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Urbiola-Salvador V, Lima de Souza S, Macur K, Czaplewska P, Chen Z. Plasma Proteomics Elucidated a Protein Signature in COVID-19 Patients with Comorbidities and Early-Diagnosis Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:840. [PMID: 38672194 PMCID: PMC11048573 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite great scientific efforts, deep understanding of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) immunopathology and clinical biomarkers remains a challenge. Pre-existing comorbidities increase the mortality rate and aggravate the exacerbated immune response against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which can result in more severe symptoms as well as long-COVID and post-COVID complications. In this study, we applied proteomics analysis of plasma samples from 28 patients with SARS-CoV-2, with and without pre-existing comorbidities, as well as their corresponding controls to determine the systemic protein changes caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, the protein signature shared amongst COVID-19 patients with comorbidities was revealed to be characterized by alterations in the coagulation and complement pathways, acute-phase response proteins, tissue damage and remodeling, as well as cholesterol metabolism. These altered proteins may play a relevant role in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Moreover, several novel potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected, such as increased levels of keratin K22E, extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM1), and acute-phase response protein α-2-antiplasmin (A2AP). Importantly, elevated A2AP may contribute to persistent clotting complications associated with the long-COVID syndrome in patients with comorbidities. This study provides new insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and proposes novel potential biomarkers for early diagnosis that could be facilitated for clinical application by further validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Urbiola-Salvador
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Suiane Lima de Souza
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Katarzyna Macur
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Zhi Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland;
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2
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Chen S, Fang S, Zhou Y, Huang Z, Yu S, Chen D, Wang Z, Xu Y, Liu P, Li Y, Lin W, Jiang L, Yuan C, Huang M. A low bleeding risk thrombolytic agent: citPA5. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae060. [PMID: 38546342 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alteplase is a cornerstone thrombolytic agent in clinical practice, but presents a potential bleeding risk. Stroke patients need pre-screening to exclude hemorrhagic stroke before using Alteplase. In this study, we develop a new thrombolytic agent citPA5, characterized by an enhanced safety profile and minimal bleeding tendency. METHODS AND RESULTS A clot lysis agent, named citPA5, is developed based on rtPA with point mutations to completely suppress its proteolytic activity in the absence of fibrin. In the presence of fibrin, citPA5 exhibited significantly higher fibrinolytic activity (a 15.8-fold increase of kcat/Km). Furthermore, citPA5 showed resistance to endogenous fibrinolysis inhibitor, PAI-1, resulting in enhanced potency. In a series of safety evaluation experiments, including thrombelastography (TEG) assay, mice tail bleeding assay, and a murine intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model, citPA5 did not cause systemic bleeding or worsen intracerebral hemorrhage compared to Alteplase. This highlights the low risk of bleeding associated with citPA5. Finally, we found that citPA5 effectively improved cerebral blood flow and reduced infarct volume in a carotid embolism-induced stroke (CES) model. CONCLUSIONS This clot lysis agent, citPA5, not only exhibits a low risk of bleeding but also demonstrates highly effective thrombolysis capabilities. As a result, citPA5 shows great potential for administration prior to the classification of stroke types, making it possible for use in ambulances at the onset of stroke when symptoms are identified. The findings presented in this study also suggest that this strategy could be applied to develop a new generation of fibrinolytic drugs that offer greater safety and specificity in targeting fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Sudan Fang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yongkun Li
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 134 Dong Street, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Fujian Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditionial Chinese Medicine, No.1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, New District, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No.2 Wulongjiang North Avenue, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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3
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Tao Y, Ma J, Feng Y, Gao C, Wu T, Xia Y, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hu Y, Tang LV. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) homozygous Tyr471His mutation associates with thromboembolic disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e392. [PMID: 37808270 PMCID: PMC10556205 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) encoded by PLAT is a major mediator that promotes fibrinolysis and prevents thrombosis. Pathogenetic mutations in PLAT associated with venous thromboembolism have rarely been reported. Here, we report the first case of a homozygous point mutation c.1411T>C (p.Y471H) in PLAT leading to thromboembolic events and conduct related functional studies. The corresponding tPA mutant protein (tPA-Y471H) and wild-type tPA (tPA-WT) were synthesized in vitro, and mutant mice (PLATH/H mice) were constructed. The molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance results indicated that the mutation impeded the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the protease domain of tPA and the kringle 4 domain of plasminogen, and the binding affinity of tPA and plasminogen was significantly reduced with a difference of one order of magnitude. mRNA half-life assay showed that the half-life of tPA-Y471H was shortened. The inferior vena cava thrombosis model showed that the rate of venous thrombosis in PLATH/H mice was 80% compared with 53% in wild-type mice. Our data suggested a novel role for the protease domain of tPA in efficient plasminogen activation, and demonstrated that this tPA mutation could reduce the fibrinolysis function of the body and lead to an increased propensity for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Tao
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiewen Ma
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuanzheng Feng
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chenggang Gao
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Wu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yunqing Xia
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Liu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liang V. Tang
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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4
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Vassiliou AG, Vrettou CS, Keskinidou C, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Orfanos SE. Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098237. [PMID: 37175942 PMCID: PMC10179170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary endothelium is a highly regulated organ that performs a wide range of functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Since endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated to play a direct role in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, its role in COVID-19 has also been extensively investigated. Indeed, apart from the COVID-19-associated coagulopathy biomarkers, new biomarkers were recognised early during the pandemic, including markers of endothelial cell activation or injury. We systematically searched the literature up to 10 March 2023 for studies examining the association between acute and long COVID-19 severity and outcomes and endothelial biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Vrettou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece
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5
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Abdelfadiel E, Gunta R, Villuri BK, Afosah DK, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Designing Smaller, Synthetic, Functional Mimetics of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Allosteric Modulators of Coagulation Factors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4503-4531. [PMID: 37001055 PMCID: PMC10108365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are arguably the most diverse collection of natural products. Unfortunately, this bounty of structures remains untapped. Decades of research has realized only one GAG-like synthetic, small-molecule drug, fondaparinux. This represents an abysmal output because GAGs present a frontier that few medicinal chemists, and even fewer pharmaceutical companies, dare to undertake. GAGs are heterogeneous, polymeric, polydisperse, highly water soluble, synthetically challenging, too rapidly cleared, and difficult to analyze. Additionally, GAG binding to proteins is not very selective and GAG-binding sites are shallow. This Perspective attempts to transform this negative view into a much more promising one by highlighting recent advances in GAG mimetics. The Perspective focuses on the principles used in the design/discovery of drug-like, synthetic, sulfated small molecules as allosteric modulators of coagulation factors, such as antithrombin, thrombin, and factor XIa. These principles will also aid the design/discovery of sulfated agents against cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsamani
I. Abdelfadiel
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Bharath Kumar Villuri
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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6
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Court MH, Kiser JN, Neibergs HL, Zhu Z, Dillberger JE. Identification by whole genome sequencing of genes associated with delayed postoperative hemorrhage in Scottish deerhounds. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:510-517. [PMID: 36780177 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed postoperative hemorrhage (DEPOH) is an important health concern for Scottish deerhounds. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Identify genes associated with DEPOH in Scottish deerhounds. ANIMALS Two hundred sixty-nine privately owned Scottish deerhounds. METHODS Retrospective case-control study. DEPOH cases and controls were identified through an owner health survey. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using whole genome sequences from 8 cases and 17 controls. All cases and controls were genotyped for selected variants. RESULTS Of 269 dogs, 10 met inclusion and exclusion criteria for DEPOH, while 62 controls had undergone similar surgical procedures without DEPOH. Genome-wide association analysis identified a single locus on chromosome 9 spanning 40 genes. One of these genes (SERPINF2 encoding alpha-2 antiplasmin) was directly linked to the pathophysiology of DEPOH. The entire cohort was genotyped for a missense SERPINF2 variant (c.605 C>T; p.A202V). Compared to dogs with the reference C/C genotype, the likelihood of DEPOH was significantly higher for dogs with the T/T genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1235; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23-6752; P = 0.0005) and with the C/T genotype (OR = 28; 95% CI = 1.4-542; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE SERPINF2 is associated with DEPOH in Scottish deerhounds. Genetic testing might be able to identify dogs that are susceptible to DEPOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Czepas J. Plant-Derived Compounds and Extracts as Modulators of Plasmin Activity-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041677. [PMID: 36838662 PMCID: PMC9965408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionality of the fibrinolytic system is based on activity of its central enzyme, plasmin, responsible for the removal of fibrin clots. Besides the hemostasis, fibrinolytic proteins are also involved in many other physiological and pathological processes, including immune response, extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration, and tissue remodeling. Both the impaired and enhanced activity of fibrinolytic proteins may result in serious physiological consequences: prothrombotic state or excessive bleeding, respectively. However, current medicine offers very few options for treating fibrinolytic disorders, particularly in the case of plasmin inhibition. Although numerous attempts have been undertaken to identify natural or to develop engineered fibrinolytic system modulators, structural similarities within serine proteases of the hemostatic system and pleiotropic activity of fibrinolytic proteins constitute a serious problem in discovering anti- or profibrinolytic agents that could precisely affect the target molecules and reduce the risk of side effects. Therefore, this review aims to present a current knowledge of various classes of natural inhibitors and stimulators of the fibrinolytic system being well-defined low-molecular plant secondary metabolites or constituents of plant extracts as well as plant peptides. This work also discusses obstacles caused by low specificity of most of natural compounds and, hence, outlines recent trends in studies aimed at finding more efficient modulators of plasmin activity, including investigation of modifications of natural pharmacophore templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Czepas
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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8
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Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Kotze MJ, Oladejo SO, Watson LR, Rajaratnam K, Watson BW, Kell DB. Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:148. [PMID: 35933347 PMCID: PMC9356426 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin(ogen) amyloid microclots and platelet hyperactivation previously reported as a novel finding in South African patients with the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) and Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), might form a suitable set of foci for the clinical treatment of the symptoms of Long COVID/PASC. A Long COVID/PASC Registry was subsequently established as an online platform where patients can report Long COVID/PASC symptoms and previous comorbidities. METHODS In this study, we report on the comorbidities and persistent symptoms, using data obtained from 845 South African Long COVID/PASC patients. By using a previously published scoring system for fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology, we also analysed blood samples from 80 patients, and report the presence of significant fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in all cases. RESULTS Hypertension, high cholesterol levels (dyslipidaemia), cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were found to be the most important comorbidities. The gender balance (70% female) and the most commonly reported Long COVID/PASC symptoms (fatigue, brain fog, loss of concentration and forgetfulness, shortness of breath, as well as joint and muscle pains) were comparable to those reported elsewhere. These findings confirmed that our sample was not atypical. Microclot and platelet pathologies were associated with Long COVID/PASC symptoms that persisted after the recovery from acute COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Fibrin amyloid microclots that block capillaries and inhibit the transport of O2 to tissues, accompanied by platelet hyperactivation, provide a ready explanation for the symptoms of Long COVID/PASC. Removal and reversal of these underlying endotheliopathies provide an important treatment option that urgently warrants controlled clinical studies to determine efficacy in patients with a diversity of comorbidities impacting on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. We suggest that our platelet and clotting grading system provides a simple and cost-effective diagnostic method for early detection of Long COVID/PASC as a major determinant of effective treatment, including those focusing on reducing clot burden and platelet hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital & Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Sunday O Oladejo
- Centre for AI Research, School for Data-Science & Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Liam R Watson
- Centre for AI Research, School for Data-Science & Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Kanshu Rajaratnam
- Centre for AI Research, School for Data-Science & Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Bruce W Watson
- Centre for AI Research, School for Data-Science & Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. .,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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9
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Lin Z, Sun H, Li D, Cai Z, Chen M, Zhang W, Liu F, Huang Z, Wang Y, Xu J, Ma R. Thrombin antithrombin complex concentration as an early predictor of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:574. [PMID: 35701797 PMCID: PMC9195246 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Early predictive markers of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total hip arthroplasty (THA)/total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remain unclear. Our study identified early predictive markers for VTE after THA/TKA. Methods A single-institution retrospective review study was conducted between May 2020 and April 2022 (n = 256). All patients underwent Doppler ultrasounds exam in preoperation and seventh day after surgery. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was defined by Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremities, which revealed thrombosis. Thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), thrombomodulin (TM), and plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PIC) concentration were tested from each patient’s preoperative and postoperative days 1, 4, 7, 14. These values were then accessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and further quantified the level of this risk by concentration. Results On postoperative day 1 (pod-1), all patients’ TAT and PIC concentrations were significantly higher than those preoperatively (p < 0.05). The levels of TAT and PIC in patients in the DVT group on pod-1 were significantly higher than those in the non-DVT group (p < 0.05). At pod-1, the TAT concentration for DVT patients was 49.47 ng/mL compared to 20.70 ng/mL for non-DVT patients, PIC was 3.72μg/mL compared to 1.65μg/mL. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that a TAT concentration of 24.3 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 87.9% and a specificity of 69.1%. Conclusion TAT levels on pod-1 may predict DVT early after THA/TKA, which makes it possible for early intervention to decrease the incidence of DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencan Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqing Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiyi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhencheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruofan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Napolitano F, Montuori N. Role of Plasminogen Activation System in Platelet Pathophysiology: Emerging Concepts for Translational Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116065. [PMID: 35682744 PMCID: PMC9181697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, platelets have been exclusively considered for their procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects during normal activation of hemostasis. Effectively, activated platelets secrete coagulation factors, expose phosphatidylserine, and promote thrombin and fibrin production. In addition to procoagulant activities, platelets confer resistance of thrombi to fibrinolysis by inducing clot retraction of the fibrin network and release of huge amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which is the major physiologic inhibitor of the fibrinolytic cascade. However, the discovery of multiple relations with the fibrinolytic system, also termed Plasminogen Activation System (PAS), has introduced new perspectives on the platelet role in fibrinolysis. Indeed, the activated membrane surface of platelets provides binding sites on which fibrinolytic enzymes can be activated. This review discusses the evidence of the profibrinolytic properties of platelets through the description of PAS components and related proteins that are contained in or bind to platelets. Our analyses of literature data lead to the conclusion that in the initial phase of the hemostatic process, antifibrinolytic effects prevail over profibrinolytic activity, but at later stages, platelets might enhance fibrinolysis through the engagement of PAS components. A better understanding of spatial and temporal characteristics of platelet-mediated fibrinolysis during normal hemostasis could improve therapeutic options for bleeding and thrombotic disorders.
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Abbas MN, Chlastáková A, Jmel MA, Iliaki-Giannakoudaki E, Chmelař J, Kotsyfakis M. Serpins in Tick Physiology and Tick-Host Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892770. [PMID: 35711658 PMCID: PMC9195624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva has been extensively studied in the context of tick-host interactions because it is involved in host homeostasis modulation and microbial pathogen transmission to the host. Accumulated knowledge about the tick saliva composition at the molecular level has revealed that serine protease inhibitors play a key role in the tick-host interaction. Serpins are one highly expressed group of protease inhibitors in tick salivary glands, their expression can be induced during tick blood-feeding, and they have many biological functions at the tick-host interface. Indeed, tick serpins have an important role in inhibiting host hemostatic processes and in the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses of their vertebrate hosts. Tick serpins have also been studied as potential candidates for therapeutic use and vaccine development. In this review, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge about the biological role of tick serpins in shaping tick-host interactions with emphasis on the mechanisms by which they modulate host immunity. Their potential use in drug and vaccine development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Ticks, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Mohamed Amine Jmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
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12
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Cryo-EM structures show the mechanistic basis of pan-peptidase inhibition by human α 2-macroglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200102119. [PMID: 35500114 PMCID: PMC9181621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human α2-macroglobulin (hα2M) is an ∼720-kDa homotetrameric particle with pan-peptidase inhibitory functions that transits between an open native conformation and a closed induced state, in which endopeptidases are trapped upon cleavage of an accessible bait region. We determined the molecular mechanism of this function through eight cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, which revealed that the hα2M subunits are organized in two flexible modules that undergo independent expanded-to-compact transitions. In the induced state, a reactive thioester bond triggers covalent linking of the proteinase, and a receptor-binding domain is exposed on the tetramer surface for binding to its specific cellular receptor for internalization and clearance from circulation. These results elucidate the long-awaited molecular mechanism of a historical suicidal inhibitory trap. Human α2-macroglobulin (hα2M) is a multidomain protein with a plethora of essential functions, including transport of signaling molecules and endopeptidase inhibition in innate immunity. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanism of the inhibitory function of the ∼720-kDa hα2M tetramer through eight cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of complexes from human plasma. In the native complex, the hα2M subunits are organized in two flexible modules in expanded conformation, which enclose a highly porous cavity in which the proteolytic activity of circulating plasma proteins is tested. Cleavage of bait regions exposed inside the cavity triggers rearrangement to a compact conformation, which closes openings and entraps the prey proteinase. After the expanded-to-compact transition, which occurs independently in the four subunits, the reactive thioester bond triggers covalent linking of the proteinase, and the receptor-binding domain is exposed on the tetramer surface for receptor-mediated clearance from circulation. These results depict the molecular mechanism of a unique suicidal inhibitory trap.
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Pala ZR, Ernest M, Sweeney B, Jeong YJ, Pascini TV, E Silva TLA, Vega-Rodríguez J. Beyond cuts and scrapes: plasmin in malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:147-159. [PMID: 34649773 PMCID: PMC8758534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium and other vector-borne pathogens have evolved mechanisms to hijack the mammalian fibrinolytic system to facilitate infection of the human host and the invertebrate vector. Plasmin, the effector protease of fibrinolysis, maintains homeostasis in the blood vasculature by degrading the fibrin that forms blood clots. Plasmin also degrades proteins from extracellular matrices, the complement system, and immunoglobulins. Here, we review some of the mechanisms by which vector-borne pathogens interact with components of the fibrinolytic system and co-opt its functions to facilitate transmission and infection in the host and the vector. Further, we discuss innovative strategies beyond conventional therapeutics that could be developed to target the interaction of vector-borne pathogens with the fibrinolytic proteins and prevent their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Medard Ernest
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Brendan Sweeney
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Yeong Je Jeong
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves E Silva
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852.,Correspondence: (J. Vega-Rodríguez)
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Ismail AA, Shaker BT, Bajou K. The Plasminogen-Activator Plasmin System in Physiological and Pathophysiological Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010337. [PMID: 35008762 PMCID: PMC8745544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process associated with the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (EC) to form new blood vessels. It is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions and is controlled by a wide range of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules. The plasminogen activator–plasmin system plays a major role in the extracellular matrix remodeling process necessary for angiogenesis. Urokinase/tissue-type plasminogen activators (uPA/tPA) convert plasminogen into the active enzyme plasmin, which in turn activates matrix metalloproteinases and degrades the extracellular matrix releasing growth factors and proangiogenic molecules such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of uPA and tPA, thereby an inhibitor of pericellular proteolysis and intravascular fibrinolysis, respectively. Paradoxically, PAI-1, which is expressed by EC during angiogenesis, is elevated in several cancers and is found to promote angiogenesis by regulating plasmin-mediated proteolysis and by promoting cellular migration through vitronectin. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) also induces EC cellular migration during angiogenesis via interacting with signaling partners. Understanding the molecular functions of the plasminogen activator plasmin system and targeting angiogenesis via blocking serine proteases or their interactions with other molecules is one of the major therapeutic strategies scientists have been attracted to in controlling tumor growth and other pathological conditions characterized by neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Anwar Ismail
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Baraah Tariq Shaker
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Bajou
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.I.); (B.T.S.)
- Human Genetics & Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Furtado JD, Ruotolo G, Nicholls SJ, Dullea R, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Sacks FM. Pharmacological Inhibition of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Increases HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) That Contains ApoC3 and Other HDL Subspecies Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 42:227-237. [PMID: 34937388 PMCID: PMC8785774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Plasma total HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is a heterogeneous mix of many protein-based subspecies whose functions and associations with coronary heart disease vary. We hypothesize that increasing HDL by CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibition failed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, in part, because it increased dysfunctional subspecies associated with higher risk such as HDL that contains apoC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
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Bannish BE, Hudson NE. The Utility and Potential of Mathematical Models in Predicting Fibrinolytic Outcomes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 20:100337. [PMID: 34957356 PMCID: PMC8694003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of blood clots, fibrinolysis, is an important part of a healthy hemostatic system. If intrinsic fibrinolysis is ineffective, thrombolysis - the clinically-induced enzymatic degradation of blood clots - may be necessary to treat life-threatening conditions. In this review we discuss recent models of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis, and open questions that could be resolved through modeling and modeling-experimental collaboration. In particular, we focus on 2- and 3-dimensional models that can be used to study effects of fibrin network structure and realistic blood vessel geometries on the phenomena underlying lytic outcomes. Significant open questions such as the role of clot contraction, network and inherent fiber tension, and fibrinolytic inhibitors in lysis could benefit from mathematical models aimed at understanding the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Bannish
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Nathan E. Hudson
- Nathan E. Hudson, Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Shen M, Wang Y, Hu F, Lv L, Chen K, Xing G. Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Targeted Release. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226776. [PMID: 34833868 PMCID: PMC8619279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A thrombus, known as a blood clot, may form within the vascular system of the body and impede blood flow. Thrombosis is the most common underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to high morbidity and mortality. However, the main thrombolytic drugs (urokinase, streptokinase, etc.) have shortcomings, including a short half-life, serious side effects and a lack of targeting, that limit their clinical application. The use of nano-drug delivery systems is expected to address these problems and a variety of approaches, including biological and physical responsive systems, have been explored. In this report, recent advances in the development of targeted nano-drug delivery systems are thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Yujiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.W.); (F.H.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.W.); (F.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Linwen Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.W.); (F.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Kui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.W.); (F.H.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (G.X.); Tel.: +86-10-88236456 (K.C.); +86-10-88235738 (G.X.)
| | - Gengmei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.W.); (F.H.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (G.X.); Tel.: +86-10-88236456 (K.C.); +86-10-88235738 (G.X.)
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18
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Sosa-Acosta P, Melani RD, Quiñones-Vega M, Melo A, Garcez PP, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB. Proteomics of ZIKV infected amniotic fluids of microcephalic fetuses reveals extracellular matrix and immune system dysregulation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 16:e2100041. [PMID: 34676661 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the vertical transmission of the Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause some disorders in the fetus, called Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Several efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanism of the CZS. However, the study of CZS pathogenesis through infected human samples is scarce. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to identify and understand the biological processes affected by CZS development. We analyzed by a shotgun proteomic approach the amniotic fluid of pregnant women infected with Zika carrying microcephalic (MC+ ) or non-microcephalic (Z+ ) fetuses compared to Zika negative controls (CTR). Several groups of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were dysregulated in the Z+ and MC+ patients, triggering an opposite dysregulation. The down-regulation of the ECM proteins in the MC+ groups can be another factor that contributes to CZS. On the contrary, the Z+ group could be developing a neuroprotective response through ECM proteins up-regulation. The neutrophil degranulation process was disrupted in the Z+ and MC+ groups, where the MC+ groups showed a complex dysregulation. These results suggest that the microcephalic phenotypes are modulated by a down-regulation of the ECM and the impairment of the innate immune system processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sosa-Acosta
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mauricio Quiñones-Vega
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Adriana Melo
- Instituto Pesquisa Professor Joaquim Amorim Neto (IPESQ), Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.,Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
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Timmerman N, Waissi F, Dekker M, van de Pol QY, van Bennekom J, Schoneveld A, Klein Avink MJM, de Winter RJ, Pasterkamp G, de Borst GJ, de Kleijn DPV. Pre-Operative Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Proteins are Associated with a High Risk of Long Term Secondary Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2021; 62:705-715. [PMID: 34511318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) maintain a substantial residual risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE). Improved risk stratification is warranted to select high risk patients qualifying for secondary add on therapy. Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in atherothrombotic processes and their content has been related to the presence and recurrence of cardiovascular events. The association between pre-operative levels of five cardiovascular disease related proteins in plasma EVs and the post-operative risk of MACE was assessed. METHODS In 864 patients undergoing CEA from 2002 to 2016 included in the Athero-Express biobank, three plasma EV subfractions (low density lipoprotein [LDL], high density lipoprotein [HDL], and tiny extracellular vesicles [TEX]) were isolated from pre-operative blood samples. Using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, five proteins were quantified in each EV subfraction: cystatin C, serpin C1, serpin G1, serpin F2, and CD14. The association between EV protein levels and the three year post-operative risk of MACE (any stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death) was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. RESULTS During a median follow up of three years (interquartile range 2.2 - 3.0), 137 (16%) patients developed MACE. In the HDL-EV subfraction, increased levels of CD14, cystatin C, serpin F2, and serpin C1 were associated with an increased risk of MACE (adjusted hazard ratios per one standard deviation increase of 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.48; 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.42; 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.61; and 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51; respectively), independently of cardiovascular risk factors. No significant associations were found for serpin G1. CD14 improved the predictive value of the clinical model encompassing cardiovascular risk factors (net re-classification index = 0.16, 95% CI 0.08-0.21). CONCLUSION EV derived pre-operative plasma levels of cystatin C, serpin C1, CD14, and serpin F2 were independently associated with an increased long term risk of MACE after CEA and are thus markers for residual cardiovascular risk. EV derived CD14 levels could improve the identification of high risk patients who may benefit from secondary preventive add on therapy in order to reduce future risk of MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiu Ying van de Pol
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joelle van Bennekom
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Schoneveld
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjet J M Klein Avink
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert J de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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20
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Pretorius E, Vlok M, Venter C, Bezuidenhout JA, Laubscher GJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB. Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:172. [PMID: 34425843 PMCID: PMC8381139 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2)-induced infection, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is characterized by acute clinical pathologies, including various coagulopathies that may be accompanied by hypercoagulation and platelet hyperactivation. Recently, a new COVID-19 phenotype has been noted in patients after they have ostensibly recovered from acute COVID-19 symptoms. This new syndrome is commonly termed Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Here we refer to it as Long COVID/PASC. Lingering symptoms persist for as much as 6 months (or longer) after acute infection, where COVID-19 survivors complain of recurring fatigue or muscle weakness, being out of breath, sleep difficulties, and anxiety or depression. Given that blood clots can block microcapillaries and thereby inhibit oxygen exchange, we here investigate if the lingering symptoms that individuals with Long COVID/PASC manifest might be due to the presence of persistent circulating plasma microclots that are resistant to fibrinolysis. METHODS We use techniques including proteomics and fluorescence microscopy to study plasma samples from healthy individuals, individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with acute COVID-19, and those with Long COVID/PASC symptoms. RESULTS We show that plasma samples from Long COVID/PASC still contain large anomalous (amyloid) deposits (microclots). We also show that these microclots in both acute COVID-19 and Long COVID/PASC plasma samples are resistant to fibrinolysis (compared to plasma from controls and T2DM), even after trypsinisation. After a second trypsinization, the persistent pellet deposits (microclots) were solubilized. We detected various inflammatory molecules that are substantially increased in both the supernatant and trapped in the solubilized pellet deposits of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID/PASC, versus the equivalent volume of fully digested fluid of the control samples and T2DM. Of particular interest was a substantial increase in α(2)-antiplasmin (α2AP), various fibrinogen chains, as well as Serum Amyloid A (SAA) that were trapped in the solubilized fibrinolytic-resistant pellet deposits. CONCLUSIONS Clotting pathologies in both acute COVID-19 infection and in Long COVID/PASC might benefit from following a regime of continued anticlotting therapy to support the fibrinolytic system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Mare Vlok
- Central Analytical Facility: Mass Spectrometry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, Room 6054, Clinical Building, Francie Van Zijl Drive Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505 South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Johannes A. Bezuidenhout
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | | | - Janami Steenkamp
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
- PathCare Laboratories, PathCare Business Centre, PathCare Park, Neels Bothma Street, N1 City, Cape Town, 7460 South Africa
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Juneja GK, Castelo M, Yeh CH, Cerroni SE, Hansen BE, Chessum JE, Abraham J, Cani E, Dwivedi DJ, Fraser DD, Slessarev M, Martin C, McGilvray S, Gross PL, Liaw PC, Weitz JI, Kim PY. Biomarkers of coagulation, endothelial function, and fibrinolysis in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A single-center prospective longitudinal study. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1546-1557. [PMID: 33826233 PMCID: PMC8250276 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunothrombosis and coagulopathy in the lung microvasculature may lead to lung injury and disease progression in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aim to identify biomarkers of coagulation, endothelial function, and fibrinolysis that are associated with disease severity and may have prognostic potential. METHODS We performed a single-center prospective study of 14 adult COVID-19(+) intensive care unit patients who were age- and sex-matched to 14 COVID-19(-) intensive care unit patients, and healthy controls. Daily blood draws, clinical data, and patient characteristics were collected. Baseline values for 10 biomarkers of interest were compared between the three groups, and visualized using Fisher's linear discriminant function. Linear repeated-measures mixed models were used to screen biomarkers for associations with mortality. Selected biomarkers were further explored and entered into an unsupervised longitudinal clustering machine learning algorithm to identify trends and targets that may be used for future predictive modelling efforts. RESULTS Elevated D-dimer was the strongest contributor in distinguishing COVID-19 status; however, D-dimer was not associated with survival. Variable selection identified clot lysis time, and antigen levels of soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and plasminogen as biomarkers associated with death. Longitudinal multivariate k-means clustering on these biomarkers alone identified two clusters of COVID-19(+) patients: low (30%) and high (100%) mortality groups. Biomarker trajectories that characterized the high mortality cluster were higher clot lysis times (inhibited fibrinolysis), higher sTM and PAI-1 levels, and lower plasminogen levels. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal trajectories of clot lysis time, sTM, PAI-1, and plasminogen may have predictive ability for mortality in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeem K Juneja
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Castelo
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Calvin H Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha E Cerroni
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James E Chessum
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Abraham
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Erblin Cani
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dhruva J Dwivedi
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marat Slessarev
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Martin
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Scott McGilvray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter L Gross
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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22
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Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
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23
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Assessing Plasmin Generation in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052758. [PMID: 33803235 PMCID: PMC7963172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an important process in hemostasis responsible for dissolving the clot during wound healing. Plasmin is a central enzyme in this process via its capacity to cleave fibrin. The kinetics of plasmin generation (PG) and inhibition during fibrinolysis have been poorly understood until the recent development of assays to quantify these metrics. The assessment of plasmin kinetics allows for the identification of fibrinolytic dysfunction and better understanding of the relationships between abnormal fibrin dissolution and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, direct measurement of the inhibition of PG by antifibrinolytic medications, such as tranexamic acid, can be a useful tool to assess the risks and effectiveness of antifibrinolytic therapy in hemorrhagic diseases. This review provides an overview of available PG assays to directly measure the kinetics of plasmin formation and inhibition in human and mouse plasmas and focuses on their applications in defining the role of plasmin in diseases, including angioedema, hemophilia, rare bleeding disorders, COVID-19, or diet-induced obesity. Moreover, this review introduces the PG assay as a promising clinical and research method to monitor antifibrinolytic medications and screen for genetic or acquired fibrinolytic disorders.
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Exploration of Active Site-Directed Plasmin Inhibitors: Beyond Tranexamic Acid. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin (Plm), a trypsin-like serine protease, is responsible for fibrinolysis pathway and pathologic events, such as angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis, and alters the expression of cytokines. A growing body of data indicates that a Plm inhibitor is a potential candidate as an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. A class of active site-directed plasmin inhibitors containing tranexamic acid residue has been designed. As evidenced by docking studies, the inhibitor binds to the active site not to the lysine binding site (LBS) in plasmin, thus preventing plasmin from digesting the substrate. Further optimization of the series, concerning both activity and selectivity, led to the second generation of inhibitors. This review focuses on the Plm inhibitory activity-structure relationship of Plm inhibitors with the goal of realizing their design and clinical application.
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Napolitano F, Montuori N. The Role of the Plasminogen Activation System in Angioedema: Novel Insights on the Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:518. [PMID: 33535668 PMCID: PMC7867209 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main physiological functions of plasmin, the active form of its proenzyme plasminogen, are blood clot fibrinolysis and restoration of normal blood flow. The plasminogen activation (PA) system includes urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA), and two types of plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). In addition to the regulation of fibrinolysis, the PA system plays an important role in other biological processes, which include degradation of extracellular matrix such as embryogenesis, cell migration, tissue remodeling, wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune response. Recently, the link between PA system and angioedema has been a subject of scientific debate. Angioedema is defined as localized and self-limiting edema of subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, mediated by bradykinin and mast cell mediators. Different forms of angioedema are linked to uncontrolled activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. Moreover, plasmin itself can induce a potentiation of bradykinin production with consequent swelling episodes. The number of studies investigating the PA system involvement in angioedema has grown in recent years, highlighting its relevance in etiopathogenesis. In this review, we present the components and diverse functions of the PA system in physiology and its importance in angioedema pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80135 Naples, Italy;
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26
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Fender AC, Dobrev D. Soluble fibrin monomer complex as a candidate sentinel for adverse events in patients with heart failure. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 32:100712. [PMID: 33490365 PMCID: PMC7809182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke C. Fender
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Pharmacology, University Medicine Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Nishida T, Kusaka S. The fibrinolytic system in the cornea: A key regulator of corneal wound healing and biological defense. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108459. [PMID: 33493476 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is a relatively unique tissue in the body in that it possesses specific features such as a lack of blood vessels that contribute to its transparency. The cornea is supplied with soluble blood components such as albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen as well as with nutrients, oxygen, and bioactive substances by diffusion from aqueous humor and limbal vessels as well as a result of its exposure to tear fluid. The healthy cornea is largely devoid of cellular components of blood such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and platelets. The location of the cornea at the ocular surface renders it susceptible to external insults, and its avascular nature necessitates the operation of healing and defense mechanisms in a manner independent of a direct blood supply. The fibrinolytic system, which was first recognized for its role in the degradation of fibrin clots in the vasculature, has also been found to contribute to various biological processes outside of blood vessels. Fibrinolytic factors thus play an important role in biological defense of the cornea. In this review, we address the function of the fibrinolytic system in corneal defense including wound healing and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku City, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, 11-8 Kamigofukumachi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, 812-0036, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Influence of Processing Temperature on Membrane Performance and Characteristics of Process Streams Generated during Ultrafiltration of Skim Milk. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111721. [PMID: 33238626 PMCID: PMC7700131 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of processing temperature on filtration performance and characteristics of retentates and permeates produced during ultrafiltration (UF) of skim milk at 5, 20, and 50 °C were investigated. The results indicate that despite higher flux at 50 °C, UF under these conditions resulted in greater fouling and rapid flux decline in comparison with 5 and 20 °C. The average casein micelle diameter was higher in retentate produced at 5 and 20 °C. The retentate analysed at 5 °C displayed higher viscosity and shear thinning behaviour as compared to retentate analysed at 20 and 50 °C. Greater permeation of calcium and phosphorus was observed at 5 and 20 °C in comparison with 50 °C, which was attributed to the inverse relationship between temperature and solubility of colloidal calcium phosphate. Permeation of α-lactalbumin was observed at all processing temperatures, with permeation of β-lactoglobulin also evident during UF at 50 °C. All UF retentates were shown to have plasmin activity, while lower activity was measured in retentate produced at 5 °C. The findings revealed that UF processing temperature influences the physicochemical, rheological, and biochemical properties of, and thereby govern the resulting quality and functionality of, retentate- and permeate-based dairy ingredients.
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Dastgheib SA, Najafi F, Shajari A, Bahrami R, Asadian F, Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi J, Akbarian E, Emarati SA, Neamatzadeh H. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G5G Polymorphism with risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:2005-2016. [PMID: 33520873 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The 4G5G polymorphism of Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is reported to be associated with diabetes nephropathy and retinopathy (DNR) risk. However, the findings are conflicting. Herein, we conducted a case-control and meta-analysis study to explore the association of PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism with risk of DNR. Methods We retrieved PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, and CNKI databases and screened eligible studies up to August 15, 2020. The strength of associations was assessed by odd ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results A total of 27 case-control studies including 16 studies with 1,825 cases case and 1,731 controls on DN and eleven studies with 1,397 cases and 1,545 controls on DR were selected. Pooled data showed that the PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was significantly associated with DN (allele model: OR = 0.674, 95% CI 0.524-0.865, p = 0.002; homozygote model: OR = 0.536, 95% CI 0.351-0.817, p = 0.004; heterozygote model: OR = 0.621, 95% CI 0.427-0.903, p = 0.013; dominant model: OR = 0.575, 95% CI 0.399-0.831, p = 0.003; and recessive model: OR = 0.711, 95% CI 0.515-0.981, p = 0.038) and DR (homozygote model: OR = 0.770, 95% CI 0.621-0.955, p = 0.0.017) risk. Stratified analyses by ethnicity indicated that PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was associated with DN and DR risk in Asians and Caucasians, respectively. Conclusions The present meta-analysis revealed that the PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was associated with increased risk of DN and DR risk. However, well-designed large-scale clinical studies are required to further validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shajari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Bahrami
- Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asadian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jalal Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Akbarian
- Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Emarati
- Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Zenych A, Fournier L, Chauvierre C. Nanomedicine progress in thrombolytic therapy. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sacks FM, Liang L, Furtado JD, Cai T, Davidson WS, He Z, McClelland RL, Rimm EB, Jensen MK. Protein-Defined Subspecies of HDLs (High-Density Lipoproteins) and Differential Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in 4 Prospective Studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2714-2727. [PMID: 32907368 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HDL (high-density lipoprotein) contains functional proteins that define single subspecies, each comprising 1% to 12% of the total HDL. We studied the differential association with coronary heart disease (CHD) of 15 such subspecies. Approach and Results: We measured plasma apoA1 (apolipoprotein A1) concentrations of 15 protein-defined HDL subspecies in 4 US-based prospective studies. Among participants without CVD at baseline, 932 developed CHD during 10 to 25 years. They were matched 1:1 to controls who did not experience CHD. In each cohort, hazard ratios for each subspecies were computed by conditional logistic regression and combined by meta-analysis. Higher levels of HDL subspecies containing alpha-2 macroglobulin, CoC3 (complement C3), HP (haptoglobin), or PLMG (plasminogen) were associated with higher relative risk compared with the HDL counterpart lacking the defining protein (hazard ratio range, 0.96-1.11 per 1 SD increase versus 0.73-0.81, respectively; P for heterogeneity <0.05). In contrast, HDL containing apoC1 or apoE were associated with lower relative risk compared with the counterpart (hazard ratio, 0.74; P=0.002 and 0.77, P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Several subspecies of HDL defined by single proteins that are involved in thrombosis, inflammation, immunity, and lipid metabolism are found in small fractions of total HDL and are associated with higher relative risk of CHD compared with HDL that lacks the defining protein. In contrast, HDL containing apoC1 or apoE are robustly associated with lower risk. The balance between beneficial and harmful subspecies in a person's HDL sample may determine the risk of CHD pertaining to HDL and paths to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition (F.M.S., J.F.D., M.K.J., E.B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.R., F.M.S.)
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Biostatistics (Z.H., T.C., L.L.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition (F.M.S., J.F.D., M.K.J., E.B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Department of Biostatistics (Z.H., T.C., L.L.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (W.S.D.)
| | - Zeling He
- Department of Biostatistics (Z.H., T.C., L.L.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition (F.M.S., J.F.D., M.K.J., E.B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.R., F.M.S.)
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition (F.M.S., J.F.D., M.K.J., E.B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology (M.K.J., E.B.R), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Seheult JN, Seshadri A, Neal MD. Fibrinolysis Shutdown and Thrombosis in Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll Surg 2020; 231:203-204. [PMID: 32593497 PMCID: PMC7290169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yang D, Zhu W, Wang Y, Tan F, Ma Z, Gao J, Lin X. Selection of mutant µplasmin for amyloid-β cleavage in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12117. [PMID: 32694536 PMCID: PMC7374754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main culprits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide polymers and the aggregation of Aβ to form plaques in the brain. We have developed techniques to purify the catalytic domain of plasmin, micro-plasmin (µPlm), which can be used for an Aβ-clearance based AD therapy. However, in serum, µPlm is irreversibly inhibited by its principal inhibitor α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP). In this study, we engineered and selected mutant forms of µPlm that are both catalytically active and insensitive to α2-AP inhibition. We identified surface residues of μPlm that might interact and bind α2-AP, and used an alanine-scanning mutagenesis method to select residues having higher activity but lower α2-AP inhibition. Then we employed saturation mutagenesis for further optimize both properties. Modeled complex structure of µPlm/α2-AP shows that F587 is a critical contact residue, which can be used as a starting position for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Shandong Key Laboratory in University of Functional Bioresource Utilization, School of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Daxuexi Road 566#, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Fangmei Tan
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Zhiping Ma
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Xinli Lin
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
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Gonias SL, Zampieri C. Plasminogen Receptors in Human Malignancies: Effects on Prognosis and Feasibility as Targets for Drug Development. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:647-656. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191122101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The major proteases that constitute the fibrinolysis system are tightly regulated. Protease inhibitors target plasmin, the protease responsible for fibrin degradation, and the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). A second mechanism by which fibrinolysis is regulated involves exosite interactions, which localize plasminogen and its activators to fibrin, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and cell surfaces. Once plasmin is generated in association with cell surfaces, it may cleave transmembrane proteins, activate growth factors, release growth factors from ECM proteins, remodel ECM, activate metalloproteases, and trigger cell-signaling by cleaving receptors in the Proteaseactivated Receptor (PAR) family. These processes are all implicated in cancer. It is thus not surprising that a family of structurally diverse but functionally similar cell-surface proteins, called Plasminogen Receptors (PlgRs), which increase the catalytic efficiency of plasminogen activation, have received attention for their possible function in cancer and as targets for anticancer drug development. In this review, we consider four previously described PlgRs, including: α-enolase, annexin-A2, Plg-RKT, and cytokeratin-8, in human cancer. To compare the PlgRs, we mined transcriptome profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and searched for correlations between PlgR expression and patient survival. In glioma, the expression of specific PlgRs correlates with tumor grade. In a number of malignancies, including glioblastoma and liver cancer, increased expression of α-enolase or annexin-A2 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Whether these correlations reflect the function of PlgRs as receptors for plasminogen or other activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, 00133, Italy
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Zhao R, Ali G, Nie HG, Chang Y, Bhattarai D, Su X, Zhao X, Matthay MA, Ji HL. Plasmin improves blood-gas barrier function in oedematous lungs by cleaving epithelial sodium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3091-3106. [PMID: 32133621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lung oedema in association with suppressed fibrinolysis is a hallmark of lung injury. Here, we have tested whether plasmin cleaves epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) to resolve lung oedema fluid. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human lungs and airway acid-instilled mice were used for analysing fluid resolution. In silico prediction, mutagenesis, Xenopus oocytes, immunoblotting, voltage clamp, mass spectrometry, and protein docking were combined for identifying plasmin cleavage sites. KEY RESULTS Plasmin improved lung fluid resolution in both human lungs ex vivo and injured mice. Plasmin activated αβγENaC channels in oocytes in a time-dependent manner. Deletion of four consensus proteolysis tracts (αΔ432-444, γΔ131-138, γΔ178-193, and γΔ410-422) eliminated plasmin-induced activation significantly. Further, immunoblotting assays identified 7 cleavage sites (K126, R135, K136, R153, K168, R178, K179) for plasmin to trim both furin-cleaved C-terminal fragments and full-length human γENaC proteins. In addition, 9 new sites (R122, R137, R138, K150, K170, R172, R180, K181, K189) in synthesized peptides were found to be cleaved by plasmin. These cleavage sites were located in the finger and the thumb, particularly the GRIP domain of human ENaC 3D model composed of two proteolytic centres for plasmin. Novel uncleaved sites beyond the GRIP domain in both α and γ subunits were identified to interrupt the plasmin cleavage-induced conformational change in ENaC channel complexes. Additionally, plasmin could regulate ENaC activity via the G protein signal. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Plasmin can cleave ENaC to improve blood-gas exchange by resolving oedema fluid and could be a potent therapy for oedematous lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhen Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Gibran Ali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Hong-Guang Nie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas.,College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Xuefeng Su
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas.,Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
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Ligneous Periodontitis in a Patient with Type 1 Plasminogen Deficiency: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Dent 2020; 2020:5680535. [PMID: 32274221 PMCID: PMC7136767 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5680535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ligneous periodontitis or destructive membranous periodontal disease is a rare condition involving gingival tissues, which is due to plasminogen deficiency and fibrin deposition. Plasminogen deficiency is an ultrarare autosomal recessive disease. The disease is characterized by gingival enlargement and periodontal tissue destruction that leads to rapid tooth loss despite treatment attempts. A defect in fibrinolysis and abnormal wound healing are the main pathogenesis of this condition. It is caused by mutations in PLG, the gene coding for plasminogen, which results in decreased levels and functional activity. Case Presentation. In this case report, clinical and histopathological findings of a 26-year-old male patient who presented with generalized membranous gingival enlargement are presented. He was the third child of consanguineous parents and had multicystic congenital hydrocephalus at birth. Besides the gingival enlargement, he also presented ligneous conjunctivitis since childhood. The intraoral examination revealed generalized periodontal breakdown. Radiographs showed alveolar bone loss present in every quadrant. All blood investigations were normal except for plasminogen deficiency. A biopsy sample was excised from affected gingiva and a series of histopathological evaluation was performed. Based on clinical and histopathological evidence, a diagnosis of destructive membranous periodontal disease or ligneous periodontitis was made. A clinical exome assay for the PLG gene was also done. It was confirmed as Type 1 plasminogen deficiency. Conclusion Ligneous periodontitis has been rarely reported in India. The reasons could be because of the rarity of the disease or missed diagnosis. The need to take a proper history and perform a proper clinical examination and histopathologic evaluation has to be stressed when diagnosing and treating gingival enlargements. If a genetic condition is suspected, genetic screening is also needed. All these will help the clinician in correctly diagnosing the disease and formulating a proper treatment plan for managing the condition.
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38
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Cai M, Jung I, Kwon H, Cho E, Jeon J, Yun J, Lee YC, Kim DH, Ryu JH. Spinosin Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Synaptic Dysfunction via Regulation of Plasmin Activity. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:131-136. [PMID: 31791115 PMCID: PMC7059816 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Many agents regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity show an ameliorative effect on AD pathology, making them potential candidates for AD therapy. In the present study, we investigated spinosin as a regulating agent of synaptic plasticity in AD. Spinosin attenuated amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment, and improved plasmin activity and protein level in the hippocampi of 5XFAD mice, a transgenic AD mouse model. Moreover, the effect of spinosin on hippocampal LTP in 5XFAD mice was prevented by 6-aminocaproic acid, a plasmin inhibitor. These results suggest that spinosin improves synaptic function in the AD hippocampus by regulating plasmin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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40
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Furtado JD, Yamamoto R, Melchior JT, Andraski AB, Gamez-Guerrero M, Mulcahy P, He Z, Cai T, Davidson WS, Sacks FM. Distinct Proteomic Signatures in 16 HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subspecies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2827-2842. [PMID: 30571168 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in plasma is a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins typically containing apo AI as the principal protein. Most HDLs contain additional proteins from a palate of nearly 100 HDL-associated polypeptides. We hypothesized that some of these proteins define distinct and stable apo AI HDL subspecies with unique proteomes that drive function and associations with disease. Approach and Results- We produced 17 plasma pools from 80 normolipidemic human participants (32 men, 48 women; aged 21-66 years). Using immunoaffinity isolation techniques, we isolated apo AI containing species from plasma and then used antibodies to 16 additional HDL protein components to isolate compositional subspecies. We characterized previously described HDL subspecies containing apo AII, apo CIII, and apo E; and 13 novel HDL subspecies defined by presence of apo AIV, apo CI, apo CII, apo J, α-1-antitrypsin, α-2-macroglobulin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, paraoxonase-1, apo LI, or complement C3. The novel species ranged in abundance from 1% to 18% of total plasma apo AI. Their concentrations were stable over time as demonstrated by intraclass correlations in repeated sampling from the same participants over 3 to 24 months (0.33-0.86; mean 0.62). Some proteomes of the subspecies relative to total HDL were strongly correlated, often among subspecies defined by similar functions: lipid metabolism, hemostasis, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory. Permutation analysis showed that the proteomes of 12 of the 16 subspecies differed significantly from that of total HDL. Conclusions- Taken together, correlation and permutation analyses support speciation of HDL. Functional studies of these novel subspecies and determination of their relation to diseases may provide new avenues to understand the HDL system of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Furtado
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rain Yamamoto
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (R.Y.)
| | - John T Melchior
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.T.M., W.S.D.)
| | - Allison B Andraski
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Gamez-Guerrero
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Harpoon Therapeutics (M.G.-G.)
| | - Patrick Mulcahy
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Shire Pharmaceuticals (P.M.)
| | - Zeling He
- Department of Biostatistics (Z.H., T.C.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Department of Biostatistics (Z.H., T.C.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.T.M., W.S.D.)
| | - Frank M Sacks
- From the Department of Nutrition (J.D.F., R.Y., A.B.A., M.G.-G., P.M., F.M.S.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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41
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Margheri F, Laurenzana A, Giani T, Maggi L, Cosmi L, Annunziato F, Cimaz R, Del Rosso M. The protease systems and their pathogenic role in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:761-766. [PMID: 31181328 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous proteases produced by synovial cells of arthritic joints, chondrocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells have been identified as responsible for the joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. There are few scientific contributions aimed to identify similar mechanisms in the joints of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recently, some mechanisms emerged, triggered by the TH17 and TH1/TH17 lymphocytes, which could shed new light on unexpected pathogenic pathways of joint damage in the JIA, mainly regarding the RANK-RANKL pathway. Other novelties are linked to the mechanisms of acidification of the synovial fluid, which create a microenvironment suitable for the extracellular activity of lysosomal enzymes. Some biological drugs currently used in the therapy of JIA can interfere with these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Giani
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Rolando Cimaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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Stefanis L, Emmanouilidou E, Pantazopoulou M, Kirik D, Vekrellis K, Tofaris GK. How is alpha-synuclein cleared from the cell? J Neurochem 2019; 150:577-590. [PMID: 31069800 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The levels and conformers of alpha-synuclein are critical in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and related synucleinopathies. Homeostatic mechanisms in protein degradation and secretion have been identified as regulators of alpha-synuclein at different stages of its intracellular trafficking and transcellular propagation. Here we review pathways involved in the removal of various forms of alpha-synuclein from both the intracellular and extracellular environment. Proteasomes and lysosomes are likely to play complementary roles in the removal of intracellular alpha-synuclein species, in a manner that depends on alpha-synuclein post-translational modifications. Extracellular alpha-synuclein is cleared by extracellular proteolytic enzymes, or taken up by neighboring cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, and degraded within lysosomes. Exosomes, on the other hand, represent a vehicle for egress of excess burden of the intracellular protein, potentially contributing to the transfer of alpha-synuclein between cells. Dysfunction in any one of these clearance mechanisms, or a combination thereof, may be involved in the initiation or progression of Parkinson's disease, whereas targeting these pathways may offer an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Deniz Kirik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Identification of fibrinogen as a natural inhibitor of MMP-2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4340. [PMID: 30867536 PMCID: PMC6416301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-genetic MMP-2 insufficiency is a relatively unexplored condition which could be induced by pathological overexpression of endogenous MMP-2 inhibitors such as TIMPs and/or the acute phase reactant alpha-2-macroglobulin. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that human fibrinogen (FBG) – an acute phase reactant – inhibits human MMP-2. Following an unexpected observation where sera from human donors including arthritis patients with increased levels of serum FBG exhibited reduced binding of serum proMMP-2 to gelatin, we found that human FBG (0 to 3.6 mg/mL i.e., 0 to 10.6 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited human proMMP-2 and MMP2 from binding to gelatin. Moreover, at normal physiological concentrations, FBG (5.29–11.8 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited (40–70% inhibition) the cleavage of fluorescein-conjugated gelatin by MMP-2, but not MMP-9. Indicative of a mixed-type (combination of competitive and non-competitive) inhibition mechanism, FBG reduced the Vmax (24.9 ± 0.7 min−1 to 17.7 ± 0.9 min−1, P < 0.05) and increased the Michaelis-Menten constant KM (204 ± 6 nM to 478 ± 50 nM, P < 0.05) for the reaction of MMP-2 cleavage of fluorescein-conjugated gelatin. In silico analyses and studies of FBG neutralization with anti-FBG antibodies implicated the domains D and E of FBG in the inhibition of MMP-2. In conclusion, FBG is a natural selective MMP-2 inhibitor, whose pathological elevation could lead to MMP-2 insufficiency in humans.
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Chen L, Huang R, Zhu D, Wang Y, Mehjabin R, Li Y, Liao L, He L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Cloning of six serpin genes and their responses to GCRV infection in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:93-100. [PMID: 30439497 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp, an economically important aquaculture fish, is very sensitive to Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV). Haemorrhagic disease caused by GCRV infection can cause large-scale death of first-year grass carp, thereby severely restricting the intensive culture. Serpins (serine protease inhibitors) belong to the protease inhibitor gene family and are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, particularly coagulation and anticoagulation. Reports on grass carp serpins are scarce. Thus, we cloned six grass carp serpin genes (serpinb1, serpinc1, serpind1, serpinf1, serpinf2b and serping1) in this study. Molecular evolution showed that serpins between grass carp and zebrafish or carp are the closest relatives. SERPIN domains in these 6 serpins and reactive centre loop (RCL) along with their cleavage sites of 5 serpins (serpinb1, serpinc1, serpind1, serpinf2b and serping1) were predicted. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that these serpins displayed tissue significance. Among them, serpinc1, serpind1, serpinf2b and serping1 had the highest expression levels in the liver. After GCRV infection, RT-qPCR showed that the liver-enriched serpins were significantly changed. Key procoagulant factor genes (kng-1, f2, f3a, f3b and f7) and anticoagulant genes (tpa, plg, thbd, proc and pros) also showed significant changes on the mRNA level. Comprehensive comparative analysis showed that the up-regulated expression of key clotting factor genes was more prominent than that of main anti-coagulation factor genes. Thus, the function of coagulation may be more dominant in grass carp during the GCRV infection, which may cause overproduction of thrombi. The serpins were involved in GCRV infection and liver-enriched serpins participate in the interaction between coagulation and anticoagulation. This study provided new insights into further research on the biological functions of grass carp serpins and clarifying the molecular mechanism of GCRV affecting the homeostasis of grass carp blood environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Denghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Rumana Mehjabin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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García-Vázquez FA, Soriano-Úbeda C, Laguna-Barraza R, Izquierdo-Rico MJ, Navarrete FA, Visconti PE, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Coy P. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) of paternal origin is necessary for the success of in vitro but not of in vivo fertilisation in the mouse. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:433-442. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its fibrinolytic function, the plasminogen–plasmin (PLG–PLA) system is also involved in fertilisation, where plasminogen activators bind to plasminogen to produce plasmin, which modulates sperm binding to the zona pellucida. However, controversy exists, depending on the species, concerning the role of the different components of the system. This study focused its attention on the role of the PLG–PLA system on fertilisation in the mouse with special attention to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The presence of exogenous plasminogen reduced invitro fertilisation (IVF) rates and this decline was attenuated by the presence of plasmin inhibitors in combination with plasminogen. The incubation of spermatozoa with either oocytes or cumulus cells together with plasminogen did not change the acrosome reaction but reduced the number of spermatozoa attached. When spermatozoa from tPA−/− mice were used, the IVF rate decreased drastically, although the addition of exogenous tPA during gamete co-incubation under invitro conditions increased fertilisation success. Moreover, fertility could not be restored after invivo insemination of tPA−/− spermatozoa in the female ampulla, although tPA−/− males were able to fertilise invivo. This study suggests a regulatory role of the PLG–PLA system during fertilisation in the mouse with possible implications in human reproduction clinics, such as failures in tPA production, which could be partially resolved by the addition of exogenous tPA during IVF treatment.
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46
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Affimer proteins as a tool to modulate fibrinolysis, stabilize the blood clot, and reduce bleeding complications. Blood 2018; 133:1233-1244. [PMID: 30545831 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-06-856195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleeding complications secondary to surgery, trauma, or coagulation disorders are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Although fibrin sealants are considered to minimize blood loss, this is not widely adopted because of its high cost and/or risk for infection. We present a novel methodology employing nonantibody fibrinogen-binding proteins, termed Affimers, to stabilize fibrin networks with the potential to control excessive bleeding. Two fibrinogen-specific Affimer proteins, F5 and G2, were identified and characterized for their effects on clot structure/fibrinolysis, using turbidimetric and permeation analyses and confocal and electron microscopy. Binding studies and molecular modeling identified interaction sites, whereas plasmin generation assays determined effects on plasminogen activation. In human plasma, F5 and G2 prolonged clot lysis time from 9.8 ± 1.1 minutes in the absence of Affimers to 172.6 ± 7.4 and more than 180 minutes (P < .0001), respectively, and from 7.6 ± 0.2 to 28.7 ± 5.8 (P < .05) and 149.3 ± 9.7 (P < .0001) minutes in clots made from purified fibrinogen. Prolongation in fibrinolysis was consistent across plasma samples from healthy control patients and individuals at high bleeding risk. F5 and G2 had a differential effect on clot structure and G2 profoundly altered fibrin fiber arrangement, whereas F5 maintained physiological clot structure. Affimer F5 reduced fibrin-dependent plasmin generation and was predicted to bind fibrinogen D fragment close to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; residues γ312-324) and plasminogen (α148-160) binding sites, thus interfering with tPA-plasminogen interaction and representing 1 potential mechanism for modulation of fibrinolysis. Our Affimer proteins provide a novel methodology for stabilizing fibrin networks with potential future clinical implications to reduce bleeding risk.
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Henderson SJ, Weitz JI, Kim PY. Fibrinolysis: strategies to enhance the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1932-1940. [PMID: 29953716 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide, and is the second leading cause of death after ischemic heart disease. Until recently, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) was the only treatment for acute ischemic stroke. If administered within 4.5 h of symptom onset, t-PA improves the outcome in stroke patients. Mechanical thrombectomy is now the preferred treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke resulting from a large-artery occlusion in the anterior circulation. However, the widespread use of mechanical thrombectomy is limited by two factors. First, only ⁓ 10% of patients with acute ischemic stroke have a proximal large-artery occlusion in the anterior circulation and present early enough to undergo mechanical thrombectomy within 6 h; an additional 9-10% of patients presenting within the 6-24-h time window may also qualify for the procedure. Second, not all stroke centers have the resources or expertise to perform mechanical thrombectomy. Nonetheless, patients who present to hospitals where thrombectomy is not an option can receive intravenous t-PA, and those with qualifying anterior circulation strokes can then be transferred to tertiary stroke centers where thrombectomy is available. Therefore, despite the advances afforded by mechanical thrombectomy, there remains a need for treatments that improve the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy. In this review, we discuss: (i) current treatment options for acute ischemic stroke; (ii) the mechanism of action of fibrinolytic agents; and (iii) potential strategies to manipulate the fibrinolytic system to promote endogenous fibrinolysis or to enhance the efficacy of fibrinolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Henderson
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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van der Vorm LN, Remijn JA, de Laat B, Huskens D. Effects of Plasmin on von Willebrand Factor and Platelets: A Narrative Review. TH OPEN 2018; 2:e218-e228. [PMID: 31249945 PMCID: PMC6524877 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin is the major fibrinolytic protease responsible for dissolving thrombi by cleavage of its primary substrate fibrin. In addition, emerging evidence points to other roles of plasmin: (1) as a back-up for ADAMTS13 in proteolysis of ultra-large von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers and (2) as an activator of platelets. Although the molecular mechanisms of fibrinolysis are well defined, insights on the effects of plasmin on VWF and platelets are relatively scarce and sometimes conflicting. Hence, this review provides an overview of the literature on the effects of plasmin on VWF multimeric structures, on VWF binding to platelets, and on platelet activation. This information is placed in the context of possible applications of thrombolytic therapy for the condition thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N van der Vorm
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A Remijn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Huskens
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang JW, Zhang YN, Sze SK, van de Weg SM, Vernooij F, Schoneveld AH, Tan SH, Versteeg HH, Timmers L, Lam CSP, de Kleijn DPV. Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles in Plasma Using Dextran Sulphate Co-Precipitates Procoagulant Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010094. [PMID: 29286309 PMCID: PMC5796044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane vesicles involved in several biological processes including coagulation. Both coagulation and lipid metabolism are strongly associated with cardiovascular events. Lowering very-low- and low-density lipoprotein ((V)LDL) particles via dextran sulphate LDL apheresis also removes coagulation proteins. It remains unknown, however, how coagulation proteins are removed in apheresis. We hypothesize that plasma EVs that contain high levels of coagulation proteins are concomitantly removed with (V)LDL particles by dextran sulphate apheresis. For this, we precipitated (V)LDL particles from human plasma with dextran sulphate and analyzed the abundance of coagulation proteins and EVs in the precipitate. Coagulation pathway proteins, as demonstrated by proteomics and a bead-based immunoassay, were over-represented in the (V)LDL precipitate. In this precipitate, both bilayer EVs and monolayer (V)LDL particles were observed by electron microscopy. Separation of EVs from (V)LDL particles using density gradient centrifugation revealed that almost all coagulation proteins were present in the EVs and not in the (V)LDL particles. These EVs also showed a strong procoagulant activity. Our study suggests that dextran sulphate used in LDL apheresis may remove procoagulant EVs concomitantly with (V)LDL particles, leading to a loss of coagulation proteins from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sander M van de Weg
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Flora Vernooij
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Arjan H Schoneveld
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sock-Hwee Tan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Henri H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore.
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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