzing the effects of karate practice on immunological parameters. 27 healthy male volunteer subjects participated in the study, 15 in the experimental group and 12 in the control. Experimental subjects were all karate players who had practiced this martial art for a minimum of three years attending regular lessons at a karate training center, in the evening, two to three days per week. Blood samples for the quantification of immunological parameters (total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, IgG, IgA, and IgM) were taken in both groups. A t-test for independent groups was performed in each dependent variable; a value of p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Karate practitioners exhibited a significantly higher number of total leukocytes (p<0.02), monocytes (p<0.01), and lymphocytes (p<0.01), a higher percentage of monocytes (p<0.01), and greater serum concentrations of IgG (p<0.02) and IgM (p<0.01). Our findings show that long-term karate practice is related to a broad modulation of immune parameters, including total and specific leukocyte counts, as well as immunoglobulin concentrations. This peculiar immunomodulatory profile, apart from its psychobiological relevance, may have noteworthy clinical implications.
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Slimani M, Paravlic AH, Chaabene H, Davis P, Chamari K, Cheour F. Hormonal responses to striking combat sports competition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2018; 35:121-136. [PMID: 30455540 PMCID: PMC6234310 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Striking combat sports are challenging, commonly stressing the endocrinological system based on a mixture of body-contact actions and physiological efforts. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to discuss the hormonal responses related to striking combat sports competitions and to investigate the moderator and mediator variables of the hormonal response-competition/outcome relationship. Three electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched (up to February 2016) followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. The data showed a moderate increase in cortisol (C) (ES = 0.79; 95% CI 0.31-1.28; p = 0.001), an extremely large increase in adrenaline (ES = 4.22; 95% CI 2.62-5.82; p < 0.001), and a very large increase in noradrenaline (ES = 3.40; 95% CI 1.03-5.76; p = 0.005) and human growth hormone (HGH) levels (ES = 3.69; 95% CI 1.96-5.42; p < 0.001) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition i.e., "pre-combat". Furthermore, amateur athletes had a larger increase in C levels compared to highly trained athletes (ES = 2.91 [very large] vs ES = 0.56 [small]), while evening events showed greater alterations in C levels compared to morning events (ES = 1.91 [large] vs ES = 0.48 [small]), without significant differences between them (p = 0.26 and p = 0.06, respectively). The present meta-analysis also showed a small, insignificant increase in testosterone (T) (ES = 0.47 [small]; 95% CI -0.45-0.99; p = 0.074) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 levels (ES = -0.20 [trivial]; 95% CI -0.78-0.37; p = 0.486) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition. The type of combat sports practised, participants' gender, and the nature of competition contests (i.e., official vs simulation) did not moderate the relationship between competition and hormonal response. Additionaly, sub-analysis results showed a significant difference between younger and older athletes (Q = 4.05, p = 0.044), suggesting that after combat, younger individuals (less than 17 years of age) had a small decrease in T levels (ES = -0.58), compared with the moderate increase observed in older individuals (ES = 0.76). In conclusion, irrespective of striking combat sports types, the results showed that both official and simulated bouts are a real stressor of the hormonal system of practitioners. Coaches and applied practitioners should adopt "pre-competitive cognitive/coping strategies" to improve the psychological state that mediates the hormonal changes-competition/outcome relationship of their athletes in order to mitigate athletes' stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Armin Huso Paravlic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Philip Davis
- Combat Sports Performance, Braintree, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Foued Cheour
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Médenine, Medenine, Tunisia
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Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Yasuda O, Kanehisa H. Associations of passive muscle stiffness, muscle stretch tolerance, and muscle slack angle with range of motion: individual and sex differences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8274. [PMID: 29844513 PMCID: PMC5974414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint range of motion (ROM) is an important parameter for athletic performance and muscular injury risk. Nonetheless, a complete description of muscular factors influencing ROM among individuals and between men and women is lacking. We examined whether passive muscle stiffness (evaluated by angle-specific muscle shear modulus), tolerance to muscle stretch (evaluated by muscle shear modulus at end-ROM), and muscle slack angle of the triceps surae are associated with the individual variability and sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM, using ultrasound shear wave elastography. For men, ROM was negatively correlated to passive muscle stiffness of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius in a tensioned state and positively to tolerance to muscle stretch in the medial gastrocnemius. For women, ROM was only positively correlated to tolerance to muscle stretch in all muscles but not correlated to passive muscle stiffness. Muscle slack angle was not correlated to ROM in men and women. Significant sex differences were observed only for dorsiflexion ROM and passive muscle stiffness in a tensioned state. These findings suggest that muscular factors associated with ROM are different between men and women. Furthermore, the sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM might be attributed partly to that in passive muscle stiffness of plantar flexors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
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Čular D, Ivančev V, Zagatto AM, Milić M, Beslija T, Sellami M, Padulo J. Validity and Reliability of the 30-s Continuous Jump for Anaerobic Power and Capacity Assessment in Combat Sport. Front Physiol 2018; 9:543. [PMID: 29867580 PMCID: PMC5962763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling test such Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) is used to measure anaerobic power (AP), but not anaerobic capacity (AC, i.e., the metabolic energy demand). However, in sports that do not involve cycling movements (Karate), the continuous jump for 30 s (vertical jumps for 30 s) has been extensively used to measure anaerobic performance in all young athletes. Limited information’s are available concerning its validity and reliability especially in children. As such, the current study aimed to test validity and reliability of a continuous jumps test (the CJ30s), using WAnT as a reference. Thirteen female Karate kids (age: 11.07 ± 1.32 years; mass: 41.76 ± 15.32 kg; height: 152 ± 11.52 cm; training experience: 4.38 ± 2.14 years) were tested on three separate sessions. The first and second sessions were used to assess the reliability using Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of CJ30s, whereas on the third session WAnT was administered. Following CJ30s and WAnT, we assessed AP (1/CJ30s, as jump height [JH], fatigue index [FI], and blood lactate [BL]; 2/WAnT, as mechanical power [P], FI, and BL) and AC as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Large/highly significant correlations were found between CJ30s and WAnT EPOCs (r = 0.730, P = 0.003), and BLs (r = 0.713, P = 0.009). Moderate/significant correlations were found between CJ30s and WAnT FIs (r = 0.640, P = 0.014), CJ30s first four jumps mean JH and WAnT peak P (r = 0.572, P = 0.032), and CJ30s mean JH and WAnT mean P (r = 0.589, P = 0.021). CJ30s showed excellent and moderate reliability (ICC) for AP (maximal JH 0.884, mean JH 0.742, FI 0.657, BL 0.653) and AC (EPOC 0.788), respectively. Correlations observed especially in terms of AC between CJ30s and WAnT provide evidence that former may adequately assess anaerobic performance for the young combat athlete. CJ30 is a reliable test and allow an easy assessment of AP and AC in karate children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Čular
- Faculty of kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Kinesiology and Sport, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Mirjana Milić
- Faculty of kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tea Beslija
- Faculty of kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Maha Sellami
- Faculty of kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
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Andreato LV, Branco BHM. Different Sports, But the Same Physical and Physiological Profiles? Sports Med 2018; 46:1963-1965. [PMID: 27430503 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358 - Coqueiros, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, 88080-350.
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Chaabene H, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Capranica L, Franchini E, Prieske O, Hbacha H, Granacher U. Tests for the Assessment of Sport-Specific Performance in Olympic Combat Sports: A Systematic Review With Practical Recommendations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29692739 PMCID: PMC5902544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular monitoring of physical fitness and sport-specific performance is important in elite sports to increase the likelihood of success in competition. This study aimed to systematically review and to critically appraise the methodological quality, validation data, and feasibility of the sport-specific performance assessment in Olympic combat sports like amateur boxing, fencing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling. A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Google-Scholar, and Science-Direct up to October 2017. Studies in combat sports were included that reported validation data (e.g., reliability, validity, sensitivity) of sport-specific tests. Overall, 39 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The majority of studies (74%) contained sample sizes <30 subjects. Nearly, 1/3 of the reviewed studies lacked a sufficient description (e.g., anthropometrics, age, expertise level) of the included participants. Seventy-two percent of studies did not sufficiently report inclusion/exclusion criteria of their participants. In 62% of the included studies, the description and/or inclusion of a familiarization session (s) was either incomplete or not existent. Sixty-percent of studies did not report any details about the stability of testing conditions. Approximately half of the studies examined reliability measures of the included sport-specific tests (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.43–1.00). Content validity was addressed in all included studies, criterion validity (only the concurrent aspect of it) in approximately half of the studies with correlation coefficients ranging from r = −0.41 to 0.90. Construct validity was reported in 31% of the included studies and predictive validity in only one. Test sensitivity was addressed in 13% of the included studies. The majority of studies (64%) ignored and/or provided incomplete information on test feasibility and methodological limitations of the sport-specific test. In 28% of the included studies, insufficient information or a complete lack of information was provided in the respective field of the test application. Several methodological gaps exist in studies that used sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports. Additional research should adopt more rigorous validation procedures in the application and description of sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hamdi Hbacha
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8242, Paris, France.,Cesam, EA 4260, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UNICAEN, Paris, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. A protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the bone response to impact loading or resistance training in young women with lower than average bone mass: the OPTIMA-Ex trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016983. [PMID: 28864705 PMCID: PMC5588984 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle-loading Approaches to Exercise trial is to compare the bone response to two known osteogenic stimuli - impact loading exercise and resistance training. Specifically, we will examine the effect of a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity impact loading exercise intervention and a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity resistance training intervention on bone mass and strength at clinically important skeletal sites. The intervention groups will be compared against a home-based 'positive' control group. Safety and acceptability of each exercise modality will also be determined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Sedentary otherwise healthy young women aged 18-30 years with bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores less than or equal to 0 at the hip and lumbar spine, screened for conditions and medications that influence bone and physical function, will be recruited. Eligible participants are randomised to 10-month, twice-weekly, either supervised high-intensity impact training, high-intensity resistance training or a home-based 'positive' control group. The primary outcome measure will be lumbar spine areal BMD, while secondary outcome measures will include: whole body, femoral neck and regional measures (upper and lower limb) of bone, muscle and fat; anthropometrics; muscle strength and power; quality of life and exercise safety, enjoyment and acceptability. All outcome measures will be conducted at baseline (T0) and 10 months (T10) and will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle and per protocol. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been granted ethical approval from the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (GU Ref: 2015/775). Standard scientific reporting practices will occur, including publication in peer-reviewed journals. Participant confidentiality will be maintained in all forms of reporting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616001444471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Lambert
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy T Harding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L Watson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Arazi H, Izadi M. Physical and physiological profile of Iranian world-class karate athletes. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bhk-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: The purpose of the present research was to determine the physical and physiological features of international level karate athletes. Material and methods: Eleven male karate athletes who were ranked at the top of their weight categories participated in this study. All of them were evaluated for anthropometric, body composition, somatotype and bio-motor characteristics in detail. Results: The main results (mean ± SD) were height: 181.54 ± 4.71 cm; sitting height: 97.27 ± 3.03 cm; arm span: 185.72 ± 7.28 cm; BMI: 25.02 ± 3.32 kg ∙ m-2; Rohrer’s index: 137.68 ± 16.72; skelic index: 53.58 ± 1.29; arm span (ape) index: 1.02 ± 0.02; fat mass: 7.51 ± 4.56 kg; fat-free mass: 75.26 ± 10.04 kg; body fat: 8.66 ± 3.65; endomorphy: 2.4 ± 0.85; mesomorphy: 5.2 ± 1.13; ectomorphy: 2.11 ± 0.99; VO2max: 51.58 ± 3.39 ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1; anaerobic power: 45.45 ± 4.39 W ∙ kg-1; long jump: 249.7 ± 16.81 cm; upper-body strength: 100.27 ± 15.61 kg (1.21 ± 0.07 kg ∙ kg-1); lower-body strength: 155.94 ± 19.49 kg (1.89 ± 0.14 kg ∙ kg-1); whole-body strength: 156.97 ± 21.38 kg (1.9 ± 0.13 kg ∙ kg-1) and flexibility: 37.63 ± 10.73 cm. Conclusions: A tall stature and long arm span, low body fat, markedly high mesomorphic build, moderately high aerobic power, outstanding anaerobic power, excellent lower-body explosive power, great muscular strength and high flexibility seem to be advantageous features for karate contestants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht , Iran
| | - Mani Izadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht , Iran
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Towards a Determination of the Physiological Characteristics Distinguishing Successful Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Systematic Review of Combat Sport Literature. Sports Med 2017; 46:1525-51. [PMID: 26993133 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport underpinned by techniques from other combat disciplines, in addition to strategies unique to the sport itself. These sports can be divided into two distinct categories (grappling or striking) based on differing technical demands. Uniquely, MMA combines both methods of combat and therefore appears to be physiologically complex requiring a spectrum of mechanical and metabolic qualities to drive performance. However, little is known about the physiological characteristics that distinguish higher- from lower-level MMA athletes. Such information provides guidance for training interventions, performance testing and talent identification. Furthermore, while MMA incorporates techniques from both grappling and striking sports, it is unknown precisely how these disciplines differ physiologically. Understanding the relationship between higher-level competitors in grappling and striking combat sports can provide further insight into the development of the optimal performance profile of a higher-level MMA athlete. OBJECTIVE This article aims to analyse the scientific literature on MMA and the primary combat sports underpinning it to determine the physiological adaptations that distinguish superior competitors, with a view to defining the optimal physiological profile for higher-level MMA performance. Furthermore, this article will explore the differences in these capabilities between grappling- and striking-based combat sports in the context of MMA. METHODS A literature search was undertaken via PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Google Scholar. The following sports were included for systematic review based on their relevance to MMA: mixed martial arts, boxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kickboxing, Muay Thai and wrestling. The inclusion criteria allowed studies that compared athletes of differing competition levels in the same sport using a physiological performance measure. Only male, adult (aged 17-40 years), able-bodied competitors were included. The search history spanned from the earliest record until September 2015. RESULTS Of the eight combat sports searched for, five were represented across 23 studies. Sixteen investigations described maximal strength or neuromuscular power variables, while 19 articles reported anaerobic or aerobic measures. The results indicate that a number of strength, neuromuscular power and anaerobic variables distinguished higher- from lower-level combat sport athletes. However, these differences were less clear when groups were stratified within, rather than between competition grades. Greater aerobic power was generally not present amongst superior combat sport competitors. CONCLUSION There appear to be differing physiological profiles between more successful grappling and striking combat sport athletes. This is represented by high-force demands of grappling sports causing an upwards shift of the entire force-velocity relationship driven by an increase in maximal strength. In comparison, smaller increases in maximal force production with more notable enhancements in lighter load, higher velocity actions may better identify superior performance in striking sports. Anaerobic capabilities largely distinguished higher- from lower-level combat sport athletes. In particular, longer-term anaerobic efforts seem to define successful grappling-based athletes, while superior competitors in striking sports tend to show dominance in shorter-term measures when compared with their lower-level counterparts. Given the demand for both forms of combat in MMA, a spectrum of physiological markers may characterize higher-level competitors. Furthermore, the performance profile of successful MMA athletes may differ based on combat sport history or competition strategy.
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Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM. Individualised dietary strategies for Olympic combat sports: Acute weight loss, recovery and competition nutrition. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:727-740. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1297489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reid Reale
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Andreato LV, Lara FJD, Andrade A, Branco BHM. Physical and Physiological Profiles of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:9. [PMID: 28194734 PMCID: PMC5306420 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a grappling combat sport that has intermittency as its core element; in other words, actions of high, moderate and low intensity are interspersed during matches, requiring a high level of conditioning to support optimal levels of performance for the total match time. The athletes perform from four to six matches during a day of competition, and this number may increase if the open-class competition, which is held parallel to the competition by weight class, is considered. This systematic review examined the physical and physiological profiles of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Methods Only scientific researches dealing with the major fitness components of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (i.e. body composition and somatotype, aerobic and anaerobic profiles, muscular strength and power) and using accepted methods that provided relevant practical applications for a Brazilian jiu-jitsu athlete’s fitness training and/or performance were included in the current review. A computer literature search was carried out of the PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, SportDiscus and Scopus databases (up to January 2016). Results The database research generated 205 articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 studies were included for the present systematic review. A total of 1496 subjects were involved in all the selected investigations. Conclusions Body fat is generally low for these athletes and the mesomorphic component is predominant. The different studies showed VO2max values between 42 and 52 mL/kg/min, and it seems that aerobic fitness does not discriminate among Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes of different competitive levels. There is a lack of scientific studies that have investigated anaerobic responses both in lower and upper limbs. Maximal dynamic, isometric and endurance strength can be associated with sporting success in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Although decisive actions during Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches are mainly dependent on muscular power, more specific studies are necessary to describe it. Studies involving the female sex should be conducted. In addition, further research is needed to analyse whether there are differences between sex, belt ranks and competitive level, and among the different weight categories for different variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexandro Andrade
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,University Center of Maringa - UNICESUMAR, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology. Biol Sport 2017; 34:185-196. [PMID: 28566813 PMCID: PMC5424459 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.65338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kickboxing is one of the modern combat sports. The psychophysiological demands of a kickboxing competition require athletes to achieve high thresholds of several aspects of physical fitness. The aim of the current review is to critically analyse and appraise the kickboxer’s anthropometric, physiological, physical and psychological attributes with the activity profile and injury epidemiology in order to provide practical recommendations for training as well as new areas of scientific research. The available information shows that both amateur and elite-level male kickboxers are characterized by a higher proportion of mesomorphy with a well-developed muscle mass and low body fat percentage. While there is some variation in the maximum oxygen uptake of kickboxers, moderate to high cardio-respiratory levels are reported for these athletes. Regardless of kickboxers’ level, a high peak and mean anaerobic power output were reported. High-level kickboxing performance also requires well-developed muscle power in both the upper and lower limbs. Psychological factors contribute to success that requires high levels of self-confidence, motivation, dispositional hope and optimism, mental toughness/resiliency, and adaptive perfectionism. Psychological attributes also distinguished successful from less successful kickboxers. The activity-to-rest ratio was higher in elite (1:1) than both amateur and national-level (from 1:2 to 1:5) kickboxers, with no significant differences between rounds (round 1=1:4, and rounds 2 and 3=1:5) as well as between winners and losers in amateur and national-level simulated combats. These particular psychophysiological characteristics and performance aspects of kickboxers influence performance and could serve as guidance for training. Finally, kickboxing is characterized by chronic repetitive head trauma, which causes hypopituitarism due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Future investigations into the physical, physiological and psychological characteristics related to age, gender and competitive levels of kickboxers are required to enrich the current knowledge and to help create the most suitable training programme.
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Silveira Coswig V, Hideyoshi Fukuda D, de Paula Ramos S, Boscolo Del Vecchio F. Biochemical Differences Between Official and Simulated Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) Matches. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e30950. [PMID: 27625756 PMCID: PMC5003304 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.30950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the goals for training in combat sports is to mimic real situations. For mixed martial arts (MMA), simulated sparring matches are a frequent component during training, but a there is a lack of knowledge considering the differences in sparring and competitive environments. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to compare biochemical responses to sparring and official MMA matches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty five male professional MMA fighters were evaluated during official events (OFF = 12) and simulated matches (SIM = 13). For both situations, blood samples were taken before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) matches. For statistical analysis, two-way analysis of variance (time x group and time x winner) were used to compare the dependent parametric variables. For non-parametric data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used and differences were confirmed by Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS No significant differences were observed among the groups for demographic variables. The athletes were 26.5 ± 5 years with 80 ± 10 kg, 1.74 ± 0.05 m and had 39.4 ± 25 months of training experience. Primary results indicated higher blood glucose concentration prior to fights for OFF group (OFF= 6.1 ± 1.2 mmol/L and SIM= 4.4 ± 0.7 mmol/L; P < 0.01) and higher ALT values for OFF group at both time points (OFF: PRE = 41.2 ± 12 U/L, POST = 44.2 ± 14.1 U/L; SIM: PRE = 28.1 ± 13.8 U/L, POST = 30.5 ± 12.5 U/L; P = 0.001). In addition, the blood lactate showed similar responses for both groups (OFF: PRE= 4 [3.4 - 4.4] mmol/L, POST= 16.9 [13.8 - 23.5] mmol/L; SIM: PRE = 3.8 [2.8 - 5.5] mmol/L, POST= 16.8 [12.3 - 19.2] mmol/L; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, MMA official and simulated matches induce similar high intensity glycolytic demands and minimal changes to biochemical markers of muscle damage immediately following the fights. Glycolytic availability prior to the fights was raised exclusively in response to official matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Silveira Coswig
- Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education, Faculty Anhanguera of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Victor Silveira Coswig, Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Tel: +55-5332732752, Fax: +55-5332733851, E-mail:
| | - David Hideyoshi Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States of America
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Functional Assessment of Corticospinal System Excitability in Karate Athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155998. [PMID: 27218465 PMCID: PMC4878742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in the coordination performance of karate athletes through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods Thirteen right-handed male karate athletes (25.0±5.0 years) and 13 matched non-athlete controls (26.7±6.2 years) were enrolled. A single-pulse TMS was applied using a figure-eight coil stimulator. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was determined. Surface electromyography was recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Motor evoked potential (MEP) latencies and amplitudes at rMT, 110%, and 120% of rMT were considered. Functional assessment of the coordination performance was assessed by in-phase (IP) and anti-phase (AP) homolateral hand and foot coordination tasks performed at 80, 120, and 180 bpm. Results Compared to controls, athletes showed lower rMT (p<0.01), shorter MEP latency (p<0.01) and higher MEP amplitude (p<0.01), with a significant correlation (r = 0.50, p<0.01) between rMT and MEP latency. Coordination decreased with increasing velocity, and better IP performances emerged compared to AP ones (p<0.001). In general, a high correlation between rMT and coordination tasks was found for both IP and AP conditions. Conclusion With respect to controls, karate athletes present a higher corticospinal excitability indicating the presence of an activity-dependent alteration in the balance and interactions between inhibitory and facilitatory circuits determining the final output from the M1. Furthermore, the high correlation between corticospinal excitability and coordination performance could support sport-specific neurophysiological arrangements.
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Zarrouk N, Hammouda O, Latiri I, Adala H, Bouhlel E, Rebai H, Dogui M. Ramadan fasting does not adversely affect neuromuscular performances and reaction times in trained karate athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:18. [PMID: 27099568 PMCID: PMC4837563 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to investigate the concomitant effects of Ramadan intermittent fast (RIF) and muscle fatigue on neuromuscular performances and reaction times in young trained athletes. Methods Eight karate players (17.2 ± 0.5 years) were tested on three sessions: during a control period (S1: one week before Ramadan), and during the first (S2) and the fourth week of RIF (S3). Dietary intake and anthropometric measurements were assessed before each session. During each test session, participants performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) and a submaximal contraction at 75 % MVC until exhaustion (Tlim) of the right elbow flexors. Surface electromyography was recorded from biceps brachii muscle during MVC and Tlim. Simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times were evaluated at rest and just after Tlim in a random order. Results The total daily energy (S2: +19.5 %, p < 0.05; S3: +27.4 %, p < 0.01) and water (S2: +26.8 %, p < 0.01; S3: +23.2 %, p < 0.05) intake were significantly increased during RIF. However, neither body mass nor body mass index was altered by RIF (F(2,14) = 0.80, p = 0.47 and F(2,14) = 0.78, p = 0.48, respectively). In addition, Tlim (F(2,14) = 2.53, p = 0.12), MVC (F(2,14) = 0.51, p = 0.61) and associated electrical activity (F(2,14) = 0.13, p = 0.88) as well as neuromuscular efficiency (F(2,14) = 0.27, p = 0.76) were maintained during RIF. Moreover, neither SRT nor CRT was affected by RIF (F(2,14) = 1.82, p = 0.19 and F(2,14) = 0.26, p = 0.78, respectively) or neuromuscular fatigue (F(1,7) = 0.0002, p = 0.98 and F(1,7) = 3.78, p = 0.09, respectively). Conclusions The present results showed that RIF did not adversely affect the neuromuscular performances and anthropometric parameters of elite karate athletes who were undertaking their usual training schedule. In addition, neither RIF nor neuromuscular fatigue poorly affects reaction times in elite karate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Zarrouk
- Research Laboratory: "Medical Imaging Technologies" (LR 12ES06, TIM), Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia ; Research Unit: "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory: "Equipe de Physiologie, Biomécanique et Imagerie du Mouvement" (CeRSM, EA 2931), UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, 200 avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Imed Latiri
- Research Unit: "Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: from the Integrated to the Molecular Biology, Medicine and Health" (UR 12ES06), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hela Adala
- Research Laboratory: "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ezzedine Bouhlel
- Research Unit: "Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: from the Integrated to the Molecular Biology, Medicine and Health" (UR 12ES06), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Unit: "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Dogui
- Research Laboratory: "Medical Imaging Technologies" (LR 12ES06, TIM), Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Chaabene H, Hachana Y, Franchini E, Tabben M, Mkaouer B, Negra Y, Hammami M, Chamari K. Criterion Related Validity of Karate Specific Aerobic Test (KSAT). Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e23807. [PMID: 26446345 PMCID: PMC4594135 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Karate is one the most popular combat sports in the world. Physical fitness assessment on a regular manner is important for monitoring the effectiveness of the training program and the readiness of karatekas to compete. Objectives: The aim of this research was to examine the criterion related to validity of the karate specific aerobic test (KSAT) as an indicator of aerobic level of karate practitioners. Patients and Methods: Cardiorespiratory responses, aerobic performance level through both treadmill laboratory test and YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YoYoIRTL1) as well as time to exhaustion in the KSAT test (TE’KSAT) were determined in a total of fifteen healthy international karatekas (i.e. karate practitioners) (means ± SD: age: 22.2 ± 4.3 years; height: 176.4 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 70.3 ± 9.7 kg and body fat: 13.2 ± 6%). Results: Peak heart rate obtained from KSAT represented ~99% of maximal heart rate registered during the treadmill test showing that KSAT imposes high physiological demands. There was no significant correlation between KSAT’s TE and relative (mL/min kg) treadmill maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.14; P = 0.69; [small]). On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between KSAT’s TE and the velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) (r = 0.67; P = 0.03; [large]) as well as the velocity at VO2 corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold (vVO2 VAT) (r = 0.64; P = 0.04; [large]). Moreover, significant relationship was found between TE’s KSAT and both the total distance covered and parameters of intermittent endurance measured through YoYoIRTL1. Conclusions: The KSAT has not proved to have indirect criterion related validity as no significant correlations have been found between TE’s KSAT and treadmill VO2max. Nevertheless, as correlated to other aerobic fitness variables, KSAT can be considered as an indicator of karate specific endurance. The establishment of the criterion related validity of the KSAT requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Tunisian Research Laboratory (Sport Performance Optimization), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- Corresponding author: Helmi Chaabene, Tunisian Research Laboratory (Sport Performance Optimization), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia. Tel: +216-41333051, E-mail:
| | - Younes Hachana
- Research Unit, Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bessem Mkaouer
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit, Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Mehrez Hammami
- Research Unit, Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
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Chaabène H, Tabben M, Mkaouer B, Franchini E, Negra Y, Hammami M, Amara S, Chaabène RB, Hachana Y. Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Med 2015; 45:337-52. [PMID: 25358529 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Boxing is one of the oldest combat sports. The aim of the current review is to critically analyze the amateur boxer's physical and physiological characteristics and to provide practical recommendations for training as well as new areas of scientific research. High-level male and female boxers show a propensity for low body fat levels. Although studies on boxer somatotypes are limited, the available information shows that elite-level male boxers are characterized by a higher proportion of mesomorphy with a well-developed muscle mass and a low body fat level. To help support the overall metabolic demands of a boxing match and to accelerate the recovery process between rounds, athletes of both sexes require a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness. International boxers show a high peak and mean anaerobic power output. Muscle strength in both the upper and lower limbs is paramount for a fighter's victory and is one of the keys to success in boxing. As boxing punches are brief actions and very dynamic, high-level boxing performance requires well-developed muscle power in both the upper and lower limbs. Albeit limited, the available studies reveal that isometric strength is linked to high-level boxing performance. Future investigations into the physical and physiological attributes of boxers are required to enrich the current data set and to help create a suitable training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabène
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia,
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Lip RWT, Fong SSM, Ng SSM, Liu KPY, Guo X. Effects of Ving Tsun Chinese martial art training on musculoskeletal health, balance performance, and self-efficacy in community-dwelling older adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:667-72. [PMID: 25931704 PMCID: PMC4395688 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ving Tsun (VT) Chinese
martial art training on radial bone strength, upper- and lower-limb muscular strength,
shoulder joint mobility, balance performance, and self-efficacy in elderly participants.
[Subjects and Methods] Twelve seniors voluntarily joined the VT training group, and
twenty-seven seniors voluntarily joined the control group. The VT group received VT
training for three months, while the control group received no training. The bone strength
of the distal radius was assessed using an ultrasound bone sonometer. Muscular strength in
the limbs was evaluated using a Jamar handgrip dynamometer and the five times sit-to-stand
test. Shoulder joint mobility was examined using a goniometer. Balance performance and
self-efficacy were evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale and the Chinese version of the
Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, respectively. [Results] The results revealed
a nonsignificant group-by-time interaction effect, group effect, and time effect for all
outcome variables. However, general trends of maintenance or improvement in all outcome
parameters were observed to a greater extent in the VT group than in the control group.
[Conclusion] VT training might be a potential fall-prevention exercise that can be used to
maintain general physique, balance, and confidence in the elderly population. A further
randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm this postulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W T Lip
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shirley S M Fong
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shamay S M Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Karen P Y Liu
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - X Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Bridge CA, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Chaabène H, Pieter W, Franchini E. Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Med 2014; 44:713-33. [PMID: 24549477 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taekwondo has evolved into a modern-day Olympic combat sport. The physical and physiological demands of modern-day taekwondo competition require athletes to be competent in several aspects of fitness. This review critically explores the physical and physiological characteristics of taekwondo athletes and presents implications for training and research. International taekwondo athletes possess low levels of body fat and a somatotype that characterises a blend of moderate musculoskeletal tissue and relative body linearity. While there is some variation in the maximum oxygen uptake of taekwondo athletes, moderate to high levels of cardio-respiratory fitness are necessary to support the metabolic demands of fighting and to facilitate recovery between consecutive matches. Taekwondo athletes demonstrate high peak anaerobic power characteristics of the lower limbs and this attribute appears to be conducive to achieving success in international competition. The ability to generate and sustain power output using both concentric and 'stretch-shortening cycle' muscle actions of the lower limbs may be important to support the technical and tactical actions in combat. Taekwondo competitors also display moderate to high maximum dynamic strength characteristics of the lower and upper extremities, and moderate endurance properties of the trunk and hip flexor musculature. The dynamic nature of the technical and tactical actions in the sport demand high flexibility of the lower limbs. More extensive research is required into the physical and physiological characteristics of taekwondo athletes to extend existing knowledge and to permit specialised conditioning for different populations within the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Bridge
- Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Wilson Centre, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK,
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Tabben M, Coquart J, Chaabène H, Franchini E, Ghoul N, Tourny C. Time-motion, tactical and technical analysis in top-level karatekas according to gender, match outcome and weight categories. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:841-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.965192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tabben M, Chaabène H, Franchini E, Tourny C, Chamari K, Coquart J. The influence of karate practice level and sex on physiological and perceptual responses in three modern karate training modalities. Biol Sport 2014; 31:201-7. [PMID: 25177098 PMCID: PMC4135064 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of karate practice level (national vs international level) and sex (women vs men) on physiological and perceptual responses in three modern karate training modalities (tactical-technical (TT), technical-development (TD), and randori). Method The study included 18 karatekas participating in an eight-session training camp of four TT, two TD, and two randori. During each session, the percentage of maximal heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration [La-], and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Results The main results showed that the percentage of maximal HR was significantly higher in women than in men regardless of practice level or training modality (70.3 ± 4.1 vs 66.2 ± 6.3, respectively). Moreover, [La-] and RPE were significantly lower in international-level karatekas compared with their national-level counterparts whatever the sex or training modality ([La-] = 11.4 ± 2.6 vs 8.3 ± 2.4 mmol · L-1 and RPE = 3.6 ± 1.2 vs 4.3 ± 1.5, respectively). Last, physiological and perceptual responses were significantly higher during randori in comparison with TT and TD for both sexes. Conclusion The combination of [La-] and RPE thus seems to be a good indicator for discriminating between national- and international-level karatekas, and randori seems to be an effective means to reproduce official karate sparring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabben
- CETAPS, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France ; Tunisian Research Laboratory: Sports, Performance and Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Chaabène
- Research Unit: Analysis and Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Sport Performance, Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - E Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; University of Montpellier, Faculty of Sport Science, Montpellier, France
| | - C Tourny
- CETAPS, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - K Chamari
- Tunisian Research Laboratory: Sports, Performance and Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia ; Research and Education Centre, Aspetar, Qatar ; Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - J Coquart
- CETAPS, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Chyu MC, Zhang Y, Brismée JM, Dagda RY, Chaung E, Von Bergen V, Doctolero S, Shen CL. Effects of martial arts exercise on body composition, serum biomarkers and quality of life in overweight/obese premenopausal women: a pilot study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2013; 6:55-65. [PMID: 24665215 PMCID: PMC3941186 DOI: 10.4137/cmwh.s11997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various exercise interventions have been shown to benefit weight control and general health in different populations. However, very few studies have been conducted on martial arts exercise (MAE). The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the efficacy of 12 weeks of MAE intervention on body composition, serum biomarkers and quality of life (QOL) in overweight/obese premenopausal women. We found that subjects in the MAE group did not lose body weight, while they significantly decreased fat-free mass and muscle mass as compared to those in the control group, who demonstrated an increase in these parameters. The MAE group demonstrated an increase in serum IGF-I concentration, but no change in others. MAE may be a feasible and effective approach to improve body composition and QOL in overweight/obese premenopausal women. Our study underscores the need for further studies using larger samples to establish possible benefits of MAE in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chien Chyu
- Graduate Healthcare Engineering, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jean-Michel Brismée
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Raul Y Dagda
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Eugene Chaung
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Vera Von Bergen
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Susan Doctolero
- Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Tabben M, Sioud R, Haddad M, Franchini E, Chaouachi A, Coquart J, Chaabane H, Chamari K, Tourny-Chollet C. Physiological and Perceived Exertion Responses during International Karate Kumite Competition. Asian J Sports Med 2013; 4:263-71. [PMID: 24800001 PMCID: PMC3977210 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Investigate the physiological responses and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in elite karate athletes and examine the relationship between a subjective method (Session-RPE) and two objective heart-rate (HR)-based methods to quantify training-load (TL) during international karate competition. Methods Eleven karatekas took part in this study, but only data from seven athletes who completed three matches in an international tournament were used (four men and three women). The duration of combat was 3 min for men and 2 min for women, with 33.6±7.6 min for the first interval period (match 1–2) and 14.5±3.1 min for the second interval period (match 2–3). HR was continuously recorded during each combat. Blood lactate [La-] and (RPE) were measured just before the first match and immediately after each match. Results Means total fights time, HR, %HRmax, [La-], and session-RPE were 4.7±1.6 min, 182±9 bpm, 91±3%, 9.02±2.12 mmol.L-1 and 4.2±1.2, respectively. No significant differences in %HRmax, [La-], and RPE were noticed across combats. Significant correlations were observed between RPE and both resting HR (r=0.60; P=0.004) and mean HR (r=0.64; P=0.02), session-RPE and Banister training-impulse (TRIMP) (r=0.84; P<0.001) and Edwards TL (r=0.77; P<0.01). Conclusion International karate competition elicited near-maximal cardiovascular responses and high [La-]. Training should therefore include exercise bouts that sufficiently stimulate the zone between 90 and 100% HRmax. Karate coaches could use the RPE-method to follow competitor's competition loads and consider it in their technical and tactical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montassar Tabben
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- CETAPS, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
- Address: CETAPS, University of Rouen, Bd Siegfried, 76 821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Rim Sioud
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Jandouba, ISSEP Kef, Tunisia
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Karim Chamari
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- Research and Education Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha
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