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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise mitigates high-fat diet-induced adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations in an animal model of obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:235-246. [PMID: 29478123 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of adipokine secretion owing to adiposopathy can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders. Being that exercise is an advised strategy against obesity-induced adiposopathy, we aimed to analyze the role of physical exercise as a preventive and therapeutic strategy against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipokine and ghrelin alterations. Rats were pair-fed the Lieber De Carli standard diet (S, 35 Kcal% fat) or HFD (71 Kcal% fat) over 17 weeks. Animals were assigned into four groups as follows: standard diet sedentary (SS), standard diet voluntary physical activity (SVPA), high-fat diet sedentary (HS), and high-fat diet voluntary physical activity (HVPA). After 9 weeks of dietary treatment, half of the SS and HS animals were submitted to an 8-week endurance training program, standard diet endurance training (SET), and high-fat-diet endurance training (HET) groups, maintaining the respective diets. Although there were no changes in body weight, HFD increased visceral adiposity, percentage of large adipocytes, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and leptin contents in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and decreased plasma content of adiponectin (AdipQ). Both VPA and ET decreased visceral adiposity and percentage of large adipocytes in HFD-fed animals, but ET also increased the percentage of small- to medium-sized adipocytes. VPA increased plasma growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and decreased leptin protein in HVPA group. ET decreased plasma insulin and leptin levels and eWAT HIF-1α and leptin expression in HET group. Moreover, ET improved insulin sensitivity, plasma high molecular weight, and AdipQ and ghrelin levels and increased eWAT and GHS-R expression. Our data suggest that exercise, particularly ET, reverted adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations induced by an isocaloric HFD pair-fed diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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Miyatake Y, Shiuchi T, Mawatari K, Toda S, Taniguchi Y, Futami A, Sato F, Kuroda M, Sebe M, Tsutsumi R, Harada N, Minokoshi Y, Kitamura T, Gotoh K, Ueno M, Nakaya Y, Sakaue H. Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin decreases wheel running activity in rats. Peptides 2017; 87:12-19. [PMID: 27825986 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which voluntary exercise is regulated. In this study, we examined how the central nervous system regulates exercise. We used SPORTS rats, which were established in our laboratory as a highly voluntary murine exercise model. SPORTS rats showed lower levels of serum ghrelin compared with those of the parental line of Wistar rats. Intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin decreased wheel-running activity in SPORTS rats. In addition, daily injection of the ghrelin inhibitor JMV3002 into the lateral ventricles of Wistar rats increased wheel-running activity. Co-administration of obestatin inhibited ghrelin-induced increases in food intake but did not inhibit ghrelin-induced suppression of voluntary exercise in rats. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of SPORTS rats was not difference that in control rats. We created an arcuate nucleus destruction model by administering monosodium glutamate (MSG) to neonatal SPORTS rats. Injection of ghrelin into MSG-treated rats decreased voluntary exercise but did not increase food intake, suggesting that wheel-running activity is not controlled by the arcuate nucleus neurons that regulate feeding. These results provide new insights into the mechanism by which ghrelin regulates voluntary activity independent of arcuate nucleus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satomi Toda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuko Taniguchi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akari Futami
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Fukiko Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mayu Sebe
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Maebashi, Gunma University, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Koro Gotoh
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Valero J, Paris I, Sierra A. Lifestyle Shapes the Dialogue between Environment, Microglia, and Adult Neurogenesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:442-53. [PMID: 26971802 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle modulates brain function. Diet, stress levels, and physical exercise among other factors influence the "brain cognitive reserve", that is, the capacity of the brain to maintain a normal function when confronting neurodegenerative diseases, injury, and/or aging. This cognitive reserve relays on several cellular and molecular elements that contribute to brain plasticity allowing adaptive responses to cognitive demands, and one of its key components is the hippocampal neurogenic reserve. Hippocampal neural stem cells give rise to new neurons that integrate into the local circuitry and contribute to hippocampal functions such as memory and learning. Importantly, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is well-known to be modulated by the demands of the environment and lifestyle factors. Diet, stress, and physical exercise directly act on neural stem cells and/or their progeny, but, in addition, they may also indirectly affect neurogenesis by acting on microglia. Microglia, the guardians of the brain, rapidly sense changes in the brain milieu, and it has been recently shown that their function is affected by lifestyle factors. However, few studies have analyzed the modulatory effect of microglia on adult neurogenesis in these conditions. Here, we review the current knowledge about the dialogue maintained between microglia and the hippocampal neurogenic cascade. Understanding how the communication between microglia and hippocampal neurogenesis is affected by lifestyle choices is crucial to maintain the brain cognitive reserve and prevent the maladaptive responses that emerge during disease or injury through adulthood and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Iñaki Paris
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia Spain
- University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
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Mifune H, Tajiri Y, Nishi Y, Hara K, Iwata S, Tokubuchi I, Mitsuzono R, Yamada K, Kojima M. Voluntary exercise contributed to an amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior, locomotor activity and ghrelin production concomitantly with a weight reduction in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Peptides 2015; 71:49-55. [PMID: 26122892 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, effects of voluntary exercise in an obese animal model were investigated in relation to the rhythm of daily activity and ghrelin production. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a chow diet (CD) from four to 16 weeks old. They were further subdivided into either an exercise group (HFD-Ex, CD-Ex) with a running wheel for three days of every other week or sedentary group (HFD-Se, CD-Se). At 16 weeks old, marked increases in body weight and visceral fat were observed in the HFD-Se group, together with disrupted rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity. The induction of voluntary exercise brought about an effective reduction of weight and fat, and ameliorated abnormal rhythms of activity and feeding in the HFD-Ex rats. Wheel counts as voluntary exercise was greater in HFD-Ex rats than those in CD-Ex rats. The HFD-obese had exhibited a deterioration of ghrelin production, which was restored by the induction of voluntary exercise. These findings demonstrated that abnormal rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity in HFD-obese rats were restored by infrequent voluntary exercise with a concomitant amelioration of the ghrelin production and weight reduction. Because ghrelin is related to food anticipatory activity, it is plausible that ghrelin participates in the circadian rhythm of daily activity including eating behavior. A beneficial effect of voluntary exercise has now been confirmed in terms of the amelioration of the daily rhythms in eating behavior and physical activity in an animal model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuji Tajiri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kento Hara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iwata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tokubuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Mitsuzono
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume 839-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
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