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Akkaya PN, Miranda M, Almansa I, Elmas C, Trifunovic D, Hosseinzadeh Z, Sahaboglu A. PARP inhibition preserves cone photoreceptors in rd2 retina. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2025; 13:68. [PMID: 40170065 PMCID: PMC11963520 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-025-01982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025] Open
Abstract
The rd2 mouse model, characterized by a mutation in the Prph2 gene, exhibits abnormal development of photoreceptor outer segments, resulting in progressive retinal degeneration. While the correlation between poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) activity and the degeneration of rod photoreceptors is established in the rd2 model, the specific mechanism driving cone degeneration in this model remains unclear. Furthermore, it is yet to be determined whether inhibiting PARP activity can effectively impede the degeneration of cone photoreceptors in this context. We demonstrated that PARP inhibitors Olaparib, BMN-673, and 3-aminobenzamide (3AB), effectively reduced photoreceptor cell loss in the rd2 retina. Notably, rd2 retinas exhibited decreased cone density, but treatment with PARP inhibitors significantly protected cone photoreceptors. The PARP inhibitors, particularly BMN-673, demonstrated a significant protective effect as evidenced by increased rhodopsin expression within the outer segment and a concurrent decrease in Müller cell activity indicated by GFAP expression. The treatment also resulted in significant changes for markers of oxidative stress, such as glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Notably, the administration of PARP inhibitors also reduced CD9 expression (extracellular vesicle marker), which were significantly increased within the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the rd2 retinas. Among PARP inhibitors, BMN-673 demonstrated the highest efficacy in preserving photoreceptors, particularly benefiting cone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakize Nur Akkaya
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir, Türkiye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - María Miranda
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Almansa
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cigdem Elmas
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Dragana Trifunovic
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Ayse Sahaboglu
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Akhtar Z, Altaf S, Li Y, Bibi S, Shah J, Afshan K, Wang M, Hussain HMJ, Qureshi N, Chen R, Firasat S. Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity of a Pakistani Cohort of 15 Consanguineous Families Segregating Variants in Leber Congenital Amaurosis-Associated Genes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1646. [PMID: 39766915 PMCID: PMC11728111 DOI: 10.3390/genes15121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a congenital onset severe form of inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) and a common cause of pediatric blindness. Disease-causing variants in at least 14 genes are reported to predispose LCA phenotype. LCA is inherited as an autosomal recessive disease. It can be an isolated eye disorder or as part of a syndrome, such as Senior Loken or Joubert syndrome. Sequencing studies from consanguineous populations have proven useful for novel variants identification; thus, the present study aimed to explore the genetic heterogeneity of 15 consanguineous Pakistani families, each segregating a severe IRD phenotype using targeted next generation sequencing. METHODS This study enrolled 15 consanguineous families, each with multiple affected cases of retinal dystrophy phenotype. DNA was extracted from blood samples. Targeted panel sequencing of 344 known genes for IRDs was performed, followed by Sanger sequencing for segregation analysis. RESULTS Data analysis revealed a total of eight reported (c.316C>T and c.506G>A in RDH12; c.864dup and c.1012C>T in SPATA7, as well as c.1459T>C, c.1062_1068del, c.1495+1G>A, c.998G>A in the CRB1, LCA5, TULP1, and IFT140 genes, respectively) and four novel homozygous (c.720+1G>T in LCA5, c.196G>C in LRAT, c.620_625del in PRPH2, and c.3411_3414del in CRB1) variants segregating with disease phenotype in each respective family. Furthermore, a novel heterozygous variant of CRB1 gene, i.e., c.1935delC in compound heterozygous condition was found segregating with disease phenotype in one large family with multiple consanguinity loops. CONCLUSION Comprehensive molecular diagnosis of 15 consanguineous Pakistani families led to the identification of a total of 5 novel variants contributing to genetic heterogeneity of LCA-associated genes and helped to provide genetic counseling to the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, University Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Sumaira Altaf
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Sana Bibi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, University Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Jamal Shah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, University Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kiran Afshan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, University Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.L.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Nadeem Qureshi
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Sabika Firasat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, University Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (K.A.)
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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4
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Heath Jeffery RC, Thompson JA, Lo J, Chelva ES, Armstrong S, Pulido JS, Procopio R, Vincent AL, Bianco L, Battaglia Parodi M, Ziccardi L, Antonelli G, Barbano L, Marques JP, Geada S, Carvalho AL, Tang WC, Chan CM, Boon CJF, Hensman J, Chen TC, Lin CY, Chen PL, Vincent A, Tumber A, Heon E, Grigg JR, Jamieson RV, Cornish EE, Nash BM, Borooah S, Ayton LN, Britten-Jones AC, Edwards TL, Ruddle JB, Sharma A, Porter RG, Lamey TM, McLaren TL, McLenachan S, Roshandel D, Chen FK. Retinal Dystrophies Associated With Peripherin-2: Genetic Spectrum and Novel Clinical Observations in 241 Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:22. [PMID: 38743414 PMCID: PMC11098050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the clinical, electrophysiological and genetic spectrum of inherited retinal diseases associated with variants in the PRPH2 gene. Methods A total of 241 patients from 168 families across 15 sites in 9 countries with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PRPH2 were included. Records were reviewed for age at symptom onset, visual acuity, full-field ERG, fundus colour photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and SD-OCT. Images were graded into six phenotypes. Statistical analyses were performed to determine genotype-phenotype correlations. Results The median age at symptom onset was 40 years (range, 4-78 years). FAF phenotypes included normal (5%), butterfly pattern dystrophy, or vitelliform macular dystrophy (11%), central areolar choroidal dystrophy (28%), pseudo-Stargardt pattern dystrophy (41%), and retinitis pigmentosa (25%). Symptom onset was earlier in retinitis pigmentosa as compared with pseudo-Stargardt pattern dystrophy (34 vs 44 years; P = 0.004). The median visual acuity was 0.18 logMAR (interquartile range, 0-0.54 logMAR) and 0.18 logMAR (interquartile range 0-0.42 logMAR) in the right and left eyes, respectively. ERG showed a significantly reduced amplitude across all components (P < 0.001) and a peak time delay in the light-adapted 30-Hz flicker and single-flash b-wave (P < 0.001). Twenty-two variants were novel. The central areolar choroidal dystrophy phenotype was associated with 13 missense variants. The remaining variants showed marked phenotypic variability. Conclusions We described six distinct FAF phenotypes associated with variants in the PRPH2 gene. One FAF phenotype may have multiple ERG phenotypes, demonstrating a discordance between structure and function. Given the vast spectrum of PRPH2 disease our findings are useful for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C. Heath Jeffery
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Thompson
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johnny Lo
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Enid S. Chelva
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sean Armstrong
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jose S. Pulido
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Procopio
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrea L. Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, FMHS, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lorenzo Bianco
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - João P. Marques
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Geada
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Carvalho
- Medical Genetics Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Wei C. Tang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choi M. Chan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Hensman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anupreet Tumber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R. Grigg
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn V. Jamieson
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elisa E. Cornish
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Nash
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Genome Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lauren N. Ayton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis Ceecee Britten-Jones
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L. Edwards
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Ruddle
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Tina M. Lamey
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terri L. McLaren
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danial Roshandel
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K. Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Fernández-Caballero L, Martín-Merida I, Blanco-Kelly F, Avila-Fernandez A, Carreño E, Fernandez-San Jose P, Irigoyen C, Jimenez-Rolando B, Lopez-Grondona F, Mahillo I, Martin-Gutierrez MP, Minguez P, Perea-Romero I, Del Pozo-Valero M, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Rodilla C, Rodriguez-Peña L, Sánchez-Barbero AI, Swafiri ST, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Zurita O, García-Sandoval B, Corton M, Ayuso C. PRPH2-Related Retinal Dystrophies: Mutational Spectrum in 103 Families from a Spanish Cohort. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2913. [PMID: 38474159 PMCID: PMC10931554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PRPH2, one of the most frequently inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD)-causing genes, implies a high phenotypic variability. This study aims to analyze the PRPH2 mutational spectrum in one of the largest cohorts worldwide, and to describe novel pathogenic variants and genotype-phenotype correlations. A study of 220 patients from 103 families recruited from a database of 5000 families. A molecular diagnosis was performed using classical molecular approaches and next-generation sequencing. Common haplotypes were ascertained by analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We identified 56 variants, including 11 novel variants. Most of them were missense variants (64%) and were located in the D2-loop protein domain (77%). The most frequently occurring variants were p.Gly167Ser, p.Gly208Asp and p.Pro221_Cys222del. Haplotype analysis revealed a shared region in families carrying p.Leu41Pro or p.Pro221_Cys222del. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa presented an earlier disease onset. We describe the largest cohort of IRD families associated with PRPH2 from a single center. Most variants were located in the D2-loop domain, highlighting its importance in interacting with other proteins. Our work suggests a likely founder effect for the variants p.Leu41Pro and p.Pro221_Cys222del in our Spanish cohort. Phenotypes with a primary rod alteration presented more severe affectation. Finally, the high phenotypic variability in PRPH2 hinders the possibility of drawing genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Fernández-Caballero
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Merida
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Carreño
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (B.J.-R.); (M.P.M.-G.); (B.G.-S.)
| | - Patricia Fernandez-San Jose
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Irigoyen
- Ophthalmology Service, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Belen Jimenez-Rolando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (B.J.-R.); (M.P.M.-G.); (B.G.-S.)
| | - Fermina Lopez-Grondona
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Mahillo
- Department of Statistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Pilar Martin-Gutierrez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (B.J.-R.); (M.P.M.-G.); (B.G.-S.)
| | - Pablo Minguez
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Perea-Romero
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Del Pozo-Valero
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodilla
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidya Rodriguez-Peña
- Sección de Genética Medica, Servicio de Pediatría, HCU Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Sánchez-Barbero
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saoud T. Swafiri
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Trujillo-Tiebas
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Zurita
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca García-Sandoval
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (B.J.-R.); (M.P.M.-G.); (B.G.-S.)
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-C.); (I.M.-M.); (F.B.-K.); (A.A.-F.); (F.L.-G.); (P.M.); (C.R.); (A.I.S.-B.); (S.T.S.); (M.J.T.-T.); (O.Z.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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