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Zurfluh L, Spinelli MG, Betschart C, Simões-Wüst AP. Repurposing of Bryophyllum pinnatum for dysmenorrhea treatment: a systematic scoping review and case series. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1292919. [PMID: 38130407 PMCID: PMC10735689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1292919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysmenorrhea affects women throughout their reproductive years but there has been a lack of effective and well-tolerated treatment options. Pain symptoms mainly result from inflammatory processes and increased contractile activity in the myometrium. The reported use of Bryophyllum pinnatum preparations against inflammation and pain in ethnomedicine as well as current pharmacological data on their inhibition of myometrial contractility led us to hypothesize that this medicinal plant might be a new treatment option for dysmenorrhea. In the first part of the present work, clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory, as well as on myometrium relaxing properties of B. pinnatum are reviewed. In the second part, cases of five women with dysmenorrhea who were tentatively treated with a B. pinnatum product are described. The review revealed thirty-three experimental in vivo and in vitro studies, but no clinical study, reporting anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of B. pinnatum extracts and compounds in a wide range of conditions. Moreover, sixteen publications on smooth muscle contractility revealed relaxing effects. The latter consisted of clinical evidence, as well as of in vivo and in vitro data. The evidence reviewed therefore provided a rational basis for the use of B. pinnatum in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. We subsequently set out to tentatively treat patients with a well-tolerated B. pinnatum product that is registered (without indication) and commonly used in obstetrics and gynecology in Switzerland. All five treated patients reported a reduction in pain symptoms and 4 out of 5 indicated a reduced intake of painkillers during menstruation. Taken together, the reviewed information on the pharmacological properties and clinical evidence of B. pinnatum extracts and compounds as well as the outcomes of all five patients in the case series support our hypothesis in favor of B. pinnatum as a new, well-tolerated therapeutic approach for dysmenorrhea. Prospective clinical studies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Zurfluh
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marialuigia Giovannini Spinelli
- Klinik Arlesheim, Research Department, Arlesheim, Switzerland
- Praxis Geburt & Familie, Dr. med. Werner Stadlmayr GmbH, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Betschart
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Paula Simões-Wüst
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Klinik Arlesheim, Research Department, Arlesheim, Switzerland
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Hyponatremia and Cancer: From Bedside to Benchside. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041197. [PMID: 36831539 PMCID: PMC9953859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in hospitalized patients. This applies also to cancer patients. Multiple causes can lead to hyponatremia, but most frequently this electrolyte disorder is due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. In cancer patients, this syndrome is mostly secondary to ectopic secretion of arginine vasopressin by tumoral cells. In addition, several chemotherapeutic drugs induce the release of arginine vasopressin by the hypothalamus. There is evidence that hyponatremia is associated to a more negative outcome in several pathologies, including cancer. Many studies have demonstrated that in different cancer types, both progression-free survival and overall survival are negatively affected by hyponatremia, whereas the correction of serum [Na+] has a positive effect on patient outcome. In vitro studies have shown that cells grown in low [Na+] have a greater proliferation rate and motility, due to a dysregulation in intracellular signalling pathways. Noteworthy, vasopressin receptors antagonists, which were approved more than a decade ago for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia, have shown unexpected antiproliferative effects. Because of this property, vaptans were also approved for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease. In vitro evidence indicated that this family of drugs effectively counteracts proliferation and invasivity of cancer cells, thus possibly opening a new scenario among the pharmacological strategies to treat cancer.
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Baska F, Bozó É, Patócs T. Vasopressin receptor antagonists: a patent summary (2018-2022). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:385-395. [PMID: 37226495 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2218546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine-vasopressin hormone (AVP) is a key regulator in many essential physiological processes. The effect of AVP is mediated through three receptors within the body, these are the G protein-coupled vasopressin receptors, namely V1a, V1b (also called V3), and V2. Numerous studies investigated the role of these receptors in certain pathological conditions; therefore, stimulation or inhibition of these receptors may be a treatment option in these diseases. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, the authors summarize recent patent activity (2018-2022) associated with vasopressin receptor antagonists (selective V1a or V2, and dual-acting V1a/V2), focusing mostly on chemical structures, their modifications, and potential clinical applications. Patent search was carried out using SciFinder, Espacenet, Patentscope, Cortellis Competitive Intelligence, and Derwent Innovation databases. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, vasopressin receptor antagonists have been in the spotlight of drug discovery, especially V1a selective molecules. Publishing balovaptan as a possible treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), greatly increased the interest in CNS-acting vasopressin antagonists. In addition, peripherally active selective V2 and dual-acting V1a/V2 antagonists have also been developed. Although clinical trials were unsuccessful in many cases, there is still potential in the research of vasopressin receptor antagonists as shown by several currently ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Baska
- Chemistry Division, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Éva Bozó
- Chemistry Division, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Tamás Patócs
- IP Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest, Hungary
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Alakeel YS, Alkahtani MM, Hijazi OM, Algahtani MM. Vasopressin associated hyponatremia in critically ill children: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1107-1112. [PMID: 36164569 PMCID: PMC9508639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of hyponatremia with vasopressin therapy in children is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and severity of hyponatremia associated with the administration of vasopressin in critically ill pediatric patients. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included children younger than 14 years who were admitted to the pediatric or pediatric cardiac intensive care units and received vasopressin for at least 24 h. Results In total, 176 critically ill pediatric patients were enrolled, with a median age of 22 days (7.3–146). The mean sodium level was notably decreased from 143.5 mEq/L ± 7.15 at the baseline to 134.3 mEq/L ± 7.7 at the 72-hour measurement after the initiation of vasopressin and varied significantly at all intervals from the baseline measurement (P < 0.001). Twenty-four hours after the discontinuation of vasopressin, more than half of the patients had hyponatremia. The highest proportion had mild hyponatremia (32.8%), followed by moderate hyponatremia (13.1%), and profound hyponatremia (7.5%). The incidence of hyponatremia was independent of gender (P = 0.94) or age group (P = 0.087). However, more than two-thirds of the moderate-profound cases and more than one-third of mild cases were observed in the neonate group (P = 0.043). The vasopressin dose did not affect the incidence (P = 0.25) or the severity of the hyponatremia (P = 0.56). Notably, all laboratory and hemodynamic parameters varied significantly at the end of therapy, compared to the baseline. Conclusions Continuous monitoring for hyponatremia when children are placed on vasopressin is essential to protect against more severe complications.
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Aspesi D, Choleris E. Neuroendocrine underpinning of social recognition in males and females. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13070. [PMID: 34927288 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Social recognition is an essential skill for the expression of appropriate behaviors towards conspecifics in most social species. Several studies point to oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) as key mediators of social recognition in males and females. However, sex differences in social cognitive behaviors highlight an important interplay between OT, AVP and the sex steroids. Estrogens facilitate social recognition by regulating OT action in the hypothalamus and that of OT receptor in the medial amygdala. The role of OT in these brain regions appears to be essential for social recognition in both males and females. Conversely, social recognition in male rats and mice is more dependent on AVP release in the lateral septum than in females. The AVP system comprises a series of highly sexually dimorphic brain nuclei, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the amygdala and the lateral septum. Various studies suggest that testosterone and its metabolites, including estradiol, influence social recognition in males by modulating the activity of the AVP at V1a receptor. Intriguingly, both estrogens and androgens can affect social recognition very rapidly, through non-genomic mechanisms. In addition, the androgen metabolites, namely 3α-diol and 3β-diol, may also have an impact on social behaviors either by interacting with the estrogen receptors or through other mechanisms. Overall, the regulation of OT and AVP by sex steroids fine tunes social recognition and the behaviors that depend upon it (e.g., social bond, hierarchical organization, aggression) in a sex-dependent manner. Elucidating the sex-dependent interaction between sex steroids and neuroendocrine systems is essential for understanding sex differences in the normal and abnormal expression of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Haider A, Xiao Z, Xia X, Chen J, Van RS, Kuang S, Zhao C, Rong J, Shao T, Ramesh P, Aravind A, Shao Y, Ran C, Young LJ, Liang SH. Development of a triazolobenzodiazepine-based PET probe for subtype-selective vasopressin 1A receptor imaging. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105886. [PMID: 34536549 PMCID: PMC8581590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enable non-invasive real-time quantification of vasopressin 1A (V1A) receptors in peripheral organs, we sought to develop a suitable PET probe that would allow specific and selective V1A receptor imaging in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We synthesized a high-affinity and -selectivity ligand, designated compound 17. The target structure was labeled with carbon-11 and tested for its utility as a V1A-targeted PET tracer by cell uptake studies, autoradiography, in vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments. RESULTS Compound 17 (PF-184563) and the respective precursor for radiolabeling were synthesized in an overall yield of 49% (over 7 steps) and 40% (over 8 steps), respectively. An inhibitory constant of 0.9 nM towards the V1A receptors was measured, while excellent selectivity over the related V1B, V2 and OT receptor (IC50 >10,000 nM) were obtained. Cell uptake studies revealed considerable V1A binding, which was significantly reduced in the presence of V1A antagonists. Conversely, there was no significant blockade in the presence of V1B and V2 antagonists. In vitro autoradiography and PET imaging studies in rodents indicated specific tracer binding mainly in the liver. Further, the pancreas, spleen and the heart exhibited specific binding of [11C]17 ([11C]PF-184563) by ex vivo biodistribution experiments. CONCLUSION We have developed the first V1A-targeted PET ligand that is suitable for subtype-selective receptor imaging in peripheral organs including the liver, heart, pancreas and spleen. Our findings suggest that [11C]PF-184563 can be a valuable tool to study the role of V1A receptors in liver diseases, as well as in cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Richard S Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Shi Kuang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | | | | | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Larry J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United Stated
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) as a water channel, more than 2,000 articles, reviews and chapters have been published. The wide tissue expression, functional and biological roles have documented the major and essential physiological importance of these channels both in health and disease. Thus, over the years, studies have revealed essential importance of aquaporins in mammalian pathophysiology revealing aquaporins as potential drug targets. Areas covered: Starting from a brief description of the main structural and functional features of aquaporins, their roles in physiology and pathophysiology of different human diseases, this review describes the main classes of small molecules and biologicals patented, published from 2010 to 2015, able to regulate AQPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Expert opinion: Several patents report on AQP modulators, mostly inhibitors, and related pharmaceutical formulations, to be used for treatments of water imbalance disorders, such as edema. Noteworthy, a unique class of gold-based compounds as selective inhibitors of aquaglyceroporin isoforms may provide new chemical tools for therapeutic applications, especially in cancer. AQP4-targeted therapies for neuromyelitis optica, enhancement of AQP2 function for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and AQP1-5 gene transfer for the Sjogren's syndrome represent promising therapies that deserve further investigation by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Soveral
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Angela Casini
- b School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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Allen TEH, Liggi S, Goodman JM, Gutsell S, Russell PJ. Using Molecular Initiating Events To Generate 2D Structure–Activity Relationships for Toxicity Screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1611-1627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. H. Allen
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Russell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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Saleh N, Saladino G, Gervasio FL, Haensele E, Banting L, Whitley DC, Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Bureau R, Clark T. A Three-Site Mechanism for Agonist/Antagonist Selective Binding to Vasopressin Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8008-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noureldin Saleh
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Giorgio Saladino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Francesco L. Gervasio
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Elke Haensele
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - Lee Banting
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - David C. Whitley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | | | - Ronan Bureau
- UNICAEN, CERMN; UPRES EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M -; Normandie Univ.; Boulevard Becquerel 14032 CAEN Cedex France
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
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10
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Saleh N, Saladino G, Gervasio FL, Haensele E, Banting L, Whitley DC, Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Bureau R, Clark T. A Three-Site Mechanism for Agonist/Antagonist Selective Binding to Vasopressin Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noureldin Saleh
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Giorgio Saladino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Francesco L. Gervasio
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Elke Haensele
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - Lee Banting
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - David C. Whitley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | | | - Ronan Bureau
- UNICAEN, CERMN; UPRES EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M -; Normandie Univ.; Boulevard Becquerel 14032 CAEN Cedex France
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
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Park J, Eo EY, Lee KH, Park JS, Lee JH, Yoo CG, Lee CT, Cho YJ. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Arginine-Vasopressin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IκBα/Nuclear Factor-κB Cascade. Korean J Crit Care Med 2015. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2015.30.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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12
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Mu S, Niu D, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu D, Liu C. An Improved, Scalable and Impurity-Free Process for Lixivaptan. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Duan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Dashuai Zhang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Dengke Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
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13
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Abstract
Electrolyte disorders can result in life-threatening complications. The kidneys are tasked with maintaining electrolyte homoeostasis, yet the low glomerular filtration rate of neonatal kidneys, tubular immaturity, and high extrarenal fluid losses contribute to increased occurrence of electrolyte disorders in neonates. Understanding the physiologic basis of renal electrolyte handling is crucial in identifying underlying causes and initiation of proper treatment. This article reviews key aspects of renal physiology, the diagnostic workup of disorders of plasma sodium and potassium, and the appropriate treatment, in addition to inherited disorders associated with neonatal electrolyte disturbances that illuminate the physiology of renal electrolyte handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Bockenhauer
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Nephrology Unit, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1 3EH, UK.
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Praha 5, Czech Republic
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14
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Urinary concentration: different ways to open and close the tap. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:1297-303. [PMID: 23736674 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) provides an excellent model for the benefits and insights that can be gained from studying rare diseases. The discovery of underlying genes identified key molecules involved in urinary concentration, including the type 2 vasopressin receptor AVPR2 and the water channel AQP2, which constitute obvious pharmacologic targets. Subsequently developed drugs targeting AVPR2 not only provide potential benefit to some patients with NDI, but are now used for much more common clinical applications as diverse as nocturnal enuresis and heart failure. Yet, the story is still evolving: clinical observations and animal experiments continue to discover new ways to affect urinary concentration. These novel pathways can potentially be exploited for therapeutic gain. Here we review the (patho)physiology of water homoeostasis, the current status of clinical management, and potential new treatments.
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15
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Contreras-Romo MC, Martínez-Archundia M, Deeb O, Ślusarz MJ, Ramírez-Salinas G, Garduño-Juárez R, Quintanar-Stephano A, Ramírez-Galicia G, Correa-Basurto J. Exploring the Ligand Recognition Properties of the Human Vasopressin V1a Receptor Using QSAR and Molecular Modeling Studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:207-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha C. Contreras-Romo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología; Centro de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes; Av. Universidad 940 20131 Aguascalientes México
| | - Marlet Martínez-Archundia
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Del. Miguel Hidalgo 11340 México City México
| | - Omar Deeb
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Al-Quds University; Jerusalem Palestine
| | | | - Gema Ramírez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Del. Miguel Hidalgo 11340 México City México
| | - Ramón Garduño-Juárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Morelos 62210 México
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología; Centro de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes; Av. Universidad 940 20131 Aguascalientes México
| | - Guillermo Ramírez-Galicia
- División de Estudios de Posgrado; Universidad del Papaloapan; Circuito Central 200 Parque Industrial 68301 Tuxtepec Oaxaca México
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Del. Miguel Hidalgo 11340 México City México
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16
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Kim CS. Pharmacologic Management of the Cardio-renal Syndrome. Electrolyte Blood Press 2013; 11:17-23. [PMID: 23946761 PMCID: PMC3741438 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2013.11.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-renal syndromes are disorders of the heart and kidney wherein acute or long-term dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or long-term dysfunction of the other. Because of this complex organ interaction, management of cardiorenal syndrome must be tailored to the underlying pathophysiology. Clinical guidelines exist for the treatment of heart failure or renal failure as separate conditions. Thus far, however, there has been no consensus about managing patients with cardio-renal and reno-cardiac syndromes. Pharmacologic treatment remains a controversial subject. Standard cardiac drugs such as diuretics and inotropes may have limited effect because resistance often develops after long-term use. Recent studies of patients with acute cardio-renal syndromes have focused on newer therapies, including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, vasopressin antagonists, adenosine A1 receptor antagonists, and renal protective dopamine. Initial clinical trials of these agents have shown encouraging results in some patients with heart failure, but have failed to demonstrate a clear superiority over more conventional treatments. Similarly, the benefits of diuretics, aspirin, erythropoietin agents, and iron supplements for management of chronic cardiorenal syndromes are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Mu S, Xie XS, Niu D, Zhang DS, Liu DK, Liu CX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel derivatives of desloratadine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Worsening renal function (WRF) during the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) occurs in up to a third of patients and is associated with worse survival. Venous congestion is increasingly being recognized as a key player associated with WRF in ADHF. Understanding the hemodynamic effects of venous congestion and the interplay between venous congestion and other pathophysiological factors such as raised abdominal pressure, endothelial cell activation, anemia/ iron deficiency, sympathetic overactivity, and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system will help in devising effective management strategies. Early recognition of venous congestion through novel techniques such as bioimpedance measurements and remote monitoring of volume status combined with customized diuretic regimens may prevent venous congestion and perhaps avoid significant WRF.
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Koshimizu TA, Nakamura K, Egashira N, Hiroyama M, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A. Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1813-64. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is essential for a wide range of physiological functions, including water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion, and social behavior. These and other actions of AVP are mediated by at least three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. Although the antidiuretic action of AVP and V2 receptor in renal distal tubules and collecting ducts is relatively well understood, recent years have seen an increasing understanding of the physiological roles of V1a and V1b receptors. The V1a receptor is originally found in the vascular smooth muscle and the V1b receptor in the anterior pituitary. Deletion of V1a or V1b receptor genes in mice revealed that the contributions of these receptors extend far beyond cardiovascular or hormone-secreting functions. Together with extensively developed pharmacological tools, genetically altered rodent models have advanced the understanding of a variety of AVP systems. Our report reviews the findings in this important field by covering a wide range of research, from the molecular physiology of V1a and V1b receptors to studies on whole animals, including gene knockout/knockdown studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masami Hiroyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality, encountered in up to 30% of inpatients. Inappropriate management can have serious implications for patients; including demyelinating disease, coma and death. We have used a case report to identify the common problems, and provide useful strategies in management for which these can be avoided. The aim was to provide a framework which clinicians can adopt, in order to improve clinical practice and provide optimum outcome for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karlus Hannaway
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Tameside Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Lancashire, UK
| | - Fiona Cowie
- Department of Elderly Medicine, Tameside NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Edward Jude
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Tameside NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Habib S, Boyer TD. Vasopressin V2-receptor antagonists in patients with cirrhosis, ascites and hyponatremia. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5:189-97. [PMID: 22570679 PMCID: PMC3342571 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x12437357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyponatremia is a common problem in patients with advanced cirrhosis. It develops slowly (paralleling the rate of progression of the liver disease) and usually produces no neurological symptoms, although it may exacerbate hepatic encephalopathy. For patients awaiting liver transplantation a low serum sodium level is a strong predictor of pretransplant mortality, independent of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease score (MELD). The pathogenesis of hyponatremia is related to the hemodynamic changes and secondary neurohormonal adaptations that occur in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. The nonosmotic release of arginine vasopressin is the principle cause of the hyponatremia and vasopressin-receptor antagonists are a new class of drugs recently approved for treatment of cirrhotic hyponatremia. In this article we review the safety and efficacy of V2-receptor antagonists in patients with cirrhosis, ascites and hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Habib
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas D. Boyer
- Department of Medicine, Rm 6334, AHSC 245035, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Abstract
Cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) is a renal dysfunction occurring in a large percentage of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure (HF). Cardiac and renal dysfunctions often occur simultaneously because they share causes and pathogenetic mechanisms. Current therapies for HF are focused on improving myocardial function and hemodynamic balance, but may have potential consequences for worsening renal function. The lack of specific trials in this field highlights the need for further studies aimed to assess efficacy and safety, titration and appropriate dosages of drugs, according to the etiology and severity of both myocardial and renal dysfunction. Moreover, the most recent clinical trials evaluating new drugs on clinical and renal outcome in acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) failed to demonstrate an improvement in renal function and perfusion. In this context, several questions regarding the priority of drugs, their recommended dosage and potential adverse effects on cardiac and renal outcome need to be addressed. Although clinical guidelines for managing both HF and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been drawn, until now agreed guidelines about patients with cardio-renal and reno-cardiac syndromes are lacking. Future treatment directions should take into consideration both kidney and heart function. Only this comprehensive approach might lead to an improvement in the management and outcomes of patients affected by CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Nodari
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine-Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Spedali Civili Hospital of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Evolving treatment strategies for management of cardiorenal syndrome. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2011; 13:556-69. [PMID: 21956184 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-011-0148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The treatment of acute decompensated heart failure in the presence of progressive renal dysfunction is a commonly encountered dilemma in clinical practice. Also known as cardiorenal syndrome, this complex disease state has forced researchers and clinicians to develop new treatment strategies to relieve the symptomatic congestion of heart failure while preserving renal function. Loop diuretics remain the standard of pharmacologic treatment of acute heart failure, but their effects on renal function have been called into question. The DOSE trial set out to determine optimal diuretic dosing strategies but no clear regimen was firmly established. Initial studies with vasopressin antagonists showed promise in their ability to increase urine output, provide short-term symptom relief, and correct hyponatremia while maintaining renal function. Unfortunately, the EVEREST trial did not demonstrate any benefit on long-term clinical outcomes. Adenosine antagonists also appeared to be an emerging therapeutic option, but the recently completed PROTECT trial failed to establish their role in the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome. Both nesiritide and low-dose dopamine have endured years of trials with mixed results. Most recently, findings from the ASCEND-HF trial showed that nesiritide was safe with no adverse effects on renal function or mortality and was associated with a modest improvement in dyspnea. The ongoing ROSE study, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health Heart Failure Research Network, will attempt to confirm the safety and efficacy profiles of low-dose nesiritide and dopamine, as well as clarify their roles within acute heart failure management. Despite its inherent complexities, ultrafiltration has demonstrated potential benefit in several clinical outcomes compared to traditional pharmacotherapy. The results of the CARRESS-HF trial will reveal how the use of ultrafiltration specifically applies to patients with cardiorenal syndrome. The most exciting aspects about our evolving understanding of the cardiorenal system are the innovative treatments that have emerged as a result. The creation of chimeric natriuretic peptides, targeted intra-renal pharmacotherapy, the novel use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and combination treatment strategies demonstrate that despite our varied success in treating cardiorenal syndrome in the past, there are highly encouraging translational therapies rapidly developing in the pipeline.
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Russell R, Doyle R, Turner J, Attkins N, Ramsey S, Weibley L, Bateman L, Bictash M, Neal-Morgan S, Ivarsson M, Pullen N. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterisation of the potent and selective vasopressin V(1A) receptor antagonist 4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-[1,2,3]triazol-2-ylmethyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl) methanone (PF-00738245). Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:347-55. [PMID: 21958878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and activation of vasopressin receptors plays an important role in disease conditions including polycystic kidney disease, congestive heart failure and dysmenorrhoea. The development of potent and selective vasopressin receptor ligands is needed to help dissect the function of the specific subtypes in disease pathogenesis. Here we report the pharmacological characterisation of PF-00738245 in in vitro binding and functional assays using cells expressing vasopressin V(₁A), V(₁B) or V₂ receptors. PF-00738245 inhibited AVP binding to the recombinant human vasopressin V(₁A) receptor (K(i)=2.85 nM) and blocked AVP-induced rat aortic ring and human myometrial contraction (pK(B)=7.35 and 8.62 respectively). PF-00738245 was selective for the vasopressin V(1A) receptor by demonstrating minimal binding to vasopressin V(₁B) (3.6% inhibition at 10 μM) or functional activity at vasopressin V₂ receptors (8.1% agonist and -8.4% antagonist activity at 10 μM) as well as the oxytocin receptor (46.3% antagonist activity at 10 μM). The in vivo pharmacological properties were tested orally in the rat and PF-00738245 dose dependently blocked the effect of AVP on a capsaicin-induced cutaneous flare response. Taken together the data support the use of PF-00738245 as a potent and selective vasopressin V(₁A) receptor antagonist which may have utility in the treatment of disease conditions which are propagated by elevation in vasopressin V(₁A) receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Russell
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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25
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Bogner B, Tockner B, Runge C, Strohmaier C, Trost A, Branka M, Radner W, Kiel JW, Schroedl F, Reitsamer HA. The effect of vasopressin on choroidal blood flow, intraocular pressure, and orbital venous pressure in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:7134-40. [PMID: 21791588 PMCID: PMC3207716 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on intraocular pressure (IOP), orbital venous pressure (OVP), and choroidal blood flow (ChorBF) regulation in anesthetized rabbits. METHODS Mean arterial pressure (MAP), IOP, and OVP were measured by direct cannulation of the central ear artery, the vitreous, and the orbital venous sinus, respectively. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to record ChorBF. To change the perfusion pressure (PP), MAP was manipulated mechanically with occluders around the aorta and vena cava. In the first group of animals (n = 11) the dose-response relationship was measured. In the second group of animals (n = 8) pressure-flow relationships were determined at baseline and in response to intravenous application of a low (0.08 ng/kg/min) and a high (1.33 ng/kg/min) infusion rate of AVP. RESULTS AVP caused a dose-dependent increase of MAP and choroidal vascular resistance (ChorR), whereas IOP, OVP, ChorBF, and heart rate (HR) were decreased. In contrast to the high infusion rate, the low infusion rate of AVP had no effect on baseline ChorBF. However, the pressure-flow relationship was shifted downward significantly by both infusion rates at PP below baseline. CONCLUSIONS AVP reduces IOP and OVP significantly and is a potent vasoconstrictor in the choroidal vascular bed. In the choroid, the effect of AVP is not only dose-dependent, but also PP-dependent, which is indicated by the reduced perfusion relative to control with low-dosed AVP at low PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bogner
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Birgit Tockner
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuela Branka
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Radner
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jeffrey W. Kiel
- the Department of Ophthalmology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Falk Schroedl
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- the Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone, is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. It is primarily responsible for osmoregulation and thus maintains body fluid homeostasis. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor, may have a role in higher cognitive functions and affects metabolism. All the biological and cellular effects of vasopressin are mediated by the interaction of this hormone with three G-protein-coupled receptors - V(1a), V(1b) and V(2).Urological applications are based on the rationale that V(2) receptors mediate water conservation and increase urine osmolality. Due to their anti-diuretic properties mediated by the V(2) receptors, synthetic vasopressin agonists, such as desmopressin, are now commonly used for the treatment of nocturnal polyuria, central diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis and potentially in urinary incontinence. Desmopressin has been licenced worldwide for haematological indications of haemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Vasopressin receptor antagonists correct hyponatremia by blocking the activation of the V(2) receptor and induce a free water diuresis without an accompanying natriuresis or kaliuresis; an effect termed 'aquaresis'. Interfering with vasopressin signalling by administering vasopressin antagonists may have clinical benefits in acute and chronic heart failure.
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27
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Abstract
The distribution, pharmacology and function of the arginine vasopressin (Avp) 1b receptor subtype (Avpr1b) has proved more challenging to investigate compared to other members of the Avp receptor family. Avp is increasingly recognised as an important modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, an action mediated by the Avpr1b present on anterior pituitary corticotrophs. The Avpr1b is also expressed in some peripheral tissues including pancreas and adrenal, and in the hippocampus (HIP), paraventricular nucleus and olfactory bulb of the rodent brain where its function is unknown. The central distribution of Avpr1bs is far more restricted than that of the Avpr1a, the main Avp receptor subtype found in the brain. Whether Avpr1b expression in rodent tissues is dependent on differences in the length of microsatellite dinucleotide repeats present in the 5' promoter region of the Avpr1b gene remains to be determined. One difficulty of functional studies on the Avpr1b, especially its involvement in the HPA axis response to stress, which prompted the generation of Avpr1b knockout (KO) mouse models, was the shortage of commercially available Avpr1b ligands, particularly antagonists. Research on mice lacking functional Avpr1bs has highlighted behavioural deficits in social memory and aggression. The Avpr1b KO also appears to be an excellent model to study the contribution of the Avpr1b in the HPA axis response to acute and perhaps some chronic (repeated) stressors where corticotrophin-releasing hormone and other genes involved in the HPA axis response to stress do not appear to compensate for the loss of the Avpr1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Roper
- Henry Wellcome LINE, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
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Synthesis of [11C]SSR149415 and preliminary imaging studies using positron emission tomography. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3103-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Crombie AL, Antrilli TM, Campbell BA, Crandall DL, Failli AA, He Y, Kern JC, Moore WJ, Nogle LM, Trybulski EJ. Synthesis and evaluation of azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives as potent mixed vasopressin antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3742-5. [PMID: 20471258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of biaryl amides containing an azabicyclooctane amine headpiece were synthesized and evaluated as mixed arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonists. Several analogues, including 8g, 12g, 13d, and 13g, were shown to have excellent V(1a)- and good V(2)-receptor binding affinities. Compound 13d was further profiled for drug-like properties and for an in vitro comparison with conivaptan, the program's mixed V(1a)/V(2)-receptor antagonist standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Crombie
- Chemical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19335, USA.
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30
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Favory R, Salgado DR, Vincent JL. Investigational vasopressin receptor modulators in the pipeline. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 18:1119-31. [PMID: 19589090 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903066764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasopressin system is complex and interacts with the central nervous, cardiovascular, renal, and hematological systems. Vasopressin plays an important role in the control of blood osmolarity and vascular tone, but is also involved in many other physiological events, which are mediated mainly via three types of vasopressin receptor: V1R, V2R, and V3R. V1R primarily mediate the vascular, and V2R the aquaretic, effects of vasopressin. Vasopressin may also interact with other receptors, like adrenergic and angiotensin-II receptors, or with distinct biological pathways, including those of nitric oxide and the K(ATP) channel. There are numerous clinical situations where vasopressin receptor modulators (agonists or antagonists) could be used. Currently, vasopressin and terlipressin are most commonly used to stimulate V1R in vasodilatory shock and cardiac arrest, while desmopressin, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, acts on V2R; but new molecules are becoming available in the treatment of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Favory
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme Hospital, Department of Intensive Care, Brussels, Belgium
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Mechanisms of protein kinase A anchoring. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:235-330. [PMID: 20801421 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is produced by adenylyl cyclases following stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, exerts its effect mainly through the cAMP-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase A (PKA). Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cAMP/PKA system, PKA signaling pathways underlie strict spatial and temporal control to achieve specificity. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunit dimer of the tetrameric PKA holoenzyme and thereby target PKA to defined cellular compartments in the vicinity of its substrates. AKAPs promote the termination of cAMP signals by recruiting phosphodiesterases and protein phosphatases, and the integration of signaling pathways by binding additional signaling proteins. AKAPs are a heterogeneous family of proteins that only display similarity within their PKA-binding domains, amphipathic helixes docking into a hydrophobic groove formed by the PKA regulatory subunit dimer. This review summarizes the current state of information on compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling with a major focus on structural aspects, evolution, diversity, and (patho)physiological functions of AKAPs and intends to outline newly emerging directions of the field, such as the elucidation of AKAP mutations and alterations of AKAP expression in human diseases, and the validation of AKAP-dependent protein-protein interactions as new drug targets. In addition, alternative PKA anchoring mechanisms employed by noncanonical AKAPs and PKA catalytic subunit-interacting proteins are illustrated.
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Targeted overexpression of endothelin-1 in astrocytes leads to more severe cytotoxic brain edema and higher mortality. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1891-902. [PMID: 19707218 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing endothelin-1 (ET-1) in astrocytes (GET-1) displayed more severe brain edema and neurologic dysfunction after experimental ischemic stroke. However, it was not clear whether astrocytic ET-1 contributed to cytotoxic or vasogenic edema associated with stroke. In this study, the role of astrocytic ET-1 in cytotoxic edema and brain injury was investigated. Upon acute water intoxication, the GET-1 mice had a lower survival rate and more severe neurologic deficits. Such an exacerbated condition in the GET-1 mice may be a result of a significant increase in cerebral water content and increased expression of the water channel protein, aquaporin 4 (AQP-4). The GET-1 mice treated with OPC-31260, a nonpeptide arginine vasopressin V(2) receptor antagonist, were alleviated from the cerebral water accumulation and neurologic deficit during the early time period after water intoxication. In addition, a significant reduction of AQP-4 expression was observed in astrocytic end-feet AQP-4 in the hippocampus of the GET-1 mice treated with OPC-31260. Therefore, ET-1-induced AQP-4 expression and cerebral water accumulation are the key factors in brain edema associated with acute water intoxication. The V(2) receptor antagonist, OPC-31260, may be one of the effective drugs for the early treatment of ET-1-induced cytotoxic edema and brain injury.
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33
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Abstract
Optimizing heart failure management begins in the emergency department. Prompt recognition and treatment of underlying pathophysiology can improve patient outcomes. A review of therapeutic options is provided, with the goal of providing best practices in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jois-Bilowich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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34
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Mani BK, Brueggemann LI, Cribbs LL, Byron KL. Opposite regulation of KCNQ5 and TRPC6 channels contributes to vasopressin-stimulated calcium spiking responses in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Calcium 2009; 45:400-11. [PMID: 19246091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically relevant concentrations of [Arg(8)]-vasopressin (AVP) induce repetitive action potential firing and Ca(2+) spiking responses in the A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cell line. These responses may be triggered by suppression of KCNQ potassium currents and/or activation of non-selective cation currents. Here we examine the relative contributions of KCNQ5 channels and TRPC6 non-selective cation channels to AVP-stimulated Ca(2+) spiking using patch clamp electrophysiology and fura-2 fluorescence measurements in A7r5 cells. KCNQ5 or TRPC6 channel expression levels were suppressed by short hairpin RNA constructs. KCNQ5 knockdown resulted in more positive resting membrane potentials and induced spontaneous action potential firing and Ca(2+) spiking. However physiological concentrations of AVP induced additional depolarization and increased Ca(2+) spike frequency in KCNQ5 knockdown cells. AVP activated a non-selective cation current that was reduced by TRPC shRNA treatment or removal of external Na(+). Neither resting membrane potential nor the AVP-induced depolarization was altered by knockdown of TRPC6 channel expression. However, both TRPC6 shRNA and removal of external Na(+) delayed the onset of Ca(2+) spiking induced by 25pM AVP. These results suggest that suppression of KCNQ5 currents alone is sufficient to excite A7r5 cells, but AVP-induced activation of TRPC6 contributes to the stimulation of Ca(2+) spiking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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Nedvetsky PI, Tamma G, Beulshausen S, Valenti G, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Regulation of aquaporin-2 trafficking. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:133-157. [PMID: 19096775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79885-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Principal cells lining renal collecting ducts control the fine-tuning of body water homeostasis by regulating water reabsorption through the water channels aquaporin-2 (AQP2), aquaporin-3 (AQP3), and aquaporin-4 (AQP4). While the localization of AQP2 is subject to regulation by arginine-vasopressin (AVP), AQP3 and AQP4 are constitutively expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane. AVP adjusts the amount of AQP2 in the plasma membrane by triggering its redistribution from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane. This permits water entry into the cells and water exit through AQP3 and AQP4. The translocation of AQP2 is initiated by an increase in cAMP following V2R activation through AVP. The AVP-induced rise in cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which in turn phosphorylates AQP2, and thereby triggers the redistribution of AQP2. Several proteins participating in the control of cAMP-dependent AQP2 trafficking have been identified; for example, A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) tethering PKA to cellular compartments; phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulating the local cAMP level; cytoskeletal components such as F-actin and microtubules; small GTPases of the Rho family controlling cytoskeletal dynamics; motor proteins transporting AQP2-bearing vesicles to and from the plasma membrane for exocytic insertion and endocytic retrieval; SNAREs inducing membrane fusions, hsc70, a chaperone, important for endocytic retrieval. In addition, cAMP-independent mechanisms of translocation mainly involving the F-actin cytoskeleton have been uncovered. Defects of AQP2 trafficking cause diseases such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a disorder characterized by a massive loss of hypoosmotic urine.This review summarizes recent data elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking of AQP2. In particular, we focus on proteins involved in the regulation of trafficking, and physiological and pathophysiological stimuli determining the cellular localization of AQP2. The identification of proteins and protein-protein interactions may lead to the development of drugs targeting AQP2 trafficking. Such drugs may be suitable for the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of body water homeostasis, including NDI or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., chronic heart failure) where the AVP level is elevated, inducing excessive water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Nedvetsky
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, 13125, Germany
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Coltamai L, Bucher M, Maillard MP, Shukla U, Bohidar N, Haskell L, Bertelsen K, Fedgchin M, Vogt B, Burnier M. Vascular Effects of RWJ-676070, a Selective Combined V1a/V2 Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 85:145-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Engin E, Treit D. Dissociation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Avpr1a and Avpr1b receptor antagonists in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:411-21. [PMID: 18508119 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is synthesized and released centrally in several brain structures. AVP is thought to mediate anxiety-related behavior through two central receptor subtypes, Avpr1a and Avpr1b. Although these AVP receptor subtypes are expressed in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, little is known about their explicit role in unconditioned fear or anxiety. This experiment assessed the anxiety-related effects of a selective Avpr1a antagonist ([beta-Mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl1, O-me-Tyr2, Arg8]-AVP) and a selective Avpr1b antagonist ((2S,4R)-1-[5-chloro-1-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide; SSR 149415) microinfused into either the dorsal or ventral sub-regions of the rat hippocampus. Avpr1a antagonism in the ventral, but not the dorsal hippocampus reduced rats' anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. Conversely, Avpr1b antagonism in the dorsal, but not the ventral, hippocampus reduced anxiety in the plus-maze test. Neither antagonist reduced anxiety-like behavior in the shock-probe burying test. Overall, the results show that both receptor subtypes of AVP are involved in anxiety-related responses, but their specific contributions depend on three variables: (1) the anxiety-related response (shock-probe avoidance versus open-arm avoidance), (2) the receptor subtype antagonized (Avpr1a versus Avpr1b), and (3) the area of hippocampus (dorsal versus ventral) into which these antagonists are infused. These dissociations suggest that different fear responses are under the control of specific AVP receptor systems within discrete parts of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Engin
- Department of Psychology and Division of Neuroscience, P-449 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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Perucca J, Bichet DG, Bardoux P, Bouby N, Bankir L. Sodium excretion in response to vasopressin and selective vasopressin receptor antagonists. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1721-31. [PMID: 18596120 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which arginine vasopressin (AVP) exerts its antidiuretic and pressor effects, via activation of V2 and V1a receptors, respectively, are relatively well understood, but the possible associated effects on sodium handling are a matter of controversy. In this study, normal conscious Wistar rats were acutely administered various doses of AVP, dDAVP (V2 agonist), furosemide, or the following selective non-peptide receptor antagonists SR121463A (V2 antagonist) or SR49059 (V1a antagonist). Urine flow and sodium excretion rates in the next 6 h were compared with basal values obtained on the previous day, after vehicle treatment, using each rat as its own control. The rate of sodium excretion decreased with V2 agonism and increased with V2 antagonism in a dose-dependent manner. However,for comparable increases in urine flow rate, the V2 antagonist induced a natriuresis 7-fold smaller than did furosemide. Vasopressin reduced sodium excretion at 1 mug/kg but increased it at doses >5 umg/kg,an effect that was abolished by the V1a antagonist. Combined V2 and V1a effects of endogenous vasopressin can be predicted to vary largely according to the respective levels of vasopressin in plasma,renal medulla (acting on interstitial cells), and urine (acting on V1a luminal receptors). In the usual range of regulation, antidiuretic effects of vasopressin may be associated with variable sodium retention. Although V2 antagonists are predominantly aquaretic, their possible effects on sodium excretion should not be neglected. In view of their proposed use in several human disorders, the respective influence of selective (V2) or mixed (V1a/V2) receptor antagonists on sodium handling in humans needs reevaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Perucca
- INSERM U 872, Université Paris Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin is a hormone that plays an important part in circulatory and water homoeostasis. The three arginine-vasopressin-receptor subtypes--V1a, V1b, and V2--all belong to the large rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptor family. The vaptans are orally and intravenously active non-peptide vasopressin receptor antagonists that are in development. Relcovaptan is a selective V1a-receptor antagonist, which has shown initial positive results in the treatment of Raynaud's disease, dysmenorrhoea, and tocolysis. SSR-149415 is a selective V1b-receptor antagonist, which could have beneficial effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. V2-receptor antagonists--mozavaptan, lixivaptan, satavaptan, and tolvaptan--induce a highly hypotonic diuresis without substantially affecting the excretion of electrolytes (by contrast with the effects of diuretics). These drugs are all effective in the treatment of euvolaemic and hypervolaemic hyponatraemia. Conivaptan is a V1a/V2 non-selective vasopressin-receptor antagonist that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an intravenous infusion for the inhospital treatment of euvolaemic or hypervolaemic hyponatraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Decaux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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Malemud CJ, Miller AH. Pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced SAPK/MAPK and JAK/STAT in rheumatoid arthritis and the new anti-depression drugs. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:171-83. [PMID: 18208366 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are frequently clinically depressed. Peripheral inflammation in RA may influence neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, as well as growth factor production, which can modify neural circuitry and contribute to depression. OBJECTIVE A convergence between pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced synovial joint inflammation in RA and the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the brain may occur through activation of the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPK/MAPK) and/or Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. METHODS The PubMed and Medlines databases were critically evaluated for evidence of SAPK/MAPK and/or JAK/STAT pathway activation in RA and depression. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Some novel anti-depression drugs that were employed in animal models of 'sickness behavior' and in human depression clinical trials suppressed clinical markers of inflammation, as well as SAPK/MAPK and/or JAK/STAT signaling in vitro. Modifying pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in the brain with antidepressants may also be useful in ameliorating peripheral inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 2061 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5076, USA.
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[Difference in urine concentration according to gender and ethnicity: possible involvement in the different susceptibility to various renal and cardiovascular diseases]. Nephrol Ther 2008; 4:160-72. [PMID: 18243833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Men and African-Americans are known to be at greater risk of urolithiasis and cardiovascular and renal diseases than women and Caucasians. Previous studies suggest that the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin and/or a greater urine concentration are associated with the rate of progression of these diseases. The present review addresses possible sex and ethnic-related differences in urine volume and osmolality which could participate in this male and black higher predominance. We reanalyzed 24h-urine data collected previously by different investigators for other purposes. In studies concerning healthy subjects (six studies) or patients with chronic kidney disease or Diabetes mellitus (three studies), men excreted a larger osmolar load than women, with a 15 to 30% higher urinary osmolality (or another index of urine concentration based on the urine/plasma creatinine concentration ratio) and a similar 24h urine volume than in women. In two American studies, African-Americans showed a significantly higher urinary concentration than Caucasians and a lower 24h-urine volume. Sex and ethnic differences in thirst threshold, vasopressin level, or other regulatory mediators may contribute to the higher urinary concentration of men and of African Americans. These differences could play a role in the greater susceptibility of these subjects to these pathologies. New prospective studies should take into account the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin as a potential risk factor in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
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Duhamel TA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS. Targeting platelets for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 11:1523-33. [PMID: 18020975 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.12.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in the development of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and stroke. As a result, pharmacologic interventions that influence platelet functions, such as adhesion, aggregation and the release of different factors, are considered useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Although classical anti-platelet agents have proven beneficial effects for the treatment of some specific cardiovascular diseases, there are limitations for their use as these drugs target platelet function directly. In contrast, newly developed anti-platelet agents have broad applications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease as they not only influence platelet function but are also considered to affect cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cell functions. Natural food products and nutraceutical agents also appear to modify cardiovascular abnormalities by affecting various platelet functions; however, the mechanisms of their actions remain to be investigated. Accordingly, this article is focused to discuss emerging pharmacologic, nutritional and nutraceutical interventions that may influence the prevention or progression of a broad range of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Duhamel
- University of Manitoba, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
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Pena A, Murat B, Trueba M, Ventura MA, Bertrand G, Cheng LL, Stoev S, Szeto HH, Wo N, Brossard G, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Manning M, Guillon G. Pharmacological and physiological characterization of d[Leu4, Lys8]vasopressin, the first V1b-selective agonist for rat vasopressin/oxytocin receptors. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4136-46. [PMID: 17495006 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we synthesized and characterized the first selective V(1b) vasopressin (VP)/oxytocin receptor agonist, d[Cha(4)]arginine vasopressin. However, this agonist was only selective for the human receptors. We thus decided to design a selective V(1b) agonist for the rodent species. We started from previous observations showing that modifying [deamino(1),Arg(8)]VP in positions 4 and 8 altered the rat VP/oxytocin receptor selectivity. We synthesized a series of 13 [deamino(1),Arg(8)]VP analogs modified in positions 4 and 8. Among them, one seemed very promising, d[Leu(4), Lys(8)]VP. In this paper, we describe its pharmacological and physiological properties. This analog exhibited a nanomolar affinity for the rat, human, and mouse V(1b) VP receptors and a strong V(1b) selectivity for the rat species. On AtT20 cells stably transfected with the rat V(1b) receptor, d[Leu(4), Lys(8)]VP behaved as a full agonist on both phospholipase C and MAPK assays. Additional experiments revealed its ability to induce the internalization of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged human and mouse V(1b) receptors as expected for a full agonist. Additional physiological experiments were performed to further confirm the selectivity of this peptide. Its antidiuretic, vasopressor, and in vitro oxytocic activities were weak compared with those of VP. In contrast, used at low doses, its efficiency to stimulate adrenocorticotropin or insulin release from mouse pituitary or perfused rat pancreas, respectively, was similar to that obtained with VP. In conclusion, d[Leu(4), Lys(8)]VP is the first selective agonist available for the rat V(1b) VP receptor. It will allow a better understanding of V(1b) receptor-mediated effects in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pena
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Département d'Endocrinologie, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Vossenkämper A, Nedvetsky PI, Wiesner B, Furkert J, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Microtubules are needed for the perinuclear positioning of aquaporin-2 after its endocytic retrieval in renal principal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1129-38. [PMID: 17626240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00628.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP induces the insertion of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) into the plasma membrane of principal cells, thereby increasing the osmotic water permeability. The redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane is a cAMP-dependent process and thus a paradigm for cAMP-controlled exocytic processes. Using primary cultured rat inner medullary collecting duct cells, we show that the redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane is accompanied by the reorganization of microtubules and the redistribution of the small GTPase Rab11. In resting cells, AQP2 is colocalized with Rab11 perinuclearly. AVP induced the redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane and of Rab11 to the cell periphery. The redistribution of both proteins was increased when microtubules were depolymerized by nocodazole. In addition, the depolymerization of microtubules prevented the perinuclear positioning of AQP2 and Rab11 in resting cells, which was restored if nocodazole was washed out and microtubules repolymerized. After internalization of AQP2, induced by removal of AVP, forskolin triggered the AQP2 redistribution to the plasma membrane even if microtubules were depolymerized and without the previous positioning of AQP2 in the perinuclear recycling compartment. Collectively, the data indicate that microtubule-dependent transport of AQP2 is predominantly responsible for trafficking and localization of AQP2 inside the cell after its internalization but not for the exocytic transport of the water channel. We also demonstrate that cAMP-signaling regulates the localization of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes in renal principal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkämper
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Yangthara B, Mills A, Chatsudthipong V, Tradtrantip L, Verkman AS. Small-molecule vasopressin-2 receptor antagonist identified by a g-protein coupled receptor "pathway" screen. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:86-94. [PMID: 17435162 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as the vasopressin-2 receptor (V(2)R) are an important class of drug targets. We developed an efficient screen for GPCR-induced cAMP elevation using as read-out cAMP activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channels. Fischer rat thyroid cells expressing CFTR and a halide-sensing yellow fluorescent protein (H148Q/I152L) were transfected with V(2)R. Increased cell Cl(-) conductance after agonist-induced cAMP elevation was assayed using a plate reader from cell fluorescence after solution I(-) addition. The Z' factor for the assay was approximately 0.7 with the V(2)R agonist [deamino-Cys1, Val4, d-Arg8]-vasopressin (1 nM) as positive control. Primary screening of 50,000 small molecules yielded a novel, 5-aryl-4-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-1-(2-arylethyl)-2H-pyrrol-2-one class of V(2)R antagonists that are unrelated structurally to known V(2)R antagonists. The most potent compound, V(2)R(inh)-02, which was identified by screening 35 structural analogs, competitively inhibited V(2)R-induced cAMP elevation with K(i) value of approximately 70 nM and fully displaced radiolabeled vasopressin in binding experiments. V(2)R(inh)-02 did not inhibit forskolin or beta(2)-adrenergic receptor-induced cAMP production and was more than 50 times more potent for V(2)R than for V(1a)R. The favorable in vitro properties of the pyrrol-2-one antagonists suggests their potential usefulness in aquaretic applications. The CFTR-linked cAMP assay developed here is applicable for efficient, high-throughput identification of modulators of cAMP-coupled GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buranee Yangthara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, USA
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Chen S, Jalandhara N, Batlle D. Evaluation and management of hyponatremia: an emerging role for vasopressin receptor antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:82-95. [PMID: 17251996 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists, collectively known as the 'vaptans', provide a new approach to the treatment of hyponatremia; therefore, an updated Review of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia is particularly timely. After briefly defining hyponatremia and introducing its clinical aspects and complications, we present an approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of hyponatremia that is based primarily on the often-underused concept of free water clearance and, more specifically, the electrolyte-free water clearance. Then we review the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists in the management of hyponatremia from the standpoint of their pharmacology, their mechanism of action, and available efficacy data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Chen
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Wada KI, Matsukawa U, Fujimori A, Arai Y, Sudoh K, Sasamata M, Miyata K. A Novel Vasopressin Dual V1A/V2 Receptor Antagonist, Conivaptan Hydrochloride, Improves Hyponatremia in Rats with Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:91-5. [PMID: 17202666 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of intravenous administration of conivaptan hydrochloride, a dual vasopressin V1A and V2 receptor antagonist, on blood electrolytes and plasma osmolality in rats with an experimental syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The experimental SIADH rat model was developed by means of continuous administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) via a subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini pump, and hyponatremia was induced by additional water loading. This model possesses similar characteristics to those observed in patients with SIADH, specifically decreases in blood sodium concentration and plasma osmolality. In this experimental model, intravenous administration of conivaptan (0.1, 1 mg/kg) significantly increased blood sodium concentration and plasma osmolality. On the other hand, intravenous administration of furosemide (10 mg/kg) did not increase either blood sodium concentration or plasma osmolality in the SIADH rats. Moreover, furosemide significantly lowered blood potassium concentration. These results show that conivaptan improves hyponatremia in rats with SIADH, supporting the therapeutic potential of conivaptan in treatment of patients with hyponatremia associated with SIADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh-ichi Wada
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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