1
|
Stack GM, Carlson CH, Toth JA, Philippe G, Crawford JL, Hansen JL, Viands DR, Rose JKC, Smart LB. Correlations among morphological and biochemical traits in high-cannabidiol hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e503. [PMID: 37347078 PMCID: PMC10280002 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is cultivated for multiple uses including the production of cannabinoids. In developing improved production systems for high-cannabinoid cultivars, scientists and cultivators must consider the optimization of complex and interacting sets of morphological, phenological, and biochemical traits, which have historically been shaped by natural and anthropogenic selection. Determining factors that modulate cannabinoid variation within and among genotypes is fundamental to developing efficient production systems and understanding the ecological significance of cannabinoids. Thirty-two high-cannabinoid hemp cultivars were characterized for traits including flowering date and shoot-tip cannabinoid concentration. Additionally, a set of plant architecture traits, as well as wet, dry, and stripped inflorescence biomass were measured at harvest. One plant per plot was partitioned post-harvest to quantify intra-plant variation in inflorescence biomass production and cannabinoid concentration. Some cultivars showed intra-plant variation in cannabinoid concentration, while many had a consistent concentration regardless of canopy position. There was both intra- and inter-cultivar variation in architecture that correlated with intra-plant distribution of inflorescence biomass, and concentration of cannabinoids sampled from various positions within a plant. These relationships among morphological and biochemical traits will inform future decisions by cultivators, regulators, and plant breeders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George M. Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Craig H. Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research, CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Jacob A. Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Glenn Philippe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jamie L. Crawford
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie L. Hansen
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Donald R. Viands
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Lawrence B. Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong SJ, Nam BE, Jeong HJ, Jang JY, Joo Y, Kim JG. Age-dependent resistance of a perennial herb, Aristolochia contorta against specialist and generalist leaf-chewing herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145363. [PMID: 37324666 PMCID: PMC10265686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to balance investments in growth and defense throughout their life to increase their fitness. To optimize fitness, levels of defense against herbivores in perennial plants may vary according to plant age and season. However, secondary plant metabolites often have a detrimental effect on generalist herbivores, while many specialists have developed resistance to them. Therefore, varying levels of defensive secondary metabolites depending on plant age and season may have different effects on the performance of specialist and generalist herbivores colonizing the same host plants. In this study, we analyzed concentrations of defensive secondary metabolites (aristolochic acids) and the nutritional value (C/N ratios) of 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd-year Aristolochia contorta in July (the middle of growing season) and September (the end of growing season). We further assessed their effects on the performances of the specialist herbivore Sericinus montela (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Leaves of 1st-year A. contorta contained significantly higher concentrations of aristolochic acids than those of older plants, with concentrations tending to decrease over the first-year season. Therefore, when first year leaves were fed in July, all larvae of S. exigua died and S. montela showed the lowest growth rate compared to older leaves fed in July. However, the nutritional quality of A. contorta leaves was lower in September than July irrespective of plant age, which was reflected in lower larval performance of both herbivores in September. These results suggest that A. contorta invests in the chemical defenses of leaves especially at a young age, while the low nutritional value of leaves seems to limit the performance of leaf-chewing herbivores at the end of the season, regardless of plant age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jong Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Jang
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparative Analysis of the Content of Sum of Hydroxycinnamic Acids from Leaves of Actinidia arguta Lindl. Collected in Ukraine and China. J CHEM-NY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2349713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Actinidia arguta Lindl. (A. arguta) are a promising raw material for pharmaceutical production. Actinidia is cultivated in Ukraine, and its homeland is China, so raw materials may have different origins. Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are one of the important biologically active substances of A. arguta leaves, which provide the pharmacological action of this raw material. The aim of the study was to identify and compare the quantitative content of HCAs in the leaves of A. arguta harvested in Ukraine and China in different phases of the growing season. Microscopic and phytochemical studies of the leaves of A. arguta are conducted. After histochemical reaction with the nitrite-molybdenum reagent, idioblast cells with НСАs in A. arguta leaves are stained on brick-red color. The amount of the sum of HCAs was determined by absorption UV-spectrophotometry in terms of rosmarinic acid at wavelength 505 nm after reaction with a nitrite-molybdenum reagent. It was found that the A. arguta leaves contain high levels of HCAs (to 2.69%). The highest HCAs level was recorded in July, which was decreased somewhat in August. Histochemical reactions for the detection of HCAs in fresh A. arguta leaves can be used to identify plants of the genus Actinidia Lindl., which are potential sources of HCAs. The content of HCAs is independent of the region of plant growth, but its quantity varies during the growing season. So, during July, the leaves can be collected from male plants, and during the end of August and start of September, leaves can be collected from both male and female plants. This indicates the prospect of using the leaves of A. arguta as a source of raw materials for pharmacy and medicine.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Li J, Chai X, Hu X, Li X, Kong W, Ma R. Development and Fecundity of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Various Concentrations of Amygdalin. INSECTS 2022; 13:974. [PMID: 36354798 PMCID: PMC9694010 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Oriental fruit moth (OFM), attacks fruits and shoots of the economically important trees in Rosaceae. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside of rosaceous plants that may be related to the seasonal patterns of infestation in many pests. The amygdalin concentration of fruits and shoots of peach, pear, and apple varies over the growing season. However, the relationship between the amygdalin concentration and G. molesta performance has not been reported. Here, we measured the performance (feeding, growth, development, and fecundity) of G. molesta larvae (as subsequent adults) reared on artificial diets with six amygdalin concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/g), and we then calculated the population parameters. We found that these different concentrations of amygdalin affected the developmental time and fecundity, except for the proportion of larvae feeding on the diet and the survival rates of larvae and pupae. When compared with the control diet without amygdalin, diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin shortened developmental times and increased the number of eggs laid by females; however, a diet with 12 mg/g (moderate concentration) of amygdalin only increased the number of eggs laid by females and did not affect the larval and pupal developmental rate. A diet with 48 mg/g (high concentration) of amygdalin prolonged developmental times and reduced the number of eggs laid by females when compared with the control diet without amygdalin. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) for insects reared on diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin versus the control diet without amygdalin showed a slightly improved population growth. However, this increase in the rm value did not persist over ten successive generations of rearing on the same diet. We concluded that the diet with 6 mg of amygdalin per g of diet can enhance the performance and population growth of G. molesta, but the effects of amygdalin are concentration-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaohan Chai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Medicinal uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and the molecular mechanisms of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) plant extracts: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
6
|
ACA pumps maintain leaf excitability during herbivore onslaught. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2517-2528.e6. [PMID: 35413240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent damage by lepidopteran folivores triggers repeated leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling. We found that the ability to propagate electrical signals-called slow wave potentials-was unexpectedly robust and was maintained in plants that had experienced severe damage. We sought genes that maintain tissue excitability during group insect attack. When Arabidopsis thaliana P-Type II Ca2+-ATPase mutants were mechanically wounded, all mutants tested displayed leaf-to-leaf electrical signals. However, when the auto-inhibited Ca2+-ATPase double-mutant aca10 aca12 was attacked by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, electrical signaling failed catastrophically, and the insects consumed these plants rapidly. The attacked double mutant displayed petiole base deformation and chlorosis, which spread acropetally into laminas and led to senescence. A phloem-feeding aphid recapitulated these effects, implicating the vasculature in electrical signaling failure. Consistent with this, ACA10 expressed in phloem companion cells in an aca10 aca12 background rescued electrical signaling and defense during protracted S. littoralis attack. When expressed in xylem contact cells, ACA10 partially rescued these phenotypes. Extending our analyses, we found that prolonged darkness also caused wound-response electrical signaling failure in aca10 aca12 mutants. Our results lead to a model in which the plant vasculature acts as a capacitor that discharges temporarily when leaves are subjected to energy-depleting stresses. Under these conditions, ACA10 and ACA12 function allows the restoration of vein cell membrane potentials. In the absence of these gene functions, vascular cell excitability can no longer be restored efficiently. Additionally, this work demonstrates that non-invasive electrophysiology is a powerful tool for probing early events underlying senescence.
Collapse
|
7
|
Who Cares More about Chemical Defenses - the Macroalgal Producer or Its Main Grazer? J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:416-430. [PMID: 35353298 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of defensive secondary metabolite concentrations and interspecific metabolite diversity on grazers have been extensively investigated. Grazers which prefer certain food sources are often found in high abundance on their host and as a result, understanding the interaction between the two is important to understand community structure. The effects of intraspecific diversity, however, on the grazer are not well understood. Within a single, localized geographic area, the Antarctic red seaweed Plocamium sp. produces 15 quantitatively and qualitatively distinct mixtures of halogenated monoterpenes ("chemogroups"). Plocamium sp. is strongly chemically defended which makes it unpalatable to most grazers, except for the amphipod Paradexamine fissicauda. We investigated differences in the feeding and growth rates of both Plocamium sp. and P. fissicauda, in addition to grazer reproductive output, in relation to different chemogroups. Some chemogroups significantly reduced the grazer's feeding rate compared to other chemogroups and a non-chemically defended control. The growth rate of Plocamium sp. did not differ between chemogroups and the growth rates of P. fissicauda also did not show clear patterns between the feeding treatments. Reproductive output, however, was significantly reduced for amphipods on a diet of algae possessing one of the chemogroups when compared to a non-chemically defended control. Hence, intraspecific chemodiversity benefits the producer since certain chemogroups are consumed at a slower rate and the grazer's reproductive output is reduced. Nevertheless, the benefits outweigh the costs to the grazer as it can still feed on its host and closely associates with the alga for protection from predation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Trujillo-Pahua V, Vargas-Ponce O, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Délano-Frier JP, Winkler R, Sánchez-Hernández CV. Metabolic response to larval herbivory in three Physalis species. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1962050. [PMID: 34435930 PMCID: PMC9208789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1962050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Physalis genus includes species of commercial importance due to their ornamental, edible and medicinal properties. These qualities stem from their variety of biologically active compounds. We performed a metabolomic analysis of three Physalis species, i.e., P. angulata, P. grisea, and P. philadelphica, differing in domestication stage and cultivation practices, to determine the degree of inter-species metabolite variation and to test the hypothesis that these related species mount a common metabolomic response to foliar damage caused by Trichoplusia ni larvae. The results indicated that the metabolomic differences detected in the leaves of these species were species-specific and remained even after T. ni herbivory. They also show that each Physalis species displayed a unique response to insect herbivory. This study highlighted the metabolite variation present in Physalis spp. and the persistence of this variability when faced with biotic stressors. Furthermore, it sets an experimental precedent from which highly species-specific metabolites could be identified and subsequently used for plant breeding programs designed to increase insect resistance in Physalis and related plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Trujillo-Pahua
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - José J. Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada-Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carla V. Sánchez-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Correction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1984521. [PMID: 34613886 PMCID: PMC9208773 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1984521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
|
10
|
Croy JR, Carvajal Acosta N, Mooney KA. Regulating plant herbivore defense pathways in the face of attacker diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2110-2112. [PMID: 34145901 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Croy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nalleli Carvajal Acosta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ogran A, Wasserstrom H, Barzilai M, Faraj T, Dai N, Carmi N, Barazani O. Water Deficiency and Induced Defense Against a Generalist Insect Herbivore in Desert and Mediterranean Populations of Eruca sativa. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:768-776. [PMID: 34185213 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In natural and agricultural ecosystems, plants are often simultaneously or sequentially exposed to combinations of stressors. Here we tested whether limited water availability (LWA) affects plant response to insect herbivory using two populations of Eruca sativa from desert and Mediterranean habitats that differ in their induced defenses. Considering that such differences evolved as responses to biotic and possibly abiotic stress factors, the two populations offered an opportunity to study ecological aspects in plant response to combined stresses. Analysis of chemical defense mechanisms showed that LWA significantly induced total glucosinolate concentrations in the Mediterranean plants, but their concentrations were reduced in the desert plants. However, LWA, with and without subsequent jasmonate elicitation, significantly induced the expression of proteinase inhibitor in the desert plants. Results of a no-choice feeding experiment showed that LWA significantly increased desert plant resistance to Spodoptera littoralis larvae, whereas it did not affect the relatively strong basal resistance of the Mediterranean plants. LWA and subsequent jasmonate elicitation increased resistance against the generalist insect in Mediterranean plants, possibly due to both increased proteinase inhibitor expression and glucosinolate accumulation. The effect of LWA on the expression of genes involved in phytohormone signaling, abscisic acid (ABA-1) and jasmonic acid (AOC1), and the jasmonate responsive PDF1.2, suggested the involvement of abscisic acid in the regulation of defense mechanisms in the two populations. Our results indicate that specific genotypic responses should be considered when estimating general patterns in plant response to herbivory under water deficiency conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ogran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Haggai Wasserstrom
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Michal Barzilai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Tomer Faraj
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Nir Dai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Nir Carmi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Oz Barazani
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL. UHPLC-QToF-MS characterization of bioactive metabolites from Quercus robur L. grown in South Africa for antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
13
|
Impact of herbivore preference on the benefit of plant trait variability. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe explore the hypothesis that intraspecific trait variability can beper sebeneficial for the plant when the curvature of the herbivore response to this trait is concave downwards. This hypothesis is based on a mathematical relation for nonlinear averaging (Jensen’s inequality), leading to reduced herbivory when the trait distribution becomes broader. Our study introduces and investigates a model for plants and their insect herbivores that includes an unequal distribution of nutrient content between leaves. In contrast to earlier publications, we take into account the ability of herbivores to choose leaves, and the associated costs of this preference behavior. By performing computer simulations and analytic calculations, we find that this herbivore preference can considerably alter the conclusion cited above. In particular, we demonstrate that herbivore populations that show preference for leaves on which they grow well can benefit from large nutrient-level variability independently of the curvature of the herbivore response function, despite the cost for preference.
Collapse
|
14
|
Infestation of Field Dodder ( Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) Promotes Changes in Host Dry Weight and Essential Oil Production in Two Aromatic Plants, Peppermint and Chamomile. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101286. [PMID: 33003291 PMCID: PMC7600651 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) are aromatic plants with considerable economic value. These plants and their essential oils are used in medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. One of the main limiting factors in peppermint and chamomile commercial cultivation is weed competition since weeds are able to decrease both oil amount and biomass yield. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of parasitism by field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on peppermint and chamomile dry weight and their essential oil yield and composition. Essential oils from both noninfested and infested peppermint and chamomile plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The amount of dry matter accumulated by peppermint and chamomile plants infested by field dodder was lower (25% and 63%, respectively) compared to noninfested plants. Essential oil yield increased for peppermint (3.87% (v/w) and 3.63% (v/w)), but decreased for chamomile (0.2% (v/w) and 0.5% (v/w)) both from infested and noninfested plants, respectively. The oil composition profile significantly differed in terms of content. In peppermint plants, field dodder infestation increased menthone content by 23%, and decreased the content of both menthol by 11% and pulegone by 67%. Furthermore, δ-cadinene was detected only in oil extracted from infested peppermint plants. Compared to peppermint, chamomile plants were significantly more affected by field dodder in terms of essential oil yield, as well as oil composition and plant dry weight. In chamomile plants, (E)-dendrolasin was detected in the oil of noninfested plants, and 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-azulen-2-ol was detected only in the oil of infested plants.
Collapse
|
15
|
Thiel T, Gaschler S, Mody K, Blüthgen N, Drossel B. Impact of plant defense level variability on specialist and generalist herbivores. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMost organisms are defended against others, and defenses such as secondary metabolites in plants vary across species, individuals, and subindividual organs. Plant leaves show an impressive variability in quantitative defense levels, even within the same individual. Such variation might mirror physiological constraints or represent an evolved trait. One important hypothesis for the prevalence of defense variability is that it reduces herbivory due to non-linear averaging (Jensen’s inequality). In this study, we explore the conditions under which this hypothesis is valid and how it depends on the degree of specialization of the herbivores. We thus distinguish between generalists, non-sequestering specialists, and sequestering specialists that are able to convert consumed plant defense into own defense against predators. We propose a plant-herbivore model that takes into account herbivore preference, predation pressure on the herbivores, and the three herbivore specialization strategies we consider. Our computer simulations reveal that defense level variability reduces herbivory by all three populations when nutrient concentration is strongly correlated with defense level. If the nutrient concentration is the same in all leaves, the plant benefits from high defense level variability only when the herbivores are specialists that show a considerable degree of preference for leaves on which they perform best.
Collapse
|
16
|
Iost Filho FH, Heldens WB, Kong Z, de Lange ES. Drones: Innovative Technology for Use in Precision Pest Management. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1-25. [PMID: 31811713 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod pest outbreaks are unpredictable and not uniformly distributed within fields. Early outbreak detection and treatment application are inherent to effective pest management, allowing management decisions to be implemented before pests are well-established and crop losses accrue. Pest monitoring is time-consuming and may be hampered by lack of reliable or cost-effective sampling techniques. Thus, we argue that an important research challenge associated with enhanced sustainability of pest management in modern agriculture is developing and promoting improved crop monitoring procedures. Biotic stress, such as herbivory by arthropod pests, elicits physiological defense responses in plants, leading to changes in leaf reflectance. Advanced imaging technologies can detect such changes, and can, therefore, be used as noninvasive crop monitoring methods. Furthermore, novel methods of treatment precision application are required. Both sensing and actuation technologies can be mounted on equipment moving through fields (e.g., irrigation equipment), on (un)manned driving vehicles, and on small drones. In this review, we focus specifically on use of small unmanned aerial robots, or small drones, in agricultural systems. Acquired and processed canopy reflectance data obtained with sensing drones could potentially be transmitted as a digital map to guide a second type of drone, actuation drones, to deliver solutions to the identified pest hotspots, such as precision releases of natural enemies and/or precision-sprays of pesticides. We emphasize how sustainable pest management in 21st-century agriculture will depend heavily on novel technologies, and how this trend will lead to a growing need for multi-disciplinary research collaborations between agronomists, ecologists, software programmers, and engineers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando H Iost Filho
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wieke B Heldens
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center, German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany
| | - Zhaodan Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Elvira S de Lange
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Influence of host plant on oligophagous and polyphagous aphids, and on their obligate symbiont titers. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Scopece G, Frachon L, Cozzolino S. Do native and invasive herbivores have an effect on Brassica rapa pollination? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:927-934. [PMID: 30884071 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic (e.g. pollination) and antagonistic (e.g. herbivory) plant-insect interactions shape levels of plant fitness and can have interactive effects. By using experimental plots of Brassica rapa plants infested with generalist (Mamestra brassicae) and specialised (Pieris brassicae) native herbivores and with a generalist invasive (Spodoptera littoralis) herbivore, we estimated both pollen movement among treatments and the visiting behaviour of honeybees versus other wild pollinators. Overall, we found that herbivory has weak effects on plant pollen export, either in terms of inter-treatment movements or of dispersion distance. Plants infested with the native specialised herbivore tend to export less pollen to other plants with the same treatment. Other wild pollinators preferentially visit non-infested plants that differ from those of honeybees, which showed no preferences. Honeybees and other wild pollinators also showed different behaviours on plants infested with different herbivores, with the former tending to avoid revisiting the same treatment and the latter showing no avoidance behaviour. When taking into account the whole pollinator community, i.e. the interactive effects of honeybees and other wild pollinators, we found an increased avoidance of plants infested by the native specialised herbivore and a decreased avoidance of plants infested by the invasive herbivore. Taken together, our results suggest that herbivory may have an effect on B. rapa pollination, but this effect depends on the relative abundance of honeybees and other wild pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Scopece
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
| | - L Frachon
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Visschers IGS, Peters JL, van de Vondervoort JAH, Hoogveld RHM, van Dam NM. Thrips Resistance Screening Is Coming of Age: Leaf Position and Ontogeny Are Important Determinants of Leaf-Based Resistance in Pepper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 31105720 PMCID: PMC6491929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum is a genus containing important crop species, many of which severely suffer from thrips infestation. Thrips feeding damages leaves and fruits, and often results in virus infections. Only a few insecticides are still effective against thrips, underlining the importance of finding natural resistance in crops. Capsicum is a perennial plant which is usually cultivated for several months, during which time the fruits are harvested. From the young vegetative stage to the mature fruit bearing stage, the plants are at risk to thrips infestation. Constitutive resistance to thrips over the entire ontogenetic development is therefore a key trait for a more sustainable and successful cultivation of the hot and sweet pepper. In addition to ontogeny, leaf position can affect the level of thrips resistance. Pest resistance levels are known to differ between young and old leaves. To our knowledge, no studies have explicitly considered ontogeny and leaf position when screening for constitutive resistance to thrips in Capsicum. In this study we analyze whether ontogeny and leaf position affect leaf-based resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci, in 40 Capsicum accessions, comprising five different species. Our results show that resistance to both thrips species in Capsicum varies with ontogenetic stage. This variation in resistance among ontogenetic stages was not consistent among the accessions. However, accessions with constitutive resistance in both the flowering and fruit ripening stage could be identified. In addition, we found that thrips resistance is overall similar at different leaf positions within the ontogenetic stage. This implies that resistance mechanisms, such as defense compounds, are constitutively present at sufficient levels on all leaf positions. Finally, we found that resistance to F. occidentalis and resistance to T. tabaci were not correlated. This indicates that leaf-based resistance in Capsicum is thrips species-specific. Because of the variation in resistance over ontogeny, identifying Capsicum accessions with resistance over their entire lifespan is challenging. For resistance screening, accounting for leaf position may be less of a concern. To identify the defense mechanisms responsible for thrips resistance, it is important to further analyze and compare resistant and susceptible accessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G. S. Visschers
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janny L. Peters
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joep A. H. van de Vondervoort
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rick H. M. Hoogveld
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiao L, Carrillo J, Siemann E, Ding J. Herbivore-specific induction of indirect and direct defensive responses in leaves and roots. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz003. [PMID: 30792834 PMCID: PMC6378760 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory can induce both general and specific responses in plants that modify direct and indirect defence against subsequent herbivory. The type of induction (local versus systemic induction, single versus multiple defence induction) likely depends both on herbivore identity and relationships among different responses. We examined the effects of two above-ground chewing herbivores (caterpillar, weevil) and one sucking herbivore (aphid) on indirect defence responses in leaves and direct defence responses in both leaves and roots of tallow tree, Triadica sebifera. We also included foliar applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA). We found that chewing herbivores and MeJA increased above-ground defence chemicals but SA only increased below-ground total flavonoids. Herbivory or MeJA increased above-ground indirect defence response (extrafloral nectar) but SA decreased it. Principal component analysis showed there was a trade-off between increasing total root phenolics and tannins (MeJA, chewing) versus latex and total root flavonoids (aphid, SA). For individual flavonoids, there was evidence for systemic induction (quercetin), trade-offs between compounds (quercetin versus kaempferitrin) and trade-offs between above-ground versus below-ground production (isoquercetin). Our results suggest that direct and indirect defence responses in leaves and roots depend on herbivore host range and specificity along with feeding mode. We detected relationships among some defence response types, while others were independent. Including multiple types of insects to examine defence inductions in leaves and roots may better elucidate the complexity and specificity of defence responses of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peters K, Worrich A, Weinhold A, Alka O, Balcke G, Birkemeyer C, Bruelheide H, Calf OW, Dietz S, Dührkop K, Gaquerel E, Heinig U, Kücklich M, Macel M, Müller C, Poeschl Y, Pohnert G, Ristok C, Rodríguez VM, Ruttkies C, Schuman M, Schweiger R, Shahaf N, Steinbeck C, Tortosa M, Treutler H, Ueberschaar N, Velasco P, Weiß BM, Widdig A, Neumann S, Dam NMV. Current Challenges in Plant Eco-Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1385. [PMID: 29734799 PMCID: PMC5983679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively new research discipline of Eco-Metabolomics is the application of metabolomics techniques to ecology with the aim to characterise biochemical interactions of organisms across different spatial and temporal scales. Metabolomics is an untargeted biochemical approach to measure many thousands of metabolites in different species, including plants and animals. Changes in metabolite concentrations can provide mechanistic evidence for biochemical processes that are relevant at ecological scales. These include physiological, phenotypic and morphological responses of plants and communities to environmental changes and also interactions with other organisms. Traditionally, research in biochemistry and ecology comes from two different directions and is performed at distinct spatiotemporal scales. Biochemical studies most often focus on intrinsic processes in individuals at physiological and cellular scales. Generally, they take a bottom-up approach scaling up cellular processes from spatiotemporally fine to coarser scales. Ecological studies usually focus on extrinsic processes acting upon organisms at population and community scales and typically study top-down and bottom-up processes in combination. Eco-Metabolomics is a transdisciplinary research discipline that links biochemistry and ecology and connects the distinct spatiotemporal scales. In this review, we focus on approaches to study chemical and biochemical interactions of plants at various ecological levels, mainly plant⁻organismal interactions, and discuss related examples from other domains. We present recent developments and highlight advancements in Eco-Metabolomics over the last decade from various angles. We further address the five key challenges: (1) complex experimental designs and large variation of metabolite profiles; (2) feature extraction; (3) metabolite identification; (4) statistical analyses; and (5) bioinformatics software tools and workflows. The presented solutions to these challenges will advance connecting the distinct spatiotemporal scales and bridging biochemistry and ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Peters
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anja Worrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Alka
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Balcke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Dietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Victor Manuel Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Christoph Ruttkies
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Meredith Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nir Shahaf
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Christoph Steinbeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Hendrik Treutler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Widdig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
- Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sampaio BL, Da Costa FB. Influence of abiotic environmental factors on the main constituents of the volatile oils of Tithonia diversifolia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
23
|
Intraspecific Variation in Nutritional Composition Affects the Leaf Age Preferences of a Mammalian Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2017; 44:62-71. [PMID: 29209932 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists have long been interested in how the nutritional composition of leaves changes as they age, and whether this affects herbivore feeding preferences. As a consequence, the literature abounds with reports that younger leaves contain higher concentrations of nitrogen and plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) than do older leaves. Most of these studies, however, base their conclusions on average values that often mean little to herbivores. We examined this issue in the well-studied marsupial-eucalypt system, using Eucalyptus melliodora and captive common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) offered branches from individual trees containing both young and mature leaves. Like many plants, the concentrations of N and PSMs differed among individual E. melliodora. Although young leaves were, on average, "better defended" by the PSM sideroxylonal than were mature leaves, some trees produced leaves that were relatively undefended at both ages. In response, possums chose different proportions of young and mature leaves depending on the chemistry of the individual tree. Possums did not always prefer leaves with lower concentrations of sideroxylonal (mature leaves) or those with higher concentrations of available N (young leaves). Instead, the sideroxylonal concentration of young leaves dictated their choice: possums preferred young leaves with low sideroxylonal concentrations, but not with high concentrations. By skewing their feeding toward trees producing young leaves with low concentrations of PSMs, possums may influence plant fitness. Researchers will detect these potentially important interactions only if they are aware that measuring variation among plants discloses more information than do average relationships.
Collapse
|
24
|
Selaković S, Vujić V, Stanisavljević N, Jovanović Ž, Radović S, Cvetković D. Ontogenetic stage, plant vigor and sex mediate herbivory loads in a dioecious understory herb. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
25
|
Guo YM, Samans B, Chen S, Kibret KB, Hatzig S, Turner NC, Nelson MN, Cowling WA, Snowdon RJ. Drought-Tolerant Brassica rapa Shows Rapid Expression of Gene Networks for General Stress Responses and Programmed Cell Death Under Simulated Drought Stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2017; 35:416-430. [PMID: 28751801 PMCID: PMC5504209 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-017-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus) is increasingly threatened by dry conditions while the demand for vegetable oil is increasing. Brassica rapa is a genetically diverse ancestor of B. napus, and is readily crossed with B. napus. Recently, we reported promising levels of drought tolerance in a wild type of B. rapa which could be a source of drought tolerance for B. napus. We analysed global gene expression by messenger RNA sequencing in seedlings of the drought-tolerant and a drought-sensitive genotype of B. rapa under simulated drought stress and control conditions. A subset of stress-response genes were validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis revealed major differences between the two genotypes in the mode and onset of stress responses in the first 12 h of treatment. Drought-tolerant plants reacted uniquely and rapidly by upregulating genes associated with jasmonic acid and salicylic acid metabolism, as well as genes known to cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and induction of programmed cell death. Conversely, active responses in drought-sensitive plants were delayed until 8 or 12 h after stress application. The results may help to identify biomarkers for selection of breeding materials with potentially improved drought tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ming Guo
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Birgit Samans
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sheng Chen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Kidist B. Kibret
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hatzig
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Neil C. Turner
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Matthew N. Nelson
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
| | - Wallace A. Cowling
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Rod J. Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sampaio BL, Edrada-Ebel R, Da Costa FB. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29265. [PMID: 27383265 PMCID: PMC4935878 DOI: 10.1038/srep29265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tithonia diversifolia is an invasive weed commonly found in tropical ecosystems. In this work, we investigate the influence of different abiotic environmental factors on the plant's metabolite profile by multivariate statistical analyses of spectral data deduced by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-HRMS and NMR methods. Different plant part samples of T. diversifolia which included leaves, stems, roots, and inflorescences were collected from two Brazilian states throughout a 24-month period, along with the corresponding monthly environmental data. A metabolomic approach employing concatenated LC-MS and NMR data was utilised for the first time to study the relationships between environment and plant metabolism. A seasonal pattern was observed for the occurrence of metabolites that included sugars, sesquiterpenes lactones and phenolics in the leaf and stem parts, which can be correlated to the amount of rainfall and changes in temperature. The distribution of the metabolites in the inflorescence and root parts were mainly affected by variation of some soil nutrients such as Ca, Mg, P, K and Cu. We highlight the environment-metabolism relationship for T. diversifolia and the combined analytical approach to obtain reliable data that contributed to a holistic understanding of the influence of abiotic environmental factors on the production of metabolites in various plant parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Sampaio
- AsterBioChem Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde. 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde. 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Batista Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Rijk M, Krijn M, Jenniskens W, Engel B, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Flexible parasitoid behaviour overcomes constraint resulting from position of host and nonhost herbivores. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
28
|
Aphid-deprivation from Brassica plants results in increased isothiocyanate release and parasitoid attraction. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
29
|
Riach AC, Perera MVL, Florance HV, Penfield SD, Hill JK. Analysis of plant leaf metabolites reveals no common response to insect herbivory by Pieris rapae in three related host-plant species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2547-56. [PMID: 25711707 PMCID: PMC4986865 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Studying the biochemical responses of different plant species to insect herbivory may help improve our understanding of the evolution of defensive metabolites found in host plants and their role in plant-herbivore interactions. Untargeted metabolic fingerprints measured as individual mass features were used to compare metabolite reactions in three Brassicales host-plant species (Cleome spinosa, Brassica oleracea, and Lunaria annua) to larval herbivore attack (Pieris rapae; Lepidoptera). Principal component analyses of metabolic fingerprints were able to distinguish among the three plant species and between uneaten control plants and plants that had been eaten. A large number of mass features (1186, 13% of mass features measured in control plants) were common to the three plant species. However, there were few similarities in the mass features that were induced (i.e. changed in abundance) following herbivory. Of the 87 and 68 induced mass features in B. oleracea and C. spinosa, respectively, there were only three that were induced in both plant species. By contrast, L. annua only had one mass feature induced by herbivory, and this was not induced in the other two plant species. The growth of the P. rapae larvae was poorer on the host plant L. annua than on B. oleracea and C. spinosa. The absence of common metabolites among the plants meant these induced responses could not be related to the performance of the herbivore. Thus, the response to herbivory by the same herbivore in these three host plants has evolved to be idiosyncratic in terms of the specific metabolites induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Riach
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M V L Perera
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - H V Florance
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S D Penfield
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Badenes-Perez FR, Gershenzon J, Heckel DG. Insect attraction versus plant defense: young leaves high in glucosinolates stimulate oviposition by a specialist herbivore despite poor larval survival due to high saponin content. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95766. [PMID: 24752069 PMCID: PMC3994119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in plant defense. For insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), glucosinolates act as "fingerprints" that are essential in host plant recognition. Some plants in the genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) contain, besides glucosinolates, saponins that act as feeding deterrents for P. xylostella larvae, preventing their survival on the plant. Two-choice oviposition tests were conducted to study the preference of P. xylostella among Barbarea leaves of different size within the same plant. P. xylostella laid more eggs per leaf area on younger leaves compared to older ones. Higher concentrations of glucosinolates and saponins were found in younger leaves than in older ones. In 4-week-old plants, saponins were present in true leaves, while cotyledons contained little or no saponins. When analyzing the whole foliage of the plant, the content of glucosinolates and saponins also varied significantly in comparisons among plants that were 4, 8, and 12 weeks old. In Barbarea plants and leaves of different ages, there was a positive correlation between glucosinolate and saponin levels. This research shows that, in Barbarea plants, ontogenetical changes in glucosinolate and saponin content affect both attraction and resistance to P. xylostella. Co-occurrence of a high content of glucosinolates and saponins in the Barbarea leaves that are most valuable for the plant, but are also the most attractive to P. xylostella, provides protection against this specialist herbivore, which oviposition behavior on Barbarea seems to be an evolutionary mistake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Badenes-Perez
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bauerfeind SS, Fischer K. Targeting the right trait: The relative suitability of a host plant depends on the herbivore trait considered and ambient temperature. Basic Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Moreira X, Lundborg L, Zas R, Carrillo-Gavilán A, Borg-Karlson AK, Sampedro L. Inducibility of chemical defences by two chewing insect herbivores in pine trees is specific to targeted plant tissue, particular herbivore and defensive trait. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:113-22. [PMID: 23768645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that plants can react to biotic aggressions with highly specific responses. However, few studies have attempted to jointly investigate whether the induction of plant defences is specific to a targeted plant tissue, plant species, herbivore identity, and defensive trait. Here we studied those factors contributing to the specificity of induced defensive responses in two economically important pine species against two chewing insect pest herbivores. Juvenile trees of Pinus pinaster and P. radiata were exposed to herbivory by two major pest threats, the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (a bark-feeder) and the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa (a folivore). We quantified in two tissues (stem and needles) the constitutive (control plants) and herbivore-induced concentrations of total polyphenolics, volatile and non-volatile resin, as well as the profile of mono- and sesquiterpenes. Stem chewing by the pine weevil increased concentrations of non-volatile resin, volatile monoterpenes, and (marginally) polyphenolics in stem tissues. Weevil feeding also increased the concentration of non-volatile resin and decreased polyphenolics in the needle tissues. Folivory by the caterpillar had no major effects on needle defensive chemistry, but a strong increase in the concentration of polyphenolics in the stem. Interestingly, we found similar patterns for all these above-reported effects in both pine species. These results offer convincing evidence that induced defences are highly specific and may vary depending on the targeted plant tissue, the insect herbivore causing the damage and the considered defensive compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta M, Moreno DA, Carvajal M. The physiological importance of glucosinolates on plant response to abiotic stress in Brassica. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11607-25. [PMID: 23722664 PMCID: PMC3709749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates, a class of secondary metabolites, mainly found in Brassicaceae, are affected by the changing environment. This review is focusing on the physiological significance of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in the plant response to different abiotic stresses. Special attention is paid to the crosstalk between some of the physiological processes involved in stress response and glucosinolate metabolism, with the resulting connection between both pathways in which signaling mechanisms glucosinolate may act as signals themselves. The function of glucosinolates, further than in defense switching, is discussed in terms of alleviating pathogen attack under abiotic stress. The fact that the exogenous addition of glucosinolate hydrolysis products may alleviate certain stress conditions through its effect on specific proteins is described in light of the recent reports, but the molecular mechanisms involved in this response merit further research. Finally, the transient allocation and re-distribution of glucosinolates as a response to environmental changes is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta
- Plant Nutrition Department, Centre of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus of Espinardo, Building 25, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Phytochemistry Lab, Food Science and Technology Department, Centre of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus of Espinardo, Building 25, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Plant Nutrition Department, Centre of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus of Espinardo, Building 25, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Klaiber J, Dorn S, Najar-Rodriguez AJ. Acclimation to elevated CO2 increases constitutive glucosinolate levels of Brassica plants and affects the performance of specialized herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:653-65. [PMID: 23609163 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants growing under elevated CO2 concentration may acclimate by modifying chemical traits. Most studies have focused on the effects of environmental change on plant growth and productivity. Potential effects on chemical traits involved in resistance, and the consequences of such effects on plant-insect interactions, have been largely neglected. Here, we evaluated the performance of two Brassica specialist herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds, the leaf-feeding Pieris brassicae and the phloem-feeding Brevicoryne brassicae, in response to potential CO2-mediated changes in primary and major secondary metabolites (glucosinolates) in Brassica oleracea. Plants were exposed to either ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (800 ppm) CO2 concentrations for 2, 6, or 10 weeks. Elevated CO2 did not affect primary metabolites, but significantly increased glucosinolate content. The performance of both herbivores was significantly reduced under elevated CO2 suggesting that CO2-mediated increases in constitutive defense chemistry could benefit plants. However, plants with up-regulated defenses could also be subjected to intensified herbivory by some specialized herbivores, due to a chemically-mediated phagostimulatory effect, as documented here for P. brassicae larvae. Our results highlight the importance of understanding acclimation and responses of plants to the predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the concomitant effects of these responses on the chemically-mediated interactions between plants and specialized herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Klaiber
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|