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Rasing I, Voigt S, Koemans EA, de Kort AM, van Harten TW, van Etten ES, van Zwet EW, Stoops E, Francois C, Kuiperij BH, Klijn CJM, Schreuder FHBM, van der Weerd L, van Osch MJP, van Walderveen MAA, Verbeek MM, Terwindt GM, Wermer MJH. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acid protein levels in early and advanced stages of cerebral amyloid Angiopathy. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:86. [PMID: 38654326 PMCID: PMC11036675 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NFL) is a biomarker for neuroaxonal damage and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for reactive astrocytosis. Both processes occur in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), but studies investigating the potential of NFL and GFAP as markers for CAA are lacking. We aimed to investigate NFL and GFAP as biomarkers for neuroaxonal damage and astrocytosis in CAA. METHODS For this cross-sectional study serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected between 2010 and 2020 from controls, (pre)symptomatic Dutch-type hereditary (D-CAA) mutation-carriers and participants with sporadic CAA (sCAA) from two prospective CAA studies at two University hospitals in the Netherlands. NFL and GFAP levels were measured with Simoa-assays. The association between NFL and GFAP levels and age, cognitive performance (MoCA), CAA-related MRI markers (CAA-CSVD-burden) and Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in CSF were assessed with linear regression adjusted for confounders. The control group was divided in age < 55 and ≥55 years to match the specific groups. RESULTS We included 187 participants: 28 presymptomatic D-CAA mutation-carriers (mean age 40 years), 29 symptomatic D-CAA participants (mean age 58 years), 59 sCAA participants (mean age 72 years), 33 controls < 55 years (mean age 42 years) and 38 controls ≥ 55 years (mean age 65 years). In presymptomatic D-CAA, only GFAP in CSF (7.7*103pg/mL vs. 4.4*103pg/mL in controls; P<.001) was increased compared to controls. In symptomatic D-CAA, both serum (NFL:26.2pg/mL vs. 12.5pg/mL; P=0.008, GFAP:130.8pg/mL vs. 123.4pg/mL; P=0.027) and CSF (NFL:16.8*102pg/mL vs. 7.8*102pg/mL; P=0.01 and GFAP:11.4*103pg/mL vs. 7.5*103pg/mL; P<.001) levels were higher than in controls and serum levels (NFL:26.2pg/mL vs. 6.7pg/mL; P=0.05 and GFAP:130.8pg/mL vs. 66.0pg/mL; P=0.004) were higher than in pre-symptomatic D-CAA. In sCAA, only NFL levels were increased compared to controls in both serum (25.6pg/mL vs. 12.5pg/mL; P=0.005) and CSF (20.0*102pg/mL vs 7.8*102pg/mL; P=0.008). All levels correlated with age. Serum NFL correlated with MoCA (P=0.008) and CAA-CSVD score (P<.001). NFL and GFAP in CSF correlated with Aβ42 levels (P=0.01/0.02). CONCLUSIONS GFAP level in CSF is an early biomarker for CAA and is increased years before symptom onset. NFL and GFAP levels in serum and CSF are biomarkers for advanced CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Rasing
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabine Voigt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emma A Koemans
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs W van Harten
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis S van Etten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W van Zwet
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bea H Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J M Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris H B M Schreuder
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H Wermer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mizoguchi E, Sadanaga T, Nanni L, Wang S, Mizoguchi A. Recently Updated Role of Chitinase 3-like 1 on Various Cell Types as a Major Influencer of Chronic Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:678. [PMID: 38667293 PMCID: PMC11049018 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (also known as CHI3L1 or YKL-40) is a mammalian chitinase that has no enzymatic activity, but has the ability to bind to chitin, the polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitin is a component of fungi, crustaceans, arthropods including insects and mites, and parasites, but it is completely absent from mammals, including humans and mice. In general, chitin-containing organisms produce mammalian chitinases, such as CHI3L1, to protect the body from exogenous pathogens as well as hostile environments, and it was thought that it had a similar effect in mammals. However, recent studies have revealed that CHI3L1 plays a pathophysiological role by inducing anti-apoptotic activity in epithelial cells and macrophages. Under chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, many groups already confirmed that the expression of CHI3L1 is significantly induced on the apical side of epithelial cells, and activates many downstream pathways involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review article, we summarize the expression of CHI3L1 under chronic inflammatory conditions in various disorders and discuss the potential roles of CHI3L1 in those disorders on various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Takayuki Sadanaga
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Linda Nanni
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
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Talavera Andújar B, Mary A, Venegas C, Cheng T, Zaslavsky L, Bolton EE, Heneka MT, Schymanski EL. Can Small Molecules Provide Clues on Disease Progression in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Patients? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4181-4192. [PMID: 38373301 PMCID: PMC10919072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, which is currently diagnosed via clinical symptoms and nonspecific biomarkers (such as Aβ1-42, t-Tau, and p-Tau) measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which alone do not provide sufficient insights into disease progression. In this pilot study, these biomarkers were complemented with small-molecule analysis using non-target high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) on the CSF of three groups: AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, and a non-demented (ND) control group. An open-source cheminformatics pipeline based on MS-DIAL and patRoon was enhanced using CSF- and AD-specific suspect lists to assist in data interpretation. Chemical Similarity Enrichment Analysis revealed a significant increase of hydroxybutyrates in AD, including 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, which was found at higher levels in AD compared to MCI and ND. Furthermore, a highly sensitive target LC-MS method was used to quantify 35 bile acids (BAs) in the CSF, revealing several statistically significant differences including higher dehydrolithocholic acid levels and decreased conjugated BA levels in AD. This work provides several promising small-molecule hypotheses that could be used to help track the progression of AD in CSF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Talavera Andújar
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, Avenue du Swing 6, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Mary
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, Avenue du Swing 6, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carmen Venegas
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, Avenue du Swing 6, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tiejun Cheng
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Leonid Zaslavsky
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Evan E. Bolton
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, Avenue du Swing 6, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, Avenue du Swing 6, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Šimić G, Vukić V, Babić M, Banović M, Berečić I, Španić E, Zubčić K, Golubić AT, Barišić Kutija M, Merkler Šorgić A, Vogrinc Ž, Lehman I, Hof PR, Sertić J, Barišić N. Total tau in cerebrospinal fluid detects treatment responders among spinal muscular atrophy types 1-3 patients treated with nusinersen. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14051. [PMID: 36513962 PMCID: PMC10915981 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Considering the substantial variability in treatment response across patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), reliable markers for monitoring response to therapy and predicting treatment responders need to be identified. The study aimed to determine if measured concentrations of disease biomarkers (total tau protein, neurofilament light chain, and S100B protein) correlate with the duration of nusinersen treatment and with scores obtained using functional scales for the assessment of motor abilities. METHODS A total of 30 subjects with SMA treated with nusinersen between 2017 and 2021 at the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia, were included in this study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected by lumbar puncture prior to intrathecal application of nusinersen. Protein concentrations in CSF samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 26 subjects. The motor functions were assessed using functional motor scales. RESULTS The main finding was significantly decreased total tau correlating with the number of nusinersen doses and motor improvement in the first 18-24 months of treatment (in all SMA patients and SMA type 1 patients). Neurofilament light chain and S100B were not significantly changed after administration of nusinersen. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of total tau concentration in CSF is a reliable index for monitoring the biomarker and clinical response to nusinersen therapy in patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Vana Vukić
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Marija Babić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Maria Banović
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Ivana Berečić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Klara Zubčić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Anja Tea Golubić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation ProtectionUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Ana Merkler Šorgić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Laboratory for Molecular DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Željka Vogrinc
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Ivan Lehman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's DiseaseIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jadranka Sertić
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of Medical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Nina Barišić
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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Xu F, Xu J, Wang Q, Gao F, Fu J, Yan T, Dong Q, Su Y, Cheng X. Serum YKL-40 as a Predictive Biomarker of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage Recurrence. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:503-511. [PMID: 38669531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a major cause of secondary brain injury in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). To date, the prognostic value of YKL-40 (chitinase-3-like-1 protein), a biomarker of neuroinflammation, in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage (CAA-ICH) remains undiscovered. Objective To evaluate the relationships between serum YKL-40 and CAA-ICH recurrence. Methods Clinical and imaging information of 68 first-onset probable CAA-ICH cases and 95 controls were collected at baseline. Serum YKL-40 was measured by Luminex assay. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the associations between YKL-40 level and CAA-ICH recurrence. Results Serum YKL-40 level was significantly higher in CAA-ICH cases than healthy controls (median [interquartile range, IQR], 46.1 [19.8, 93.4] versus 24.4 [13.9, 59.0] ng/mL, p = 0.004). Higher level of YKL-40 predicted increased risk of CAA-ICH recurrence adjusted for age, ICH volume and enlarged perivascular space score (ePVS) (above versus below 115.5 ng/ml, adjusted hazard ratios 4.721, 95% confidence intervals 1.829-12.189, p = 0.001) within a median follow-up period of 2.4 years. Adding YKL-40 to a model of only MRI imaging markers including ICH volume and ePVS score improved the discriminatory power (concordance index from 0.707 to 0.772, p = 0.001) and the reclassification power (net reclassification improvement 28.4%; integrated discrimination index 11.0%). Conclusions Serum YKL-40 level might be a candidate prognostic biomarker for CAA-ICH recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xu
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayu Fu
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingmeng Yan
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Centre for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wang H, Ma LZ, Sheng ZH, Liu JY, Yuan WY, Guo F, Zhang W, Tan L. Association between cerebrospinal fluid clusterin and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1256389. [PMID: 37941999 PMCID: PMC10629112 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1256389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clusterin, a glycoprotein implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), remains unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clusterin in relation to AD biomarkers using a longitudinal cohort of non-demented individuals. Methods We gathered a sample comprising 86 individuals under cognition normal (CN) and 134 patients diagnosed with MCI via the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. To investigate the correlation of CSF clusterin with cognitive function and markers of key physiological changes, we employed multiple linear regression and mixed-effect models. We undertook a causal mediation analysis to inspect the mediating influence of CSF clusterin on cognitive abilities. Results Pathological characteristics associated with baseline Aβ42, Tau, brain volume, exhibited a correlation with initial CSF clusterin in the general population, Specifically, these correlations were especially prominent in the MCI population; CSF Aβ42 (PCN = 0.001; PMCI = 0.007), T-tau (PCN < 0.001; PMCI < 0.001), and Mid temporal (PCN = 0.033; PMCI = 0.005). Baseline CSF clusterin level was predictive of measurable cognitive shifts in the MCI population, as indicated by MMSE (β = 0.202, p = 0.029), MEM (β = 0.186, p = 0.036), RAVLT immediate recall (β = 0.182, p = 0.038), and EF scores (β = 0.221, p = 0.013). In MCI population, the alterations in brain regions (17.87% of the total effect) mediated the effect of clusterin on cognition. It was found that variables such as age, gender, and presence of APOE ε4 carrier status, influenced some of these connections. Conclusion Our investigation underscored a correlation between CSF clusterin concentrations and pivotal AD indicators, while also highlighting clusterin's potential role as a protective factor for cognitive abilities in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ze-Hu Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia-Yao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei-Yu Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Rodriguez-Lopez A, Torres-Paniagua AM, Acero G, Díaz G, Gevorkian G. Increased TSPO expression, pyroglutamate-modified amyloid beta (AβN3(pE)) accumulation and transient clustering of microglia in the thalamus of Tg-SwDI mice. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 382:578150. [PMID: 37467699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showed that Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) frequently co-occur; however, the precise mechanism is not well understood. A unique animal model (Tg-SwDI mice) was developed to investigate the early-onset and robust accumulation of both parenchymal and vascular Aβ in the brain. Tg-SwDI mice have been extensively used to study the mechanisms of cerebrovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline observed in AD/CAA patients and to design biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we documented interesting new features in the thalamus of Tg-SwDI mice: 1) a sharp increase in the expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) in microglia in 6-month-old animals; 2) microglia clustering at six months that disappeared in old animals; 3) N-truncated/modified AβN3(pE) peptide in 9-month-old female and 12-month-old male mice; 4) an age-dependent increase in translocator protein (TSPO) expression. These findings reinforce the versatility of this model for studying multiple pathological issues involved in AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rodriguez-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia M Torres-Paniagua
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Georgina Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico.
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Gaetani L, Chiasserini D, Paolini Paoletti F, Bellomo G, Parnetti L. Required improvements for cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarker tests of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1195-1207. [PMID: 37902844 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2276918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers represent a well-established tool for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD), independently from the clinical stage, by reflecting the presence of brain amyloidosis (A+) and tauopathy (T+). In front of this important achievement, so far, (i) CSF AD biomarkers have not yet been adopted for routine clinical use in all Centers dedicated to AD, mainly due to inter-lab variation and lack of internationally accepted cutoff values; (ii) we do need to add other biomarkers more suitable to correlate with the clinical stage and disease monitoring; (iii) we also need to detect the co-presence of other 'non-AD' pathologies. AREAS COVERED Efforts to establish standardized cutoff values based on large-scale multi-center studies are discussed. The influence of aging and comorbidities on CSF biomarker levels is also analyzed, and possible solutions are presented, i.e. complementing the A/T/(N) system with markers of axonal damage and synaptic derangement. EXPERT OPINION The first, mandatory need is to reach common cutoff values and defined (automated) methodologies for CSF AD biomarkers. To properly select subjects deserving CSF analysis, blood tests might represent the first-line approach. In those subjects undergoing CSF analysis, multiple biomarkers, able to give a comprehensive and personalized pathophysiological/prognostic information, should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Weiner S, Junkkari A, Sauer M, Luikku A, Rauramaa T, Kokkola T, Herukka SK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Leinonen V, Gobom J. Novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers correlating with shunt responsiveness in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:40. [PMID: 37277809 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a form of adult hydrocephalus that is clinically characterized by progressive gait impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and urinary incontinence. The current standard method of treatment involves surgical installation of a CSF diversion shunt. However, only a fraction of patients shows an alleviation of symptoms from shunt surgery. Thus, the purpose of this prospective explorative proteomic study was to identify prognostic CSF biomarkers to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Further, we evaluated the ability of the core Alzheimer's disease (AD) CSF biomarkers phosphorylated (p)-tau, total (t)-tau, and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) to serve as predictors of shunt response. METHODS We conducted a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of lumbar CSF from 68 iNPH patients, sampled pre-shunt surgery. Tryptic digests of CSF samples were labelled with TMTpro reagents. The TMT multiplex samples were fractionated in 24 concatenated fractions by reversed-phase chromatography at basic pH and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on an Orbitrap Lumos mass spectrometer. The relative abundances of the identified proteins were correlated with (i) iNPH grading scale (iNPHGS) and (ii) gait speed change 1 year after surgery from baseline to identify predictors of shunt responsiveness. RESULTS We identified four CSF biomarker candidates which correlated most strongly with clinical improvement on the iNPHGS and were significantly changed in shunt-responsive compared to shunt-unresponsive iNPH patients 1 year post-surgery: FABP3 (R = - 0.46, log2(fold change (FC)) = - 0.25, p < 0.001), ANXA4 (R = 0.46, log2(FC) = 0.32, p < 0.001), MIF (R = -0.49, log2(FC) = - 0.20, p < 0.001) and B3GAT2 (R = 0.54, log2(FC) = 0.20, p < 0.001). In addition, five biomarker candidates were selected based on their strong correlation with gait speed change 1 year after shunt installation: ITGB1 (R = - 0.48, p < 0.001), YWHAG (R = - 0.41, p < 0.01), OLFM2 (R = 0.39, p < 0.01), TGFBI (R = - 0.38, p < 0.01), and DSG2 (R = 0.37, p < 0.01). Concentrations of the CSF AD core biomarkers did not differ significantly with shunt responsiveness. CONCLUSION FABP3, MIF, ANXA4, B3GAT2, ITGB1, YWHAG, OLFM2, TGFBI and DSG2 in CSF are promising prognostic biomarker candidates to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Antti Junkkari
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mathias Sauer
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Antti Luikku
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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10
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Hok-A-Hin YS, Del Campo M, Boiten WA, Stoops E, Vanhooren M, Lemstra AW, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. Neuroinflammatory CSF biomarkers MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 show dynamic expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:107. [PMID: 37147668 PMCID: PMC10163795 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel fluid biomarkers tracking neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics study revealed that migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1) increased along the AD continuum. We aimed to assess the potential use of these proteins, in addition to sTREM2, as CSF biomarkers to monitor inflammatory processes in AD. METHODS We included cognitively unimpaired controls (n = 67, 63 ± 9 years, 24% females, all amyloid negative), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 92, 65 ± 7 years, 47% females, 65% amyloid positive), AD (n = 38, 67 ± 6 years, 8% females, all amyloid positive), and DLB (n = 50, 67 ± 6 years, 5% females, 54% amyloid positive). MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 levels were measured by validated immunoassays. Differences in protein levels between groups were tested with analysis of covariance (corrected for age and sex). Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between these neuroinflammatory markers with AD-CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, tTau, pTau) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores. RESULTS MIF levels were increased in MCI (p < 0.01), AD (p < 0.05), and DLB (p > 0.05) compared to controls. Levels of sTREM1 were specifically increased in AD compared to controls (p < 0.01), MCI (p < 0.05), and DLB patients (p > 0.05), while sTREM2 levels were increased specifically in MCI compared to all other groups (all p < 0.001). Neuroinflammatory proteins were highly correlated with CSF pTau levels (MIF: all groups; sTREM1: MCI, AD and DLB; sTREM2: controls, MCI and DLB). Correlations with MMSE scores were observed in specific clinical groups (MIF in controls, sTREM1 in AD, and sTREM2 in DLB). CONCLUSION Inflammatory-related proteins show diverse expression profiles along different AD stages, with increased protein levels in the MCI stage (MIF and sTREM2) and AD stage (MIF and sTREM1). The associations of these inflammatory markers primarily with CSF pTau levels indicate an intertwined relationship between tau pathology and inflammation. These neuroinflammatory markers might be useful in clinical trials to capture dynamics in inflammatory responses or monitor drug-target engagement of inflammatory modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Afina W Lemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Ehtezazi T, Rahman K, Davies R, Leach AG. The Pathological Effects of Circulating Hydrophobic Bile Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:173-211. [PMID: 36994114 PMCID: PMC10041467 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have revealed that the serum levels of toxic hydrophobic bile acids (deoxy cholic acid, lithocholic acid [LCA], and glycoursodeoxycholic acid) are significantly higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) when compared to control subjects. The elevated serum bile acids may be the result of hepatic peroxisomal dysfunction. Circulating hydrophobic bile acids are able to disrupt the blood-brain barrier and promote the formation of amyloid-β plaques through enhancing the oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid. Hydrophobic bile acid may find their ways into the neurons via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. It has been shown that hydrophobic bile acids impose their pathological effects by activating farnesoid X receptor and suppressing bile acid synthesis in the brain, blocking NMDA receptors, lowering brain oxysterol levels, and interfering with 17β-estradiol actions such as LCA by binding to E2 receptors (molecular modelling data exclusive to this paper). Hydrophobic bile acids may interfere with the sonic hedgehog signaling through alteration of cell membrane rafts and reducing brain 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol. This article will 1) analyze the pathological roles of circulating hydrophobic bile acids in the brain, 2) propose therapeutic approaches, and 3) conclude that consideration be given to reducing/monitoring toxic bile acid levels in patients with AD or aMCI, prior/in combination with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhys Davies
- The Walton Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Altered Mitochondrial Morphology and Bioenergetics in a New Yeast Model Expressing Aβ42. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020900. [PMID: 36674415 PMCID: PMC9862424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, age-related neurological disorder, the most common form of dementia. Considering that AD is a multifactorial complex disease, simplified experimental models are required for its analysis. For this purpose, genetically modified Yarrowia lipolytica yeast strains expressing Aβ42 (the main biomarker of AD), eGFP-Aβ42, Aβ40, and eGFP-Aβ40 were constructed and examined. In contrast to the cells expressing eGFP and eGFP-Aβ40, retaining "normal" mitochondrial reticulum, eGFP-Aβ42 cells possessed a disturbed mitochondrial reticulum with fragmented mitochondria; this was partially restored by preincubation with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQThy. Aβ42 expression also elevated ROS production and cell death; low concentrations of SkQThy mitigated these effects. Aβ42 expression caused mitochondrial dysfunction as inferred from a loose coupling of respiration and phosphorylation, the decreased level of ATP production, and the enhanced rate of hydrogen peroxide formation. Therefore, we have obtained the same results described for other AD models. Based on an analysis of these and earlier data, we suggest that the mitochondrial fragmentation might be a biomarker of the earliest preclinical stage of AD with an effective therapy based on mitochondria- targeted antioxidants. The simple yeast model constructed can be a useful platform for the rapid screening of such compounds.
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13
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Zang Y, Zhou X, Pan M, Lu Y, Liu H, Xiong J, Feng L. Certification of visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) certified reference material by amino acid-based and sulfur-based liquid chromatography isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:211-220. [PMID: 36342508 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a leading cause of dementia in older adults. Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) is an increasingly used biomarker for AD besides the widely accepted Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and tau. However, significant variations exist in the commercial immuno-based assays for VILIP-1 quantification, underlining the necessity to establish a traceability chain. Certified reference materials (CRMs) located at the top of the traceability chain are traceability sources for relevant matrix standard materials. In this work, VILIP-1 solution CRM with a certified value and uncertainty of 39.82±1.52 μg·g-1 was developed and certified using amino acid-based isotope dilution mass spectrometry (AA-ID-MS) and sulfur-based isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). Certified values from both strategies showed great consistency, with traceability to SI units. Moreover, the candidate VILIP-1 CRM shows excellent homogeneity and can be stable for at least 7 days at -20°C and 12 months at -70°C. The VILIP-1 CRM developed can be used in value assignment to secondary calibrators and clinical matrix CRMs, showing prospects in early diagnosis and disease monitoring for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirui Zhou
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengyun Pan
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangrui Liu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Xiong
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuxing Feng
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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14
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iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of APP Transgenic Mouse Urine Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010672. [PMID: 36614115 PMCID: PMC9820663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common dementia disease in the elderly. To get a better understanding of the pathophysiology, we performed a proteomic analysis of the urine exosomes (U-exo) in AD model mice (J20). The polymer precipitation method was used to isolate U-exo from the urine of 3-month-old J20 and wild-type (WT) mice. Neuron-derived exosome (N-exo) was isolated from U-exo by immunoprecipitation. iTRAQ-based MALDI TOF MS/MS was used for proteomic analysis. The results showed that compared to WT, the levels of 61 and 92 proteins were increased in the J20 U-exo and N-exo, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated that the sphingolipid catabolic process, ceramide catabolic process, membrane lipid catabolic process, Aβ clearance, and Aβ metabolic process were highly enriched in U-exo and N-exo. Among these, Asah1 was shown to be the key protein in lipid metabolism, and clusterin, ApoE, neprilysin, and ACE were related to Aβ metabolism and clearance. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis identified four protein complexes where clusterin and ApoE participated as partner proteins. Thus, J20 U-exo and N-exo contain proteins related to lipid- and Aβ-metabolism in the early stages of AD, providing a new insight into the underlying pathological mechanism of early AD.
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15
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Dhiman K, Villemagne VL, Fowler C, Bourgeat P, Li Q, Collins S, Rowe CC, Masters CL, Ames D, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Martins RN, Gupta V. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of fatty acid-binding protein 3 are associated with likelihood of amyloidopathy in cognitively healthy individuals. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12377. [PMID: 36479019 PMCID: PMC9719998 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) is a biomarker of neuronal membrane disruption, associated with lipid dyshomeostasis-a notable Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiological change. We assessed the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) FABP3 levels with brain amyloidosis and the likelihood/risk of developing amyloidopathy in cognitively healthy individuals. METHODS FABP3 levels were measured in CSF samples of cognitively healthy participants, > 60 years of age (n = 142), from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers & Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL). RESULTS FABP3 levels were positively associated with baseline brain amyloid beta (Aβ) load as measured by standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR, standardized β = 0.22, P = .009) and predicted the change in brain Aβ load (standardized β = 0.32, P = .004). Higher levels of CSF FABP3 (above median) were associated with a likelihood of amyloidopathy (odds ratio [OR] 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 4.65, P = .023). DISCUSSION These results support inclusion of CSF FABP3 as a biomarker in risk-prediction models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Dhiman
- IMPACT – The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical TranslationSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,Western Health PartnershipSchool of Nursing and Midwifery (Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research in the Institute of Health Transformation)Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia,Department of MedicineThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pierrick Bourgeat
- Australian e‐Health Research CentreCSIRO Health and BiosecurityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Qiao‐Xin Li
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Steven Collins
- Department of MedicineThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia,Department of MedicineThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old ageSt. George's HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden,Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong KongChina
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,Australian Alzheimer's Research FoundationRalph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research InstituteNedlandsWestern AustraliaAustralia,Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Psychiatry and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,KaRa Institute of Neurological DiseasesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Co‐operative Research Centre for Mental HealthCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Veer Gupta
- IMPACT – The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical TranslationSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
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16
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Yilmazer-Hanke D, Ouali Alami N, Fang L, Klotz S, Kovacs GG, Pankratz H, Weis J, Katona I, Scheuerle A, Streit WJ, Del Tredici K. Differential Glial Chitotriosidase 1 and Chitinase 3-like Protein 1 Expression in the Human Primary Visual Cortex and Cerebellum after Global Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neuroscience 2022; 506:91-113. [PMID: 36332693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, we studied the neuroinflammation- and ischemia-related glial markers chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1, alias YKL-40) in the human striate cortex and cerebellum at different time points after global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Both regions differ considerably in their glial cell population but are supplied by the posterior circulation. CHIT1 and CHI3L1 expression was compared to changes in microglial (IBA1, CD68), astrocytic (GFAP, S100β), and neuronal markers (H&E, neurofilament heavy chain, NfH; calretinin, CALR) using immunohistochemistry and multiple-label immunofluorescence. Initial striatal cortical and cerebellar Purkinje cell damage, detectable already 1/2 d after HIBI, led to delayed neuronal death, whereas loss of cerebellar NfH-positive stellate and CALR-positive granule cells was variable. During the first week post-HIBI, a transient reduction of IBA1-positive microglia was observed in both regions, and fragmented/clasmatodendritic cerebellar Bergmann glia appeared. In long-term survivors, both brain regions displayed high densities of activated IBA1-positive cells and CD68-positive macrophages, which showed CHIT1 co-localization in the striate cortex. Furthermore, enlarged GFAP- and S100β-positive astroglia emerged in both regions around 9-10 d post-HIBI, i.e., along with clearance of dead neurons from the neuropil, although GFAP-/S100β-positive gemistocytic astrocytes that co-expressed CHI3L1 were found only in the striate cortex. Thus, only GFAP-/S100β-positive astrocytes in the striate cortex, but not cerebellar Bergmann glia, differentiated into CHI3L1-positive gemistocytes. CHIT1 was co-expressed almost entirely in macrophages in the striate cortex and not cerebellum of long-term survivors, thereby indicating that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 could be valuable biomarkers for monitoring the outcome of global HIBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Najwa Ouali Alami
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lubin Fang
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sigried Klotz
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Pankratz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Scheuerle
- Department of Pathology, Section Neuropathology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Halbgebauer S, Steinacker P, Riedel D, Oeckl P, Anderl-Straub S, Lombardi J, von Arnim CAF, Nagl M, Giese A, Ludolph AC, Otto M. Visinin-like protein 1 levels in blood and CSF as emerging markers for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:175. [PMID: 36419075 PMCID: PMC9682835 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) belongs to the group of emerging biomarkers with the potential to support the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, studies investigating the differential diagnostic potential in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are rare and are not available for blood. METHODS We set up a novel, sensitive single molecule array (Simoa) assay for the detection of VILIP-1 in CSF and serum. In total, paired CSF and serum samples from 234 patients were investigated: 73 AD, 18 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 26 parkinsonian syndromes, 20 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 22 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and 75 non-neurodegenerative control (Con) patients. The differential diagnostic potential of CSF and serum VILIP-1 was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and findings were compared to core AD biomarkers. RESULTS CSF and serum VILIP-1 levels correlated weakly (r=0.32 (CI: 0.20-0.43), p<0.0001). VILIP-1 concentrations in CSF and serum were elevated in AD compared to Con (p<0.0001 and p<0.01) and CJD (p<0.0001 for CSF and serum), and an increase in CSF was observed already in early AD stages (p<0.0001). In the discrimination of AD versus Con, we could demonstrate a strong diagnostic potential for CSF VILIP-1 alone (area under the curve (AUC): 0.87), CSF VILIP-1/CSF Abeta 1-42 (AUC: 0.98), and serum VILIP-1/CSF Abeta 1-42 ratio (AUC: 0.89). CONCLUSIONS We here report on the successful establishment of a novel Simoa assay for VILIP-1 and illustrate the potential of CSF and serum VILIP-1 in the differential diagnosis of AD with highest levels in CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Halbgebauer
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Steinacker
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.461820.90000 0004 0390 1701Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Halle University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 49, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Riedel
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Anderl-Straub
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jolina Lombardi
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine A. F. von Arnim
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Division of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Nagl
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.461820.90000 0004 0390 1701Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Halle University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 49, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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He Q, Li T, Xiong Y, Xia X, Dang Y, Chen X, Geng X, He J, Yang Y, Zhao J. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels associated with poor short-term outcomes after spinal cord stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1032740. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1032740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSpinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising treatment for patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC); however, the laboratory examinations and different electrodes (permanent #39286 vs. temporary percutaneous #3777, Medtronic, USA) that are associated with postoperative outcomes are unclear. The study aims to study the association between the change in postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level and improvement in consciousness after SCS in DoC patients and to explore whether different electrodes were associated with elevated CSF protein levels.Materials and methodsA total of 66 DoC patients who received SCS treatment from December 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to their elevated CSF protein level. The clinical characteristics of the patients and SCS stimulation parameters were compared. The preoperative sagittal diameter of the spinal canal is the distance from the midpoint of the posterior border of the vertebral body to the midpoint of the posterior wall of the spinal canal at the level of the superior border of C3. The postoperative sagittal diameter of the spinal canal is the distance from the midpoint of the posterior edge of the vertebral body to the anterior edge of the stimulation electrode. Patients with improved postoperative CRS-R scores greater than 3 or who progressed to the MCS + /eMCS were classified as the improved group and otherwise regarded as poor outcome.ResultsWe found that more DoC patients had elevated CSF protein levels among those receiving SCS treatment with permanent electrodes than temporary percutaneous electrodes (P = 0.001), and elevated CSF protein levels were significantly associated with a reduced sagittal diameter (P = 0.044). In DoC patients receiving SCS treatment, we found that elevated CSF protein levels (P = 0.022) and preoperative diagnosis (P = 0.003) were significantly associated with poor outcomes at 3 months. Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated CSF protein levels were significantly associated with poor outcomes (OR 1.008, 95% CI 1.001–1.016, P = 0.032).ConclusionThe results suggest that reducing the effect of electrode pads on anatomical changes may help improve the outcomes of DoC patients receiving SCS treatment. CSF protein levels are associated with poor postoperative outcomes and whether they are potential biomarkers in DoC patients receiving SCS treatment remain further exploration.
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Evaluation of Synaptic and Axonal Dysfunction Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on CSF and Bioinformatic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810867. [PMID: 36142780 PMCID: PMC9502777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss and dysfunction are one of the earliest signs of neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationships between biological processes of the synaptic pathology underlying AD, molecular functions, and dynamics of the change concentrations of selected proteins reflecting synaptic and axonal pathology in dementia stages. Neurogranin (Ng), neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR), and Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP1) concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MCI, AD, and non-demented controls (CTRL) using quantitative immunological methods. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was used for the functional analysis of tested proteins. The CSF Aβ42/Ng ratio was significantly different between all the compared groups. The CSF NPTXR/Ng ratio was significantly different between MCI compared to CTRL and AD compared to CTRL. The GO enrichment analysis revealed that two terms (the Biological Process (BP) and Cellular Component (CC) levels) are significantly enriched for NPTXR and Ng but not for VILIP1. Both Ng and NPTXR concentrations in CSF are promising synaptic dysfunction biomarkers for the early diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, both proteins are biochemically associated with classical biomarkers and VILIP-1. Mapping shared molecular and biological functions for the tested proteins by GO enrichment analysis may be beneficial in screening and setting new research targets.
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20
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Gong X, Zhang H, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu J, Fapohunda FO, Lü P, Wang K, Tang M. Is liquid biopsy mature enough for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:977999. [PMID: 35992602 PMCID: PMC9389010 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The preclinical diagnosis and clinical practice for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on liquid biopsy have made great progress in recent years. As liquid biopsy is a fast, low-cost, and easy way to get the phase of AD, continual efforts from intense multidisciplinary studies have been made to move the research tools to routine clinical diagnostics. On one hand, technological breakthroughs have brought new detection methods to the outputs of liquid biopsy to stratify AD cases, resulting in higher accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis. On the other hand, diversiform biofluid biomarkers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, Saliva, and exosome were screened out and biologically verified. As a result, more detailed knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of AD was discovered and elucidated. However, to date, how to weigh the reports derived from liquid biopsy for preclinical AD diagnosis is an ongoing question. In this review, we briefly introduce liquid biopsy and the role it plays in research and clinical practice. Then, we summarize the established fluid-based assays of the current state for AD diagnostic such as ELISA, single-molecule array (Simoa), Immunoprecipitation–Mass Spectrometry (IP–MS), liquid chromatography–MS, immunomagnetic reduction (IMR), multimer detection system (MDS). In addition, we give an updated list of fluid biomarkers in the AD research field. Lastly, the current outstanding challenges and the feasibility to use a stand-alone biomarker in the joint diagnostic strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Children’s Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang,
| | - Min Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Min Tang,
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21
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Frank B, Ally M, Brekke B, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sugarman MA, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Tripodis Y, Martin B, Palmisano JN, Steinberg EG, Simkina I, Turk KW, Budson AE, O’Connor MK, Au R, Goldstein LE, Jun GR, Kowall NW, Stein TD, McKee AC, Killiany R, Qiu WQ, Stern RA, Mez J, Alosco ML. Plasma p-tau 181 shows stronger network association to Alzheimer's disease dementia than neurofilament light and total tau. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1523-1536. [PMID: 34854549 PMCID: PMC9160800 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the ability of plasma hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 to detect cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently and in combination with plasma total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light (NfL). METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed using the Simoa platform for 235 participants with normal cognition (NC), 181 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI), and 153 with AD dementia. Statistical approaches included multinomial regression and Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) to assess a network of plasma biomarkers, neuropsychological tests, and demographic variables. RESULTS Plasma p-tau181 discriminated AD dementia from NC, but not MCI, and correlated with dementia severity and worse neuropsychological test performance. Plasma NfL similarly discriminated diagnostic groups. Unlike plasma NfL or t-tau, p-tau181 had a direct association with cognitive diagnosis in a bootstrapped GGM. DISCUSSION These results support plasma p-tau181 for the detection of AD dementia and the use of blood-based biomarkers for optimal disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Frank
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline Ally
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bailee Brekke
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Sugarman
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas K. Karikari
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Martin
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph N. Palmisano
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric G. Steinberg
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irene Simkina
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine W. Turk
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen K. O’Connor
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee E. Goldstein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Biomedical, Electrical & Computer
Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Gyungah R. Jun
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil W. Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann C. McKee
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental
Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A. Stern
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Predicts Risk of Dementia Onset in Cognitively Healthy Individuals and Rate of Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051045. [PMID: 35625782 PMCID: PMC9138299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biomarkers that are indicative of early biochemical aberrations are needed to predict the risk of dementia onset and progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We assessed the utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light (NfL) chain for screening preclinical AD, predicting dementia onset among cognitively healthy (CH) individuals, and the rate of cognitive decline amongst individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Neurofilament light levels were measured in CSF samples of participants (CH, n = 154 and MCI, n = 32) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle study of ageing (AIBL). Cases of preclinical AD were identified using biomarker-guided classification (CH, amyloid-β [Aβ]+, phosphorylated-tau [P-tau]+ and total-tau [T-tau]±; A+T+/N±). The prediction of dementia onset (questionable dementia) among CH participants was assessed as the risk of conversion from Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR = 0] to CDR ≥ 0.5 over 6 years. Mixed linear models were used to assess the utility of baseline CSF NfL levels for predicting the rate of cognitive decline among participants with MCI over 4.5 years. Results: Neurofilament light levels were significantly higher in preclinical AD participants (CH, A+T+/N±) as compared to A-T-N- (p < 0.001). Baseline levels of CSF NfL were higher in CH participants who converted to CDR ≥ 0.5 over 6 years (p = 0.045) and the risk of conversion to CDR ≥ 0.5 was predicted (hazard ratio [HR] 1.60, CI 1.03−2.48, p = 0.038). CH participants with CSF NfL > cut-off were at a higher risk of developing dementia (HR 4.77, CI 1.31−17.29, p = 0.018). Participants with MCI and with higher baseline levels of CSF NfL (>median) had a higher rate of decline in cognition over 4.5 years. Conclusion: An assessment of CSF NfL levels can help to predict dementia onset among CH vulnerable individuals and cognitive decline among those with MCI.
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23
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Lord J, Green R, Choi SW, Hübel C, Aarsland D, Velayudhan L, Sham P, Legido-Quigley C, Richards M, Dobson R, Proitsi P. Disentangling Independent and Mediated Causal Relationships Between Blood Metabolites, Cognitive Factors, and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:167-179. [PMID: 36325159 PMCID: PMC9616368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Education and cognition demonstrate consistent inverse associations with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biological underpinnings, however, remain unclear. Blood metabolites reflect the end point of biological processes and are accessible and malleable. Identifying metabolites with etiological relevance to AD and disentangling how these relate to cognitive factors along the AD causal pathway could, therefore, offer unique insights into underlying causal mechanisms. Methods Using data from the largest metabolomics genome-wide association study (N ≈ 24,925) and three independent AD cohorts (N = 4725), cross-trait polygenic scores were generated and meta-analyzed. Metabolites genetically associated with AD were taken forward for causal analyses. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization interrogated univariable causal relationships between 1) metabolites and AD; 2) education and cognition; 3) metabolites, education, and cognition; and 4) education, cognition, and AD. Mediating relationships were computed using multivariable Mendelian randomization. Results Thirty-four metabolites were genetically associated with AD at p < .05. Of these, glutamine and free cholesterol in extra-large high-density lipoproteins demonstrated a protective causal effect (glutamine: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 0.92; free cholesterol in extra-large high-density lipoproteins: 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.92). An AD-protective effect was also observed for education (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.85) and cognition (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.89), with bidirectional mediation evident. Cognition as a mediator of the education-AD relationship was stronger than vice versa, however. No evidence of mediation via any metabolite was found. Conclusions Glutamine and free cholesterol in extra-large high-density lipoproteins show protective causal effects on AD. Education and cognition also demonstrate protection, though education's effect is almost entirely mediated by cognition. These insights provide key pieces of the AD causal puzzle, important for informing future multimodal work and progressing toward effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Lord
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Green
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shing Wan Choi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pak Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Dobson
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL Institute of Health Informatics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid neurodegeneration biomarkers and temporal brain atrophy in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 116:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Mahaman YAR, Embaye KS, Huang F, Li L, Zhu F, Wang JZ, Liu R, Feng J, Wang X. Biomarkers used in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101544. [PMID: 34933129 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), being the number one in terms of dementia burden, is an insidious age-related neurodegenerative disease and is presently considered a global public health threat. Its main histological hallmarks are the Aβ senile plaques and the P-tau neurofibrillary tangles, while clinically it is marked by a progressive cognitive decline that reflects the underlying synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Many of the drug therapies targeting the two pathological hallmarks namely Aβ and P-tau have been proven futile. This is probably attributed to the initiation of therapy at a stage where cognitive alterations are already obvious. In other words, the underlying neuropathological changes are at a stage where these drugs lack any therapeutic value in reversing the damage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to start treatment in the very early stage where these changes can be reversed, and hence, early diagnosis is of primordial importance. To this aim, the use of robust and informative biomarkers that could provide accurate diagnosis preferably at an earlier phase of the disease is of the essence. To date, several biomarkers have been established that, to a different extent, allow researchers and clinicians to evaluate, diagnose, and more specially exclude other related pathologies. In this study, we extensively reviewed data on the currently explored biomarkers in terms of AD pathology-specific and non-specific biomarkers and highlighted the recent developments in the diagnostic and theragnostic domains. In the end, we have presented a separate elaboration on aspects of future perspectives and concluding remarks.
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Coronado BNL, da Cunha FBS, de Oliveira RM, Nóbrega ODT, Ricart CAO, Fontes W, de Sousa MV, de Ávila MP, Martins AMA. Novel Possible Protein Targets in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Pilot Study Experiment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:692272. [PMID: 35155457 PMCID: PMC8828634 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.692272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is among the world's leading causes of blindness. In its neovascular form (nAMD), around 25% of patients present further anatomical and visual deterioration due to persistence of neovascular activity, despite gold-standard treatment protocols using intravitreal anti-VEGF medications. Thus, to comprehend, the molecular pathways that drive choroidal neoangiogenesis, associated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are important steps to elucidate the mechanistic events underneath the disease development. This is a pilot study, a prospective, translational experiment, in a real-life context aiming to evaluate the protein profiles of the aqueous humor of 15 patients divided into three groups: group 1, composed of patients with nAMD, who demonstrated a good response to anti-VEGF intravitreal injections during follow-up (good responsive); group 2, composed of patients with anti-VEGF-resistant nAMD, who demonstrated choroidal neovascularization activity during follow-up (poor/non-responsive); and group 3, composed of control patients without systemic diseases or signs of retinopathy. For proteomic characterization of the groups, mass spectrometry (label-free LC-MS/MS) was used. A total of 2,336 proteins were identified, of which 185 were distinctly regulated and allowed the differentiation of the clinical conditions analyzed. Among those, 39 proteins, including some novel ones, were analyzed as potential disease effectors through their pathophysiological implications in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, complement system, inflammatory pathways, and angiogenesis. So, this study suggests the participation of other promising biomarkers in neovascular AMD, in addition to the known VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nobre Lins Coronado
- Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, CESMAC University Center, Maceio, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bruno Nobre Lins Coronado
| | | | - Raphaela Menezes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Maria Araújo Martins
- Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University Center of Brasilia (UniCEUB), Brasilia, Brazil
- Aline Maria Araújo Martins
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Golde TE. Disease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: More Questions than Answers. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:209-227. [PMID: 35229269 PMCID: PMC8885119 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific advances over the last four decades have steadily infused the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field with great optimism that therapies targeting Aβ, amyloid, tau, and innate immune activation states in the brain would provide disease modification. Unfortunately, this optimistic scenario has not yet played out. Though a recent approval of the anti-Aβ aggregate binding antibody, Aduhelm (aducanumab), as a "disease-modifying therapy for AD" is viewed by some as a breakthrough, many remain unconvinced by the data underlying this approval. Collectively, we have not succeeded in changing AD from a largely untreatable, inevitable, and incurable disease to a treatable, preventable, and curable one. Here, I will review the major foci of the AD "disease-modifying" therapeutic pipeline and some of the "open questions" that remain in terms of these therapeutic approaches. I will conclude the review by discussing how we, as a field, might adjust our approach, learning from our past failures to ensure future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Patel K, Srivastava S, Kushwah S, Mani A. Perspectives on the Role of APOE4 as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:899-910. [PMID: 35088039 PMCID: PMC8764632 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is coupled with chronic cognitive dysfunction. AD cases are mostly late onset, and genetic risk factors like the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) play a key role in this process. APOE ɛ2, APOE ɛ3, and APOE ɛ4 are three key alleles in the human APOE gene. For late onset, APOE ɛ4 has the most potent risk factor while APOE ɛ2 plays a defensive role. Several studies suggests that APOE ɛ4 causes AD via different processes like neurofibrillary tangle formation by amyloid-β accumulation, exacerbated neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular disease, and synaptic loss. But the pathway is still unclear that which actions of APOE ɛ4 lead to AD development. Since APOE was found to contribute to many AD pathways, targeting APOE ɛ4 can lead to a hopeful plan of action in development of new drugs to target AD. In this review, we focus on recent studies and perspectives, focusing on APOE ɛ4 as a key molecule in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Siwangi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Shikha Kushwah
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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29
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Agnello L, Lo Sasso B, Vidali M, Scazzone C, Piccoli T, Gambino CM, Bivona G, Giglio RV, Ciaccio AM, La Bella V, Ciaccio M. Neurogranin as a Reliable Biomarker for Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122339. [PMID: 34943576 PMCID: PMC8700711 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Neurogranin is a post-synaptic protein expressed in the neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It has been recently proposed as a promising biomarker of synaptic dysfunction, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, more efforts are needed before introducing it in clinical practice, including the definition of its reference interval (RI). The aim of the study was to establish the RI of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin levels in controls and individuals with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases; (2) We included a total of 136 individuals that were sub-grouped as follows: AD patients (n = 33), patients with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases (n = 70) and controls (33). We measured CSF neurogranin levels by a commercial ELISA kit. CSF RI of neurogranin was calculated by a robust method; (3) Results: AD patients showed increased levels of neurogranin. We also found that neurogranin was significantly correlated with T-tau, P-tau and mini mental state examination in AD patients. The lower and upper reference limits of the RI were 2.9 (90%CI 0.1-10.8) and 679 (90%CI 595-779), respectively; (4) Conclusion: This is the first study establishing the RI of CSF neurogranin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Tommaso Piccoli
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Ciaccio
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916553296
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30
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Nava Catorce M, Acero G, Gevorkian G. Age- and sex-dependent alterations in the peripheral immune system in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Increased proportion of CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells in the blood. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577720. [PMID: 34543880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease and considered to be a result of several pathological events, both in the periphery and in the brain. The role of the peripheral immune system in the etiology and/or progression of the disease is not fully understood yet, and the results in humans are contradictory so far. Several animal models of AD have been generated and thoroughly characterized to elucidate disease mechanisms and evaluate numerous therapeutic strategies in preclinical studies. In the present study, we carried out a longitudinal evaluation of blood lymphocytes from male and female 3xTg-AD mice to document important immunological abnormalities in the periphery. We documented the age-dependent decrease in the percentage of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and an increase in the percentage CD3+CD4-CD8- (DN T) cells in the blood of 3xTg-AD mice compared with non-transgenic animals. Severe splenomegaly was observed in 3xTg-AD mice in contrast to wild-type animals. Importantly, all these abnormalities in the peripheral immune system appeared earlier and were more pronounced in males compared with females of the same age, which may account for the shorter lifespan of male mice. We suggest that future research should include the measurement of CD3+ and DN T cells as a potential immunological marker of disease progression in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Nava Catorce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico.
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31
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Ghosh P, Singh R, Ganeshpurkar A, Pokle AV, Singh RB, Singh SK, Kumar A. Cellular and molecular influencers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Recent concepts & roles. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105212. [PMID: 34656693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an extremely common neurodegenerative disorder of the older generation, is one of the leading causes of death globally. Besides the conventional hallmarks i.e. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation also serves as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. There are mounting evidences to support the fundamental role of cellular (microglia, astrocytes, mast cells, and T-cells) and molecular (cytokines, chemokines, caspases, and complement proteins) influencers of neuroinflammation in producing/promoting neurodegeneration and dementia in AD. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed the involvement of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes related to neuroinflammation with the risk of developing AD. Modulating the release of the neuroinflammatory molecules and targeting their relevant mechanisms may have beneficial effects on the onset, progress and severity of the disease. Here, we review the distinct role of various mediators and modulators of neuroinflammation that impact the pathogenesis and progression of AD as well as incite further research efforts for the treatment of AD through a neuroinflammatory approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powsali Ghosh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Vyankatrao Pokle
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Singh
- Institute of Pharmacy Harischandra PG College, Bawanbigha, Varanasi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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32
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Siafarikas N, Kirsebom BE, Srivastava DP, Eriksson CM, Auning E, Hessen E, Selbaek G, Blennow K, Aarsland D, Fladby T. Cerebrospinal fluid markers for synaptic function and Alzheimer type changes in late life depression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20375. [PMID: 34645914 PMCID: PMC8514484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore markers for synaptic function and Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in late life depression (LLD), predementia AD and normal controls (NC). A cross-sectional study to compare cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neurogranin (Ng), Beta-site amyloid-precursor-protein cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1), Ng/BACE1 ratio and Amyloid-β 42/40 ratio, phosphorylated-tau and total-tau in LLD with (LLD AD) or without (LLD NoAD) AD pathology, predementia AD and normal controls (NC). We included 145 participants (NC = 41; predementia AD = 66 and LLD = 38). LLD comprised LLD AD (n = 16), LLD NoAD (n = 19), LLD with non-AD typical changes (n = 3, excluded). LLD AD (pADJ < 0.05) and predementia AD (pADJ < 0.0001) showed significantly higher Ng than NC. BACE1 and Ng/BACE1 ratio were altered similarly. Compared to LLD NoAD, LLD AD showed significantly higher Ng (pADJ < 0.001), BACE1 (pADJ < 0.05) and Ng/BACE1 ratio (pADJ < 0.01). All groups had significantly lower Aβ 42/40 ratio than NC (predementia AD and LLD AD, p < 0.0001; LLD NoAD, p < 0.05). Both LLD groups performed similarly on tests of memory and executive function, but significantly poorer than NC. Synaptic function in LLD depended on AD pathology. LLD showed an association to Amyloid dysmetabolism. The LLD groups performed poorer cognitively than NC. LLD AD may be conceptualized as "predementia AD with depression".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikias Siafarikas
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Cecilia M Eriksson
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Eirik Auning
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Erik Hessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Selbaek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Ahus, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Dulewicz M, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Słowik A, Borawska R, Mroczko B. Neurogranin and Neuronal Pentraxin Receptor as Synaptic Dysfunction Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194575. [PMID: 34640593 PMCID: PMC8509697 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss and dysfunction are one of the earliest signs of neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It seems that by assessing proteins related to synapses, one may reflect their dysfunction and improve the understanding of neurobiological processes in the early stage of the disease. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes the CSF concentrations of two synaptic proteins together, such as neurogranin (Ng) and neuronal pentraxins receptor (NPTXR) in relation to neurochemical dementia biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Ng, NPTXR and classical AD biomarkers concentrations were measured in the CSF of patients with AD and non-demented controls (CTRL) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Luminex xMAP technology. Results: The CSF level of Ng was significantly higher, whereas the NPTXR was significantly lower in the AD patients than in cognitively healthy controls. As a first, we calculated the NPTXR/Ng ratio as an indicator of synaptic disturbance. The patients with AD presented a significantly decreased NPTXR/Ng ratio. The correlation was observed between both proteins in the AD and the whole study group. Furthermore, the relationship between the Ng level and pTau181 was found in the AD group of patients. Conclusions: The Ng and NPTXR concentrations in CSF are promising synaptic dysfunction biomarkers reflecting pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dulewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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34
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Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3 (FABP3) and Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) as Lipid Metabolism-Related Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143009. [PMID: 34300173 PMCID: PMC8303862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid metabolism-related biomarkers gain increasing researchers interest in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence have indicated the role of fatty acid-binding proteins and pathology lipid metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The imbalance of fatty acids (FA) and lipids may negatively affect brain functions related to neurodegenerative disorders. The ApoE4 and FABP3 proteins may reflect processes leading to neurodegeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the CSF levels of FABP3 and ApoE4 proteins and cognitive decline as well as the diagnostic performance of these candidate biomarkers in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A total of 70 subjects, including patients with AD, MCI, and non-demented controls, were enrolled in the study. CSF concentrations of FABP3 and ApoE4 were measured using immunoassay technology. Results: Significantly higher CSF concentrations of FABP3 and ApoE4 were observed in AD patients compared to MCI subjects and individuals without cognitive impairment. Both proteins were inversely associated with Aβ42/40 ratio: ApoE4 (rho = −0.472, p < 0.001), and FABP3 (rho = −0.488, p < 0.001) in the whole study group, respectively. Additionally, FABP3 was negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination score in the whole study cohort (rho = −0.585 p < 0.001). Conclusion: Presented results indicate the pivotal role of FABP3 and ApoE4 in AD pathology as lipid-related biomarkers, but studies on larger cohorts are needed.
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Pais M, Loureiro J, do Vale V, Radanovic M, Talib L, Stella F, Forlenza O. Heterogeneity of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Profiles in Individuals with Distinct Levels of Cognitive Decline: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:949-962. [PMID: 33843685 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the amyloid-β (Aβ), along with increased total (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau), are widely accepted as core biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Nonetheless, there are a few remaining caveats that still preclude the full incorporation of AD biomarkers into clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of clinical-biological mismatches in a clinical sample of older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. METHODS 204 participants were enrolled for a cross-sectional assessment and allocated into diagnostic groups: probable AD (n = 60, 29.4%); MCI (n = 84, 41.2%); or normal cognition (NC, n = 60, 29.4%). CSF concentrations of Aβ42, T-tau, and 181Thr-P-tau were determined, and Aβ42/P-tau ratio below 9.53 was used as a proxy of AD pathology. The AT(N) classification was further used as a framework to ascertain the biological evidence of AD. RESULTS The majority (73.7%) of patients in the AD group had the Aβ42/P-tau ratio below the cut-off score for AD, as opposed to a smaller proportion in the MCI (42.9%) and NC (23.3%) groups. In the latter, 21 subjects (35%) were classified as A+, 28 (46.7%) as T+, and 23 (38.3%) as N + . In the AD group, 66.7%of the cases were classified as A+, 78.3%as T+, and 80%as N+. CONCLUSION Analysis of CSF biomarkers was able to discriminate between AD, MCI, and NC. However, clinical-biological mismatches were observed in a non-negligible proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pais
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Loureiro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Radanovic
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda Talib
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florindo Stella
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (InBion), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Morgan DG, Mielke MM. Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer's disease immune biomarker research. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:2030-2042. [PMID: 33984178 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated implicating a role for immune mechanisms in moderating the pathology in Alzheimer's disease dementia. However, the appropriate therapeutic target, the appropriate direction of manipulation, and the stage of disease at which to begin treatment remain unanswered questions. Part of the challenge derives from the absence of any selective pressure to develop a coordinated beneficial immune response to severe neural injury in adults. Thus, immune responses to the prevailing stimuli are likely to contain both beneficial and detrimental components. Knowledge gaps include: (1) how a biomarker change relates to the underlying biology, (2) the degree to which pathological stage group differences reflect a response to pathology versus trait differences among individuals regulating risk of developing pathology, (3) the degree to which biomarker levels are predictive of subsequent changes in pathology and/or cognition, and (4) experimental manipulations in model systems to determine whether differences in immune biomarkers are causally related to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Morgan
- Alzheimer's Alliance, Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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37
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Rauchmann BS, Sadlon A, Perneczky R. Soluble TREM2 and Inflammatory Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1615-1626. [PMID: 31958095 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the associations of soluble TREM2, an important regulator of microglial activity linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), with other known inflammatory proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We studied 303 participants, including 89 controls, 135 mild cognitive impairment, and 79 AD dementia patients. Using established CSF biomarkers, subjects were classified according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association research framework, which groups markers into those of amyloid-β deposition (A), tau pathology (T), and neurodegeneration (N). TNFR1, TNFR2, TGF-β1, TGFβ2, IL-9, TNF-α, ICAM1, and VCAM1 showed significant concentration differences between the ATN groups, with higher concentrations in more advanced disease categories. sTREM2 was positively associated with the pro-inflammatory proteins TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2, ICAM1, VCAM1, and IP-10 and negatively with IL-21; also, positive associations with the anti-inflammatory proteins TGFβ1, IL-10, and IL-9 were found. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of sTREM2 in key functional clusters including immunoglobulin and cytokine production and cellular response to lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, and steroid hormones. Our work provides further evidence in support of TREM2 as amarker of neuroinflammatory response in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Angélique Sadlon
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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38
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Cano A, Turowski P, Ettcheto M, Duskey JT, Tosi G, Sánchez-López E, García ML, Camins A, Souto EB, Ruiz A, Marquié M, Boada M. Nanomedicine-based technologies and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: from current to future challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:122. [PMID: 33926475 PMCID: PMC8086346 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing life expectancy has led to an aging population, which has consequently increased the prevalence of dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia worldwide, is estimated to make up 50-80% of all cases. AD cases are expected to reach 131 million by 2050, and this increasing prevalence will critically burden economies and health systems in the next decades. There is currently no treatment that can stop or reverse disease progression. In addition, the late diagnosis of AD constitutes a major obstacle to effective disease management. Therefore, improved diagnostic tools and new treatments for AD are urgently needed. In this review, we investigate and describe both well-established and recently discovered AD biomarkers that could potentially be used to detect AD at early stages and allow the monitoring of disease progression. Proteins such as NfL, MMPs, p-tau217, YKL-40, SNAP-25, VCAM-1, and Ng / BACE are some of the most promising biomarkers because of their successful use as diagnostic tools. In addition, we explore the most recent molecular strategies for an AD therapeutic approach and nanomedicine-based technologies, used to both target drugs to the brain and serve as devices for tracking disease progression diagnostic biomarkers. State-of-the-art nanoparticles, such as polymeric, lipid, and metal-based, are being widely investigated for their potential to improve the effectiveness of both conventional drugs and novel compounds for treating AD. The most recent studies on these nanodevices are deeply explained and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, 20121, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Caprihan A, Raja R, Hillmer LJ, Erhardt EB, Prestopnik J, Thompson J, Adair JC, Knoefel JE, Rosenberg GA. A double-dichotomy clustering of dual pathology dementia patients. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100011. [PMID: 34746872 PMCID: PMC8570532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) related dementia can coexist in older subjects, leading to mixed dementia (MX). Identification of dementia sub-groups is important for designing proper treatment plans and clinical trials. METHOD An Alzheimer's disease severity (ADS) score and a vascular disease severity (VDS) score are calculated from CSF and MRI biomarkers, respectively. These scores, being sensitive to different Alzheimer's and vascular disease processes are combined orthogonally in a double-dichotomy plot. This formed an objective basis for clustering the subjects into four groups, consisting of AD, SIVD, MX and leukoaraiosis (LA). The relationship of these four groups is examined with respect to cognitive assessments and clinical diagnosis. RESULTS Cluster analysis had at least 83% agreement with the clinical diagnosis for groups based either on Alzheimer's or on vascular sensitive biomarkers, and a combined agreement of 68.8% for clustering the four groups. The VDS score was correlated to executive function (r = -0.28, p < 0.01) and the ADS score to memory function (r = -0.35, p < 0.002) after adjusting for age, sex, and education. In the subset of patients for which the cluster scores and clinical diagnoses agreed, the correlations were stronger (VDS score-executive function: r = -0.37, p < 0.006 and ADS score-memory function: r = -0.58, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The double-dichotomy clustering based on imaging and fluid biomarkers offers an unbiased method for identifying mixed dementia patients and selecting better defined sub-groups. Differential correlations with neuropsychological tests support the hypothesis that the categories of dementia represent different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajikha Raja
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Laura J. Hillmer
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erik Barry Erhardt
- Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jill Prestopnik
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - John C Adair
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Janice E. Knoefel
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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40
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Yang J, Jia L, Li Y, Qiu Q, Quan M, Jia J. Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease: Current and Future Application. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:19-32. [PMID: 33749646 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is entering a unique moment in which enormous information about the molecular basis of this disease is being translated into therapeutics. However, almost all drug candidates have failed in clinical trials over the past 30 years. These many trial failures have highlighted a need for the incorporation of biomarkers in clinical trials to help improve the trial design. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid and circulating blood, which can reflect the pathophysiological process in the brain, are becoming increasingly important in AD clinical trials. In this review, we first succinctly outline a panel of fluid biomarkers for neuropathological changes in AD. Then, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and future application of fluid biomarkers in clinical trials for AD. We also summarize the many challenges that have been encountered in efforts to integrate fluid biomarkers in clinical trials, and the barriers that have begun to be overcome. Ongoing research efforts in the field of fluid biomarkers will be critical to make significant progress in ultimately unveiling disease-modifying therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongqiong Qiu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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41
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Aksnes M, Tiiman A, Edwin TH, Terenius L, Bogdanović N, Vukojević V, Knapskog AB. Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloidogenic Nanoplaques With Core Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:608628. [PMID: 33488383 PMCID: PMC7820807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.608628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are essential for early diagnosis and intervention. Available biomarkers are not sufficient to permit the monitoring of AD progression over time, and additional biomarkers are required. Measures of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) could be useful biomarkers for AD. Here, we investigate whether levels of Thioflavin-T (ThT) positive amyloid aggregates, i.e., nanoplaques, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could serve as useful biomarkers for AD. One-hundred and eighteen memory clinic patients were AT(N) classified, and CSF nanoplaque concentrations were compared between patients on the “Alzheimer’s continuum” (A+ patients) and patients with “Normal AD biomarkers” or “Non-AD pathologic change” (A− patients). CSF nanoplaque concentrations and sizes were quantified using the novel ThT-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay, and core biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We investigated the association between nanoplaque concentrations and core biomarkers, and the diagnostic value of nanoplaque levels. Nanoplaque levels were increased in A+ patients compared to A− patients. Nanoplaque concentrations were negatively associated with Aβ42, but not related to total tau or phosphorylated tau measures. Quantification of nanoplaques did not improve the classification of patients on the Alzheimer’s continuum compared to the core biomarkers alone. Dynamic changes in nanoplaques concentration and size throughout AD stages should be explored in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Holt Edwin
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Determination of plasma β-amyloids by rolling circle amplification chemiluminescent immunoassay for noninvasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:24. [PMID: 33404755 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A rolling circle amplification chemiluminescence immunoassay (RCA-CLIA) was developed for precise quantitation of Aβ in plasma. Capture antibodies conjugated with magnetic beads and detection antibodies with collateral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were bound to Aβ42/Aβ40 antigens to form a typical double-antibody sandwich structure. The RCA reaction was triggered by the addition of ssDNA, which generated products with a large number of sites for the binding of acridinium ester (AE)-labeled detection probes, thereby realizing the purpose of the amplification. The RCA-CLIA method had higher sensitivity than conventional CLIA without loss of specificity. Under optimum conditions, the linear range of Aβ42 and Aβ40 detection was 3.9-140 pg/mL and 3.9-180 pg/mL, respectively, with corresponding low detection limits of 1.99 pg/mL and 3.14 pg/mL, respectively. Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 were detected in the blood of 21 AD patients and 22 healthy people, wherein this ratio could significantly distinguish AD patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 90.48% and specificity of 63.64% for a cutoff value of 154. The Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio of plasma acts as an accurate indicator for AD diagnosis; therefore, detection of plasma Aβ using the RCA-CLIA exhibits great potential in noninvasive diagnosis and progressive assessment of AD.
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Hinteregger B, Loeffler T, Flunkert S, Neddens J, Bayer TA, Madl T, Hutter-Paier B. Metabolic, Phenotypic, and Neuropathological Characterization of the Tg4-42 Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1151-1168. [PMID: 33646155 PMCID: PMC8150512 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) research strongly depends on transgenic mouse models that display major symptoms of the disease. Although several AD mouse models have been developed representing relevant pathologies, only a fraction of available mouse models, like the Tg4-42 mouse model, display hippocampal atrophy caused by the death of neurons as the key feature of AD. The Tg4-42 mouse model is therefore very valuable for use in preclinical research. Furthermore, metabolic biomarkers which have the potential to detect biochemical changes, are crucial to gain deeper insights into the pathways, the underlying pathological mechanisms and disease progression. OBJECTIVE We thus performed an in-depth characterization of Tg4-42 mice by using an integrated approach to analyze alterations of complex biological networks in this AD in vivo model. METHODS Therefore, untargeted NMR-based metabolomic phenotyping was combined with behavioral tests and immunohistological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Our in vivo experiments demonstrate a loss of body weight increase in homozygous Tg4-42 mice over time as well as severe impaired learning behavior and memory deficits in the Morris water maze behavioral test. Furthermore, we found significantly altered metabolites in two different brain regions and metabolic changes of the glutamate/4-aminobutyrate-glutamine axis. Based on these results, downstream effects were analyzed showing increased Aβ42 levels, increased neuroinflammation as indicated by increased astro- and microgliosis as well as neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss in homozygous Tg4-42 mice. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the Tg4-42 mouse model which could lead to a deeper understanding of pathological features of AD. Additionally this study reveals changes in metabolic biomarker which set the base for future preclinical studies or drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinteregger
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Bloniecki V, Zetterberg H, Aarsland D, Vannini P, Kvartsberg H, Winblad B, Blennow K, Freund-Levi Y. Are neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia linked to CSF biomarkers of synaptic and axonal degeneration? ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:153. [PMID: 33203439 PMCID: PMC7670701 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The underlying disease mechanism of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia remains unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for synaptic and axonal degeneration may provide novel neuropathological information for their occurrence. The aim was to investigate the relationship between NPS and CSF biomarkers for synaptic (neurogranin [Ng], growth-associated protein 43 [GAP-43]) and axonal (neurofilament light [NFL]) injury in patients with dementia. Methods A total of 151 patients (mean age ± SD, 73.5 ± 11.0, females n = 92 [61%]) were included, of which 64 had Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (34 with high NPS, i.e., Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score > 10 and 30 with low levels of NPS) and 18 were diagnosed with vascular dementia (VaD), 27 with mixed dementia (MIX), 12 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 30 with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). NPS were primarily assessed using the NPI. CSF samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for T-tau, P-tau, Aβ1–42, Ng, NFL, and GAP-43. Results No significant differences were seen in the CSF levels of Ng, GAP-43, and NFL between AD patients with high vs low levels of NPS (but almost significantly decreased for Ng in AD patients < 70 years with high NPS, p = 0.06). No significant associations between NPS and CSF biomarkers were seen in AD patients. In VaD (n = 17), negative correlations were found between GAP-43, Ng, NFL, and NPS. Conclusion Our results could suggest that low levels of Ng may be associated with higher severity of NPS early in the AD continuum (age < 70). Furthermore, our data may indicate a potential relationship between the presence of NPS and synaptic as well as axonal degeneration in the setting of VaD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bloniecki
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Center for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Patrizia Vannini
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hlin Kvartsberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry in Region Örebro County and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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45
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Clinical Utility of the Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228661. [PMID: 33212853 PMCID: PMC7698353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the Aβ cascade and alternations of biomarkers in neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury followed by Aβ have progressed. But the question is how to use the biomarkers. Here, we examine the evidence and pathogenic implications of protein interactions and the time order of alternation. After the deposition of Aβ, the change of tau, neurofilament light chain (NFL), and neurogranin (Ng) is the main alternation and connection to others. Neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury function is exhibited prior to the structural and metabolic changes in the brain following Aβ deposition. The time order of such biomarkers compared to the tau protein is not clear. Despite the close relationship between biomarkers and plaque Aβ deposition, several factors favor one or the other. There is an interaction between some proteins that can predict the brain amyloid burden. The Aβ cascade hypothesis could be the pathway, but not all subjects suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD) within a long follow-up, even with very elevated Aβ. The interaction of biomarkers and the time order of change require further research to identify the right subjects and right molecular target for precision medicine therapies.
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Fluid Candidate Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Precision Medicine Approach. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040221. [PMID: 33187336 PMCID: PMC7712586 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of dynamic pathophysiological mechanisms underpins highly heterogeneous phenotypes in the field of dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In such a faceted scenario, a biomarker-guided approach, through the implementation of specific fluid biomarkers individually reflecting distinct molecular pathways in the brain, may help establish a proper clinical diagnosis, even in its preclinical stages. Recently, ultrasensitive assays may detect different neurodegenerative mechanisms in blood earlier. ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides, phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NFL) measured in blood are gaining momentum as candidate biomarkers for AD. P-tau is currently the more convincing plasma biomarker for the diagnostic workup of AD. The clinical role of plasma Aβ peptides should be better elucidated with further studies that also compare the accuracy of the different ultrasensitive techniques. Blood NFL is promising as a proxy of neurodegeneration process tout court. Protein misfolding amplification assays can accurately detect α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thus representing advancement in the pathologic stratification of AD. In CSF, neurogranin and YKL-40 are further candidate biomarkers tracking synaptic disruption and neuroinflammation, which are additional key pathophysiological pathways related to AD genesis. Advanced statistical analysis using clinical scores and biomarker data to bring together individuals with AD from large heterogeneous cohorts into consistent clusters may promote the discovery of pathophysiological causes and detection of tailored treatments.
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Phan LMT, Hoang TX, Vo TAT, Kim JY, Lee SM, Cho WW, Kim YH, Choi SH, Cho S. Nanobiosensors for Non-Amyloidbeta-Tau Biomarkers as Advanced Reporters of Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E913. [PMID: 33171630 PMCID: PMC7695150 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging nanomaterials providing benefits in sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness are being widely investigated for biosensors in the application of Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Core biomarkers amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. In recent years, there has still been a shortage of sensors for non-Aβ-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers that serve as advanced reporters for the early diagnosis of AD, predict AD progression, and monitor the treatment response. Nanomaterial-based sensors measuring multiple non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers could improve the capacity of AD progression characterization and supervised treatment, facilitating the comprehensive management of AD. This is the first review to principally represent current nanobiosensors for non-Aβ-Tau biomarker and that strategically deliberates future perspectives on the merit of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers, in combination with Aβ and Tau, for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Thuy Anh Thu Vo
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Sang-Myung Lee
- Cantis Inc., Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-M.L.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Won Woo Cho
- Cantis Inc., Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-M.L.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea;
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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Vegh C, Stokes K, Ma D, Wear D, Cohen J, Ray SD, Pandey S. A Bird's-Eye View of the Multiple Biochemical Mechanisms that Propel Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Advances and Mechanistic Perspectives on How to Halt the Disease Progression Targeting Multiple Pathways. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:631-649. [PMID: 31127770 PMCID: PMC6598003 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons consume the highest amount of oxygen, depend on oxidative metabolism for energy, and survive for the lifetime of an individual. Therefore, neurons are vulnerable to death caused by oxidative-stress, accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional proteins and organelles. There is an exponential increase in the number of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) as the number of elderly increases exponentially. Development of AD pathology is a complex phenomenon characterized by neuronal death, accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and most importantly loss of memory and cognition. These pathologies are most likely caused by mechanisms including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction/stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and defective organelles due to impaired proteasome and autophagy mechanisms. Currently, there are no effective treatments to halt the progression of this disease. In order to treat this complex disease with multiple biochemical pathways involved, a complex treatment regimen targeting different mechanisms should be investigated. Furthermore, as AD is a progressive disease-causing morbidity over many years, any chemo-modulator for treatment must be used over long period of time. Therefore, treatments must be safe and non-interfering with other processes. Ideally, a treatment like medicinal food or a supplement that can be taken regularly without any side effect capable of reducing oxidative stress, stabilizing mitochondria, activating autophagy or proteasome, and increasing energy levels of neurons would be the best solution. This review summarizes progress in research on different mechanisms of AD development and some of the potential therapeutic development strategies targeting the aforementioned pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Vegh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Stokes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Wear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerome Cohen
- Department of Psychology University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidhartha D Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Siyaram Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Subramanian ML, Vig V, Chung J, Fiorello MG, Xia W, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Zetterberg M, Shareef F, Siegel NH, Ness S, Jun GR, Stein TD. Neurofilament light chain in the vitreous humor of the eye. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:111. [PMID: 32943089 PMCID: PMC7500015 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising biomarker of neurodegeneration in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. This study investigated the presence of NfL in the vitreous humor and its associations with amyloid beta, tau, inflammatory cytokines and vascular proteins, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, systemic disease, and ophthalmic diseases. METHODS This is a single-site, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study. Undiluted vitreous fluid (0.5-1.0 mL) was aspirated during vitrectomy, and whole blood was drawn for APOE genotyping. NfL, amyloid beta (Aβ), total Tau (t-Tau), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau181), inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and vascular proteins in the vitreous were quantitatively measured by immunoassay. The main outcome measures were the detection of NfL levels in the vitreous humor and its associations with the aforementioned proteins. Linear regression was used to test the associations of NfL with other proteins, APOE genotypes, MMSE scores, and ophthalmic and systemic diseases after adjustment for age, sex, education level, and other eye diseases. RESULTS NfL was detected in all 77 vitreous samples. NfL was not found to be associated with ophthalmic conditions, APOE genotypes, MMSE scores, or systemic disease (p > 0.05). NfL levels were positively associated with increased vitreous levels of Aβ40 (p = 7.7 × 10-5), Aβ42 (p = 2.8 × 10-4), and t-tau (p = 5.5 × 10-7), but not with p-tau181 (p = 0.53). NfL also had significant associations with inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15, p = 5.3 × 10-4), IL-16 (p = 2.2 × 10-4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1, p = 4.1 × 10-4), and vascular proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1, p = 2.9 × 10-6), Vegf-C (p = 8.6 × 10-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, p = 5.0 × 10-4), Tie-2 (p = 6.3 × 10-4), and intracellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1, p = 1.6 × 10-4). CONCLUSION NfL is detectable in the vitreous humor of the eye and significantly associated with amyloid beta, t-tau, and select inflammatory and vascular proteins in the vitreous. Additionally, NfL was not associated with patients' clinical eye condition. Our results serve as a foundation for further investigation of NfL in the ocular fluids to inform us about the potential utility of its presence in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju L Subramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Viha Vig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa G Fiorello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Farah Shareef
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole H Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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Protein Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease at Different Stages of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186749. [PMID: 32942527 PMCID: PMC7554800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mainly obtained from familial Alzheimer’s disease patients’ data, we know that some features of the neurodegenerative start several years before the appearance of clinical symptoms. In this brief review, we comment on some molecular and cellular markers appearing at different stages of the disease, before or once the clinical symptoms are evident. These markers are present in biological fluids or could be identified by image techniques. The combined use of molecular and cellular markers will be of interest to determine the development of the different phases of the disease.
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