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Peng Z, Lu J, Liu K, Xie L, Wang Y, Cai C, Yang D, Xi J, Yan C, Li X, Shi M. Hypericin as a promising natural bioactive naphthodianthrone: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5639-5656. [PMID: 37690821 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin can be derived from St. John's wort, which is widely spread around the world. As a natural product, it has been put into clinical practice such as wound healing and depression for a long time. In this article, we review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of hypericin, aiming to introduce the research advances and provide a full evaluation of it. Turns out hypericin, as a natural photosensitizer, exhibits an excellent capacity for anticancer, neuroprotection, and elimination of microorganisms, especially when activated by light, potent anticancer and antimicrobial effects are obtained after photodynamic therapy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic effects involve the induction of cell death, inhibition of cell cycle progression, inhibition of the reuptake of amines, and inhibition of virus replication. The pharmacokinetics properties indicate that hypericin has poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distribution and excretion are fast, and it is metabolized in bile. The toxicity of hypericin is rarely reported and the conventional use of it rarely causes adverse effects except for photosensitization. Therefore, we may conclude that hypericin can be used safely and effectively against a variety of diseases. We hope to provide researchers with detailed guidance and enlighten the development of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Karthika C, Najda A, Klepacka J, Zehravi M, Akter R, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Al-Shaeri M, Mondal B, Ashraf GM, Tagde P, Ramproshad S, Ahmad Z, Khan FS, Rahman MH. Involvement of Resveratrol against Brain Cancer: A Combination Strategy with a Pharmaceutical Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:4663. [PMID: 35889532 PMCID: PMC9320031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A brain tumor (BT) is a condition in which there is growth or uncontrolled development of the brain cells, which usually goes unrecognized or is diagnosed at the later stages. Since the mechanism behind BT is not clear, and the various physiological conditions are difficult to diagnose, the success rate of BT is not very high. This is the central issue faced during drug development and clinical trials with almost all types of neurodegenerative disorders. In the first part of this review, we focus on the concept of brain tumors, their barriers, and the types of delivery possible to target the brain cells. Although various treatment methods are available, they all have side effects or toxic effects. Hence, in the second part, a correlation was made between the use of resveratrol, a potent antioxidant, and its advantages for brain diseases. The relationship between brain disease and the blood-brain barrier, multi-drug resistance, and the use of nanomedicine for treating brain disorders is also mentioned. In short, a hypothetical concept is given with a background investigation into the use of combination therapy with resveratrol as an active ingredient, the possible drug delivery, and its formulation-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, India;
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Science in Lublin, Doświadczalna Street 51A, 20280 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Klepacka
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Riphah International University, Lahore 54950, Pakistan;
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Majed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Banani Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh; (B.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201301, India;
| | - Sarker Ramproshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh; (B.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Farhat S. Khan
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
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3
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Hernández ÁP, Juanes-Velasco P, Landeira-Viñuela A, Bareke H, Montalvillo E, Góngora R, Fuentes M. Restoring the Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment: Insights into Immunogenic Cell Death in Onco-Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2821. [PMID: 34198850 PMCID: PMC8201010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) elicited by cancer therapy reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment. A long-term adaptative immune response can be initiated by modulating cell death by therapeutic approaches. Here, the major hallmarks of ICD, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are correlated with ICD inducers used in clinical practice to enhance antitumoral activity by suppressing tumor immune evasion. Approaches to monitoring the ICD triggered by antitumoral therapeutics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and novel perspective in this immune system strategy are also reviewed to give an overview of the relevance of ICD in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela-Patricia Hernández
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Pablo Juanes-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Alicia Landeira-Viñuela
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Halin Bareke
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enrique Montalvillo
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (Á.-P.H.); (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (H.B.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Dong X, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Fu J, You L, He Y, Hao Y, Gu Z, Yu Z, Qu C, Yin X, Ni J, Cruz LJ. Hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 73:425-436. [PMID: 33793828 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypericin is a polycyclic aromatic naphthodianthrone that occurs naturally. It is also an active ingredient in some species of the genus Hypericum. Emerging evidence suggests that hypericin has attracted great attention as a potential anticancer drug and exhibits remarkable antiproliferative effect upon irradiation on various tumour cells. This paper aims to summarise the anticancer effect and molecular mechanisms modulated by hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy and its potential role in the cancer treatment. KEY FINDINGS Hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy could inhibit the proliferation of various tumour cells including bladder, colon, breast, cervical, glioma, leukaemia, hepatic, melanoma, lymphoma and lung cancers. The effect is primarily mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), JNK, PI3K, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP)/TRIB3/Akt/mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-receptor, c-Met and Ephrin-Eph, the mitochondria and extrinsic signalling pathways. Furthermore, hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies is more effective in inhibiting the growth of tumour cells. SUMMARY During the past few decades, the anticancer properties of photoactivated hypericin have been extensively investigated. Hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy can modulate a variety of proteins and genes and exhibit a great potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Hao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zili Gu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenfeng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Damke GMZF, Damke E, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Ratti BA, de Freitas Meirelles LE, da Silva VRS, Gonçalves RS, César GB, de Oliveira Silva S, Caetano W, Hioka N, Souza RP, Consolaro MEL. Selective photodynamic effects on cervical cancer cells provided by P123 Pluronic®-based nanoparticles modulating hypericin delivery. Life Sci 2020; 255:117858. [PMID: 32497635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer among women worldwide with no effective treatment options. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hypericin (HYP) encapsulated on Pluronic® P123 (HYP/P123) photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a comprehensive panel of human cervical cancer-derived cell lines, including HeLa (HPV 18-positive), SiHa (HPV 16-positive), CaSki (HPV 16 and 18-positive), and C33A (HPV-negative), compared to a nontumorigenic human epithelial cell line (HaCaT). Were investigated: (i) cell cytotoxicity and phototoxicity, cellular uptake and subcellular distribution; (ii) cell death pathway and cellular oxidative stress; (iii) migration and invasion. Our results showed that HYP/P123 micelles had effective and selective time- and dose-dependent phototoxic effects on cervical cancer cells but not in HaCaT. Moreover, HYP/P123 micelles accumulated in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes, resulting in photodynamic cell death mainly by necrosis. HYP/P123 induced cellular oxidative stress mainly via type II mechanism of PDT and inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion mainly via MMP-2 inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate a potentially useful role of HYP/P123 micelles as a platform for HYP delivery to more specifically and effectively treat cervical cancers through PDT, suggesting they are worthy for in vivo preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Altrão Ratti
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lyvia Eloiza de Freitas Meirelles
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Ramos Sela da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato Sonchini Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Batista César
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pantarotto Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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6
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Asadzadeh Z, Safarzadeh E, Safaei S, Baradaran A, Mohammadi A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Derakhshani A, Argentiero A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Current Approaches for Combination Therapy of Cancer: The Role of Immunogenic Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1047. [PMID: 32340275 PMCID: PMC7226590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death resistance is a key feature of tumor cells. One of the main anticancer therapies is increasing the susceptibility of cells to death. Cancer cells have developed a capability of tumor immune escape. Hence, restoring the immunogenicity of cancer cells can be suggested as an effective approach against cancer. Accumulating evidence proposes that several anticancer agents provoke the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are determinants of immunogenicity and stimulate immunogenic cell death (ICD). It has been suggested that ICD inducers are two different types according to their various activities. Here, we review the well-characterized DAMPs and focus on the different types of ICD inducers and recent combination therapies that can augment the immunogenicity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (Z.A.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618985991, Iran;
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (Z.A.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Ali Baradaran
- Research & Development Lab, BSD Robotics, 4500 Brisbane, Australia;
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (Z.A.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (Z.A.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (A.D.)
| | | | - Nicola Silvestris
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (Z.A.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (A.D.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
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7
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Manda G, Hinescu ME, Neagoe IV, Ferreira LF, Boscencu R, Vasos P, Basaga SH, Cuadrado A. Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5268-5295. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190122163832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:Reactive oxygen species sustain tumorigenesis and cancer progression through deregulated redox signalling which also sensitizes cancer cells to therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anti-cancer therapy based on a provoked singlet oxygen burst, exhibiting a better toxicological profile than chemo- and radiotherapy. Important gaps in the knowledge on underlining molecular mechanisms impede on its translation towards clinical applications.Aims and Methods:The main objective of this review is to critically analyse the knowledge lately gained on therapeutic targets related to redox and inflammatory networks underlining PDT and its outcome in terms of cell death and resistance to therapy. Emerging therapeutic targets and pharmaceutical tools will be documented based on the identified molecular background of PDT.Results:Cellular responses and molecular networks in cancer cells exposed to the PDT-triggered singlet oxygen burst and the associated stresses are analysed using a systems medicine approach, addressing both cell death and repair mechanisms. In the context of immunogenic cell death, therapeutic tools for boosting anti-tumor immunity will be outlined. Finally, the transcription factor NRF2, which is a major coordinator of cytoprotective responses, is presented as a promising pharmacologic target for developing co-therapies designed to increase PDT efficacy.Conclusion:There is an urgent need to perform in-depth molecular investigations in the field of PDT and to correlate them with clinical data through a systems medicine approach for highlighting the complex biological signature of PDT. This will definitely guide translation of PDT to clinic and the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis F.V. Ferreira
- CQFM-Centro de Fisica Molecular and IN-Institute for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Paul Vasos
- Research Centre of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selma H. Basaga
- Molecular Biology Genetics & Program, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Li PT, Ke ES, Chiang PC, Tsai T. ALA- or Ce6-PDT induced phenotypic change and suppressed migration in surviving cancer cells. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Garg AD, Maes H, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P. Targeting the hallmarks of cancer with therapy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 2:e975089. [PMID: 27308392 PMCID: PMC4905250 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is at the center of a number of vital cellular processes such as cell growth, death, and differentiation, crosstalk with immune or stromal cells, and maintenance of proteostasis or homeostasis, and ER functions have implications for various pathologies including cancer. Recently, a number of major hallmarks of cancer have been delineated that are expected to facilitate the development of anticancer therapies. However, therapeutic induction of ER stress as a strategy to broadly target multiple hallmarks of cancer has been seldom discussed despite the fact that several primary or secondary ER stress-inducing therapies have been found to exhibit positive clinical activity in cancer patients. In the present review we provide a brief historical overview of the major discoveries and milestones in the field of ER stress biology with important implications for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss possible strategies enabling the targeting of multiple hallmarks of cancer with therapy-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander R van Vliet
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Zhang H, Shen B, Swinarska JT, Li W, Xiao K, He P. 9-Hydroxypheophorbide α-mediated photodynamic therapy induces matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 down-regulation in Hep-2 cells via ROS-mediated suppression of the ERK pathway. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:55-62. [PMID: 24448387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for malignant diseases through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we assessed the change of migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells after sublethal doses of 9-hydroxypheophorbide α (9-HPbD)-mediated PDT in vitro, and explored the role of ROS in 9-HPbD-PDT-induced anti-metastatic effects in HEp-2 cells. METHODS Following PDT, ROS were measured by a fluorescence microscope in both the presence and absence of glutathione (GSH) pretreatment. Wound healing assay, cell migration assay, and matrigel invasion assay were used to evaluate the cellular migration and invasion. Western blot was performed to investigate the signaling pathways that may have been involved. RESULTS ROS were rapidly generated in 9-HPbD-loaded HEp-2 laryngeal cancer cells by the activation of a diode laser and were significantly inhibited by a 6-h GSH pretreatment. Wound healing assay, cell migration assay, and matrigel invasion assay showed that sublethal PDT significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells. GSH decreased the ability of PDT to inhibit the invasion of HEp-2 cells. Western blot analysis showed that PDT significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, and significantly suppressed the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after 24h following the implementation of sublethal PDT, and these efficacies of PDT could be abrogated by GSH pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS 9-HPbD-PDT attenuated the migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells in vitro, which may be related to the down-regulated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via ROS-mediated-inhibition of phosphorylation in the ERK/MEK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joanna T Swinarska
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wen Li
- Research Center, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuanlin Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peijie He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Dudek AM, Garg AD, Krysko DV, De Ruysscher D, Agostinis P. Inducers of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:319-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Chiang PC, Chou RH, Chien HF, Tsai T, Chen CT. Chloride intracellular channel 4 involves in the reduced invasiveness of cancer cells treated by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Krysko DV, Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Agostinis P, Vandenabeele P. Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:860-75. [PMID: 23151605 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1919] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although it was thought that apoptotic cells, when rapidly phagocytosed, underwent a silent death that did not trigger an immune response, in recent years a new concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged. The immunogenic characteristics of ICD are mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which include surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT), secreted ATP and released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Most DAMPs can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this Review, we discuss the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells and the effect of therapy-resistant cancer microevolution on ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, VIB-Ghent University Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium. Dmitri.Krysko@dmbr. ugent.be
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15
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Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Agostinis P. ER stress-induced inflammation: does it aid or impede disease progression? Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:589-98. [PMID: 22883813 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Different lines of research have revealed that pathways activated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response induce sterile inflammation. When activated, all three sensors of the unfolded protein response (UPR), PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, participate in upregulating inflammatory processes. ER stress in various cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and intestinal bowel and airway diseases. Moreover, it has been suggested that ER stress-induced inflammation contributes substantially to disease progression. However, this generalization can be challenged at least in the case of cancer. In this review, we emphasize that ER stress can either aid or impede disease progression via inflammatory pathways depending on the cell type, disease stage, and type of ER stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Laser light activation of a second-generation photosensitiser and its use as a potential photomodulatory agent in skin rejuvenation. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:589-95. [PMID: 22581390 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic rejuvenation therapy (PDRT) is a growing field in cosmetic dermatology. In this study, different sources of light (a yellow laser, a red laser and ultraviolet A (UVA) lamps) were used to activate a second-generation photosensitiser, hypericin. Uptake of hypericin was monitored over 24 h and efficacy of PDRT was assessed using cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification assays. In addition, we show for the first time, a quantifiable assay for ROS production in human dermal fibroblasts incubated with hypericin and exposed to yellow laser light or UVA lamps. Furthermore, we optimised a protocol with regard to hypericin concentration and irradiation parameters using the XTT cell viability kit. This study showed that this photosensitiser, hypericin, was taken up by the cells in a concentration-dependent manner over 24 h with cell saturation occurring after approximately 16 h. The uptake seemed to be localised to the cell cytoplasm with no hypericin appearing in the nucleus. The levels of ROS increased in the cell when irradiated with the yellow laser (561 nm) however, it did not increase further with the addition of hypericin. Hypericin and UVA showed a significant increase in the amount of ROS produced. The results also show that cell viability is not affected by low power light (2 mW) from the yellow laser irrespective of the dose used. However, an increase to 10 mW power with 5 J/cm(2) light dose, resulted in a significant drop (p < 0.05) in cell viability at both 0.5 (77.53 ± 9.67 %) and 1 μM (48.51 ± 13.27 %) hypericin concentrations. In contrast, a 20 % increase in cell viability was seen with 1 J/cm(2) and 20 mW and 0.25 μM hypericin. Overall, this study highlights an optimised protocol for hypericin-induced photorejuvenative therapy using laser light and proposes that parameters of 0.25 μM hypericin as a photosensitiser activated via a dosage of 1 J/cm(2) yellow laser light produces an effective in vitro outcome to be considered as an important contribution towards optimising PDRT.
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17
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Weiss A, den Bergh HV, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:53-70. [PMID: 22465396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of treatment, which is clinically approved for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, including certain forms of cancer and neovascular eye diseases. Although the concept of PDT has existed for a long time now, it has never made a solid entrance into the clinical management of cancer. This is likely due to secondary tissue reactions, such as inflammation and neoangiogenesis. The recent development of clinically effective angiogenesis inhibitors has lead to the initiation of research on the combination of PDT with such angiostatic targeted therapies. Preclinical studies in this research field have shown promising results, causing a revival in the field of PDT. This review reports on the current research efforts on PDT and vascular targeted combination therapies. Different combination strategies with angiogenesis inhibition and vascular targeting approaches are discussed. In addition, the concept of increasing PDT selectivity by targeted delivery of photosensitizers is presented. Furthermore, the current insights on sequencing the therapy arms of such combinations will be discussed in light of vascular normalization induced by angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Firczuk M, Nowis D, Gołąb J. PDT-induced inflammatory and host responses. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:653-63. [PMID: 21258727 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used in the management of neoplastic and nonmalignant diseases. Its unique mechanisms of action include direct cytotoxic effects exerted towards tumor cells, destruction of tumor and peritumoral vasculature and induction of local acute inflammatory reaction. The latter develops in response to (1) damage to tumor and stromal cells that leads to the release of cell death-associated molecular patterns (CDAMs) or damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), (2) early vascular changes that include increased vascular permeability, vascular occlusion, and release of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators, (3) activation of alternative pathway of complement leading to generation of potent chemotactic factors, and (4) induction of signaling cascades and transcription factors that trigger secretion of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, or adhesion molecules. The majority of studies indicate that induction of local inflammatory response contributes to the antitumor effects of PDT and facilitates development of systemic immunity. However, the degree of PDT-induced inflammation and its subsequent contribution to its antitumor efficacy depend on multiple parameters, such as chemical nature, concentration and subcellular localization of the photosensitizers, the spectral characteristics of the light source, light fluence and fluence rate, oxygenation level, and tumor type. Identification of detailed molecular mechanisms and development of therapeutic approaches modulating PDT-induced inflammation will be necessary to tailor this treatment to particular clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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19
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Solár P, Ferenc P, Koval' J, Mikeš J, Solárová Z, Hrčková G, Fulton BL, Fedoročko P. Photoactivated Hypericin Induces Downregulation of HER2 Gene Expression. Radiat Res 2011; 175:51-6. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2276.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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In vitro and in vivo matrix metalloproteinase expression after photodynamic therapy with a liposomal formulation of aminolevulinic acid and its methyl ester. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:630-50. [PMID: 20865364 PMCID: PMC6275856 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known method for the treatment of malignant tumors, and its principles have been well established over the past 30 years. This therapy involves the application of a chemical called a photosensitizer and its subsequent excitation with light at the appropriate wavelength and energy. Topical photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an alternative therapy for many malignant processes, including nonmelanoma skin cancers such as basal-cell carcinoma (BCC). Our novel approach for this study was to use a liposomal formulation of 5-ALA and its methyl ester (commercially available as metvix) both in vitro and in vivo, and to check whether the liposome-entrapped precursors of photosensitizers can induce the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in animal tumor cells and in other tissues from tumor-bearing rats and in selected cell lines in vitro. We also checked whether the application of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) has any effect on MMPs in the above-mentioned experimental models, and if they can cause complete inhibition of MMP expression. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that after the PDT, the intensity of expression of MMPs in healthy animals was very low and seen in single cells only. After the PDT in tumor-bearing rats, MMP-3 was expressed in the tumor cells with the highest intensity of staining in the tissues directly adjacent to the tumors, while MMP-2 and -9 were not found. In the control groups, there was no observed expression of MMPs. In vitro studies showed that MMP-3 was expressed in MCF-7 cells after PDT, but MMP-9 was not observed and MMP-2 was only seen in single cases. Our studies confirmed that the application of an MMP-3 inhibitor may block an induction of MMP-3 expression which had previously been initiated by PDT. The preliminary data obtained from cancer patients revealed that new precursors are effective in terms of PDT, and that using MMP inhibitors should be considered as a potential enhancing factor in clinical PDT.
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21
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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Theodossiou TA, Hothersall JS, De Witte PA, Pantos A, Agostinis P. The Multifaceted Photocytotoxic Profile of Hypericin. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1775-89. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900166q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John S. Hothersall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A. De Witte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandros Pantos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bhuvaneswari R, Gan YY, Soo KC, Olivo M. The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor angiogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2275-83. [PMID: 19333552 PMCID: PMC11115708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the activation of a photosensitive drug in tumor tissue with light of specific wavelength, has been used effectively to treat certain solid tumors. Though therapeutic responses are encouraging, PDT-mediated oxidative stress can act as an angiogenic switch that ultimately leads to neovascularization and tumor recurrence. This article explores the effect of PDT on angiogenesis in different tumor models. Overexpression of proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteases has often been reported post-illumination. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting angiogenesis after chemotherapy and radiotherapy is an attractive and valuable approach to cancer treatment. In this review, we report the effective therapeutic strategy of combining angiogenesis inhibitors with PDT to control and treat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yik Yuen Gan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore, 138667 Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, No. 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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Galanou MC, Theodossiou TA, Tsiourvas D, Sideratou Z, Paleos CM. Interactive transport, subcellular relocation and enhanced phototoxicity of hypericin encapsulated in guanidinylated liposomes via molecular recognition. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 84:1073-83. [PMID: 18627515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HYP), a photocytotoxic phenanthroperylenquinone was encapsulated in liposomes outfitted with guanidinium-bearing lipids to ensure efficient cell binding through molecular recognition with anionic groups resident on the plasma membrane. The uptake of HYP encapsulated in these liposomes by DU145 human prostate cancer cells, was studied employing fluorescence, versus nonguadinylated liposomes and free HYP. The subcellular localization was in all cases studied by confocal microscopy employing specific subcellular organelle probes. The photocytotoxicity of HYP was assessed, 24 h following irradiation with 15 mWcm(-2) light through a GG 495 Schott filter, by a standard tetrazolium to formazan assay (XTT). HYP uptake by DU145 cells was found to be profoundly enhanced by using guanidinylated liposomes. Also the distance of the guanidinium group from the liposomal surface was found to significantly affect HYP loading, subcellular localization and phototoxicity. The two different modes of liposome cell internalization observed, i.e. plasma membrane fusion and endocytosis, were found to greatly affect the phototoxicity of HYP. Molecular recognition was overall appraised as a promising, novel route for photodynamic therapy, profoundly enhancing its efficacy. HYP encapsulated in liposomes-bearing guanidinium groups was more efficiently taken up by cells, leading to enhanced phototoxicity, in contrast to HYP encapsulated in their nonguanidinylated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Galanou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS," Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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Theodossiou TA, Papakyriakou A, Hothersall JS. Molecular modeling and experimental evidence for hypericin as a substrate for mitochondrial complex III; mitochondrial photodamage as demonstrated using specific inhibitors. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1581-90. [PMID: 18852042 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hypericin photoactivation on mitochondria of human prostate carcinoma cells was studied using a range of mitochondrial inhibitors. Oligomycin significantly enhanced hypericin phototoxicity while atractyloside and antymicin A conferred a significant protection. Use of myxothiazol did not affect cell survival following hypericin photoactivation. These results signify a protective role for F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase running in reverse mode, and a significant photodamage at the quinone-reducing site of mitochondrial complex III. In light of these results, we performed molecular modeling of hypericin binding to complex III. This revealed three binding sites, two of which coincided with the quinol-oxidizing and quinone-reducing centers. Using submitochondrial particles we examined hypericin as a possible substrate of complex III and compared this to its natural substrate, ubiquinone-10. Our results demonstrate uniquely that hypericin is an efficient substrate for complex III, and this activity is inhibited by myxothiazol and antimycin A. We further demonstrated that hypericin photosensitization completely inactivated complex III with ubiquinone as substrate. The ability to enhance HYP potency by inhibition of F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase or depress HYP efficacy by inhibition at the Qi site of complex III provides a potential to increase the therapeutic index of HYP and amplify its PDT action in tumor cells.
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