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Cellular Senescence in Adrenocortical Biology and Its Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123474. [PMID: 34943980 PMCID: PMC8699888 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is considered a physiological process along with aging and has recently been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many age-related disorders. Cellular senescence was first found in human fibroblasts and gradually explored in many other organs, including endocrine organs. The adrenal cortex is essential for the maintenance of blood volume, carbohydrate metabolism, reaction to stress and the development of sexual characteristics. Recently, the adrenal cortex was reported to harbor some obvious age-dependent features. For instance, the circulating levels of aldosterone and adrenal androgen gradually descend, whereas those of cortisol increase with aging. The detailed mechanisms have remained unknown, but cellular senescence was considered to play an essential role in age-related changes of the adrenal cortex. Recent studies have demonstrated that the senescent phenotype of zona glomerulosa (ZG) acts in association with reduced aldosterone production in both physiological and pathological aldosterone-producing cells, whereas senescent cortical-producing cells seemed not to have a suppressed cortisol-producing ability. In addition, accumulated lipofuscin formation, telomere shortening and cellular atrophy in zona reticularis cells during aging may account for the age-dependent decline in adrenal androgen levels. In adrenocortical disorders, including both aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA), different cellular subtypes of tumor cells presented divergent senescent phenotypes, whereby compact cells in both APA and CPA harbored more senescent phenotypes than clear cells. Autonomous cortisol production from CPA reinforced a local cellular senescence that was more severe than that in APA. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) was also reported to harbor oncogene-induced senescence, which compensatorily follows carcinogenesis and tumor progress. Adrenocortical steroids can induce not only a local senescence but also a periphery senescence in many other tissues. Therefore, herein, we systemically review the recent advances related to cellular senescence in adrenocortical biology and its associated disorders.
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Seccia TM, Rigato M, Ravarotto V, Calò LA. ROCK (RhoA/Rho Kinase) in Cardiovascular-Renal Pathophysiology: A Review of New Advancements. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051328. [PMID: 32370294 PMCID: PMC7290501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK) were originally identified as effectors of the RhoA small GTPase and found to belong to the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases. They were shown to be downstream effectors of RhoA and RhoC activation. They signal via phosphorylation of proteins such as MYPT-1, thereby regulating many key cellular functions including proliferation, motility and viability and the RhoA/ROCK signaling has been shown to be deeply involved in arterial hypertension, cardiovascular–renal remodeling, hypertensive nephropathy and posttransplant hypertension. Given the deep involvement of ROCK in cardiovascular–renal pathophysiology and the interaction of ROCK signaling with other signaling pathways, the reports of trials on the clinical beneficial effects of ROCK’s pharmacologic targeting are growing. In this current review, we provide a brief survey of the current understanding of ROCK-signaling pathways, also integrating with the more novel data that overall support a relevant role of ROCK for the cardiovascular–renal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Seccia
- Department of Medicine, Hypertension Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Matteo Rigato
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8213071; Fax: +39-049-8217921
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Li X, Wang B, Tang L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Gu L, Zhang F, Ouyang J, Zhang X. GSTA1 Expression Is Correlated With Aldosterone Level in KCNJ5-Mutated Adrenal Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:813-823. [PMID: 29165597 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT KCNJ5 mutation is a major cause of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). The development of APA apart from KCNJ5 mutation is less investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate other mechanisms affecting aldosterone secretion apart from KCNJ5. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six pairs of KCNJ5-mutated, high and low aldosterone-secreting APAs, five non-KCNJ5-mutated APAs, and four normal adrenal glands were assayed by Affymetrix GeneChip Human Transcriptome Array 2.0. A total of 113 APA samples were investigated to explore the expression of glutathione-S-transferase A1 (GSTA1). H295R cells were used to verify the function of GSTA1. RESULTS GSTA1 was the top gene downregulated in high-aldosterone KCNJ5-mutated APAs. GSTA1 was also downregulated in KCNJ5-mutated APAs compared with wild-type KCNJ5 APAs. Accordingly, mutant KCNJ5 decreased GSTA1 messenger RNA and protein expression levels. GSTA1 overexpression suppressed aldosterone secretion whether in wild-type or mutant KCNJ5 H295R cells. Adding ethacrynic acid or silencing of GSTA1 increased aldosterone secretion by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide, H2O2 levels, and Ca2+ influx. The expression of the transcription factors NR4A1, NR4A2, and CAMK1 and intracellular Ca2+ were significantly upregulated by GSTA1 inhibition. The reduced form of NAD phosphate oxidase inhibitor or H2O2 scavenger or blocking calmodulin or calcium channels could significantly reduce aldosterone secretion in GSTA1-inhibited cells. CONCLUSIONS (1) GSTA1 expression is reversely correlated with aldosterone level in KCNJ5-mutated APAs, (2) GSTA1 regulates aldosterone secretion by ROS and Ca2+ signaling, and (3) KCNJ5 mutation downregulates GSTA1 expression, and overexpression of GSTA1 reverses increased aldosterone in KCNJ5-mutated adrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyou Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhi Ouyang
- Department of Outpatient Officer Consultation Room, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Vanderriele PE, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. Review of Markers of Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Cells. Hypertension 2017; 70:867-874. [PMID: 28947616 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Vanderriele
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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Grotevendt A, Wallaschofski H, Reincke M, Adolf C, Quinkler M, Nauck M, Hoffmann W, Rettig R, Hannemann A. Associations of aldosterone and renin concentrations with inflammation-the Study of Health in Pomerania and the German Conn's Registry. Endocrine 2017. [PMID: 28638984 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic inflammation is an age-independent and body mass index-independent contributor to the development of multi-morbidity. Alterations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are observed within the context of proinflammatory states. We assessed circulating aldosterone, renin, and inflammatory biomarker concentrations in healthy, normotensive subjects and patients with primary aldosteronism. METHODS We included 1177 normotensive individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (first follow-up, Study of Health in Pomerania-1) and 103 primary aldosteronism patients from the German Conn's Registry. A 1:1 matching for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was performed to determine whether primary aldosteronism patients exhibit higher inflammatory biomarker concentrations than normotensive controls. The associations of plasma aldosterone concentration or plasma renin concentration with circulating fibrinogen concentrations, white blood cell count, and high sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations in the normotensive sample were determined with multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS 1:1 matched primary aldosteronism patients demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher plasma aldosterone concentration (198 vs. 47 ng/l), lower plasma renin concentration (3.1 vs. 7.7 ng/l) and higher high sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations (1.5 vs. 1.0 mg/l) than normotensive controls. Within the normotensive cohort, plasma renin concentration but not plasma aldosterone concentration was positively associated with fibrinogen concentrations and white blood cell count. Further, a J-shaped association between plasma renin concentration and high sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations was detected. CONCLUSIONS High plasma aldosterone concentration in a primary aldosteronism cohort and high plasma renin concentration in normotensive subjects are associated with increased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers. This suggests a link between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammatory processes in patients with primary aldosteronism and even in normotensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grotevendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße NK, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße NK, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Reincke
- Medical Department IV, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Adolf
- Medical Department IV, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Quinkler
- Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße NK, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - W Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße NK, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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Zhou J, Lam B, Neogi SG, Yeo GSH, Azizan EAB, Brown MJ. Transcriptome Pathway Analysis of Pathological and Physiological Aldosterone-Producing Human Tissues. Hypertension 2016; 68:1424-1431. [PMID: 27777363 PMCID: PMC5100803 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Primary aldosteronism is present in ≈10% of hypertensives. We previously performed a microarray assay on aldosterone-producing adenomas and their paired zona glomerulosa and fasciculata. Confirmation of top genes validated the study design and functional experiments of zona glomerulosa selective genes established the role of the encoded proteins in aldosterone regulation. In this study, we further analyzed our microarray data using AmiGO 2 for gene ontology enrichment and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify potential biological processes and canonical pathways involved in pathological and physiological aldosterone regulation. Genes differentially regulated in aldosterone-producing adenoma and zona glomerulosa were associated with steroid metabolic processes gene ontology terms. Terms related to the Wnt signaling pathway were enriched in zona glomerulosa only. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed "NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway" and "LPS (lipopolysaccharide)/IL-1 (interleukin-1)–mediated inhibition of RXR (retinoid X receptor) function" were affected in both aldosterone-producing adenoma and zona glomerulosa with associated genes having up to 21- and 8-fold differences, respectively. Comparing KCNJ5-mutant aldosterone-producing adenoma, zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata samples with wild-type samples, 138, 56, and 59 genes were differentially expressed, respectively (fold-change >2; P<0.05). ACSS3, encoding the enzyme that synthesizes acetyl-CoA, was the top gene upregulated in KCNJ5-mutant aldosterone-producing adenoma compared with wild-type. NEFM, a gene highly upregulated in zona glomerulosa, was upregulated in KCNJ5 wild-type aldosterone-producing adenomas. NR4A2, the transcription factor for aldosterone synthase, was highly expressed in zona fasciculata adjacent to a KCNJ5-mutant aldosterone-producing adenoma. Further interrogation of these genes and pathways could potentially provide further insights into the pathology of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhou
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Brian Lam
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Sudeshna G Neogi
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Elena A B Azizan
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.).
| | - Morris J Brown
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge (J.Z.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (B.L., G.S.H.Y.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.G.N.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
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Armanini D, Sabbadin C, Andrisani A, Ambrosini G, Bordin L. Some Considerations About Primary Aldosteronism and Its Follow-Up. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:1213-1215. [PMID: 27759185 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Decio Armanini
- Department of Medicine (DIMED) - Endocrinology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Sabbadin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED) - Endocrinology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Guido Ambrosini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luciana Bordin
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Armanini D, Andrisani A, Ambrosini G, Donà G, Camozzi V, Bordin L, Sabbadin C. Interrelationship Between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Calcium Homeostasis, Hyperaldosteronism, and Autoimmunity. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:614-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Decio Armanini
- Department of Medicine - Endocrinology (DIMED); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | | | - Guido Ambrosini
- Department of Women's Health-Salus Pueri; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Gabriella Donà
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Biological Chemistry; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Valentina Camozzi
- Department of Medicine - Endocrinology (DIMED); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Luciana Bordin
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Biological Chemistry; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Chiara Sabbadin
- Department of Medicine - Endocrinology (DIMED); University of Padua; Padua Italy
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Aldosterone-induced oxidative stress: a potential mechanism of aldosterone autonomy in primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2016; 32:2280-1. [PMID: 25271919 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Geng X, Yan L, Dong J, Liang Y, Deng Y, Li T, Luo T, Lin H, Zhang S. Role of Nox2 and p22phox in Persistent Postoperative Hypertension in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Patients after Adrenalectomy. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:2395634. [PMID: 27057164 PMCID: PMC4771902 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2395634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), producing the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone, commonly causes secondary hypertension, which often persists after unilateral adrenalectomy. Although persistent hypertension was correlated with residual hormone aldosterone, the in vivo mechanism remains unclear. NADPH oxidase is the critical cause of aldosterone synthesis in vitro. Nox2 and p22phox comprise the NADPH oxidase catalytic core, serving to initiate a reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade that may participate in the pathology. mRNAs of seven NADPH oxidase isoforms in APA were evaluated by RT-PCR and Q-PCR and their proteins by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. NADPH oxidase activity was also detected. Nox2 and p22phox were especially abundant in APA. Particularly higher Nox2 and p22phox gene and protein levels were seen in APA than controls. Significant correlations between Nox2 mRNA and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA (R = 0.66, P < 0.01) and Nox2 protein and baseline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) (R = 0.503, P < 0.01) were detected in APA; however, none were found between p22phox mRNA, CYP11B2 mRNA, p22phox protein, and baseline PAC. Importantly, we found that Nox2 localized specifically in hyperplastic zona glomerulosa cells. In conclusion, our results highlight that Nox2 and p22phox may be directly involved in pathological aldosterone production and zona glomerulosa cell proliferation after APA resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Geng
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yajuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Tongfeng Luo
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hailun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- *Shaoling Zhang:
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Wu VC, Huang KH, Peng KY, Tsai YC, Wu CH, Wang SM, Yang SY, Lin LY, Chang CC, Lin YH, Lin SL, Chu TS, Wu KD. Prevalence and clinical correlates of somatic mutation in aldosterone producing adenoma-Taiwanese population. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11396. [PMID: 26066391 PMCID: PMC4464349 DOI: 10.1038/srep11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common form of secondary hypertension and has significant cardiovascular consequences. Mutated channelopathy due to the activation of calcium channels has been recently described in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). The study involved 148 consecutive PA patients, (66 males; aged 56.3 ± 12.3years) who received adrenalectomy, and were collected from the Taiwan PA investigator (TAIPAI) group. A high rate of somatic mutation in APA was found (n=91, 61.5%); including mutations in KCNJ5 (n=88, 59.5%), ATP1A1 (n=2, 1.4%), and ATP2B3 (n=1, 0.7%); however, no mutations in CACNA1D were identified. Mutation-carriers were younger (<0.001), had lower Cyst C (p=0.042), pulse wave velocity (p=0.027), C-reactive protein (p=0.042) and a lower rate of proteinuria (p=0.031) than non-carriers. After multivariate adjustment, mutation carriers had lower serum CRP levels than non-carriers (p=0.031. Patients with mutation also had a greater chance of recovery from hypertension after operation (p=0.005). A high incidence of somatic mutations in APA was identified in the Taiwanese population. Mutation-carriers had lower CRP levels and a higher rate of cure of hypertension after adrenalectomy. This raises the possibility of using mutation screening as a tool in predicting long-term outcome after adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Division of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsiung Wu
- Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Medical Imagine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Shuei-Liong Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shinn Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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Queisser N, Schupp N. Aldosterone, oxidative stress, and NF-κB activation in hypertension-related cardiovascular and renal diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:314-27. [PMID: 22609249 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone regulates electrolyte and fluid balance and is involved in blood pressure homoeostasis. Classically, it binds to its intracellular mineralocorticoid receptor to induce expression of proteins influencing the reabsorption of sodium and water in the distal nephron. Aldosterone gained special attention when large clinical studies showed that blocking its receptor in patients with cardiovascular diseases reduced their mortality. These patients present increased plasma aldosterone levels. The exact mechanisms of the potential toxic effects of aldosterone leading to cardiovascular damage are not known yet. The observation of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in hyperaldosteronism implied the generation of oxidative stress by aldosterone. Subsequent studies confirmed the increase of oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic heart failure and in animal models of hyperaldosteronism. The effects of reactive oxygen species have been related to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB. This review summarizes the present-day knowledge of aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and NF-κB activation in humans and different experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Queisser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Ketola K, Hilvo M, Hyötyläinen T, Vuoristo A, Ruskeepää AL, Orešič M, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K. Salinomycin inhibits prostate cancer growth and migration via induction of oxidative stress. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:99-106. [PMID: 22215106 PMCID: PMC3251868 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that a sodium ionophore monensin inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. A structurally related compound to monensin, salinomycin, was recently identified as a putative cancer stem cell inhibitor. METHODS The growth inhibitory potential of salinomycin was studied in a panel of prostate cells. To get insights into the mechanism of action, a variety of assays such as gene expression and steroid profiling were performed in salinomycin-exposed prostate cancer cells. RESULTS Salinomycin inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells, but did not affect non-malignant prostate epithelial cells. Salinomycin impacted on prostate cancer stem cell functions as evidenced by reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and the fraction of CD44(+) cells. Moreover, salinomycin reduced the expression of MYC, AR and ERG, induced oxidative stress as well as inhibited nuclear factor-κB activity and cell migration. Furthermore, profiling steroid metabolites revealed increased levels of oxidative stress-inducing steroids 7-ketocholesterol and aldosterone and decreased levels of antioxidative steroids progesterone and pregnenolone in salinomycin-exposed prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that salinomycin inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and migration by reducing the expression of key prostate cancer oncogenes, inducing oxidative stress, decreasing the antioxidative capacity and cancer stem cell fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ketola
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, University of Turku, PL 106, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism involves more than 11% of hypertensive patients who are referred to specialized centers for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. If not diagnosed early it causes an excess damage to the heart, vessels and kidney, which translates into an cardiovascular events. Since these ominous consequences can be corrected with a timely diagnosis and an appropriate therapy, physicians should exercise a high degree of alert concerning the possibility that primary aldosteronism is present in hypertensive patients. The purpose of this review is to provide up-dated information on the strategy for case detection, the subtype differentiation and the management of primary aldosteronism.
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