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Krasnova OA, Minaychev VV, Akatov VS, Fadeev RS, Senotov AS, Kobyakova MI, Lomovskaya YV, Lomovskiy AI, Zvyagina AI, Krasnov KS, Shatalin YV, Penkov NV, Zhalimov VK, Molchanov MV, Palikova YA, Murashev AN, Maevsky EI, Fadeeva IS. Improving the Stability and Effectiveness of Immunotropic Squalene Nanoemulsion by Adding Turpentine Oil. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1053. [PMID: 37509089 PMCID: PMC10377128 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Turpentine oil, owing to the presence of 7-50 terpenes, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and antitumor properties, which are important for medical emulsion preparation. The addition of turpentine oil to squalene emulsions can increase their effectiveness, thereby reducing the concentration of expensive and possibly deficient squalene, and increasing its stability and shelf life. In this study, squalene emulsions were obtained by adding various concentrations of turpentine oil via high-pressure homogenization, and the safety and effectiveness of the obtained emulsions were studied in vitro and in vivo. All emulsions showed high safety profiles, regardless of the concentration of turpentine oil used. However, these emulsions exhibited dose-dependent effects in terms of both efficiency and storage stability, and the squalene emulsion with 1.0% turpentine oil had the most pronounced adjuvant and cytokine-stimulating activity as well as the most pronounced stability indicators when stored at room temperature. Thus, it can be concluded that the squalene emulsion with 1% turpentine oil is a stable, monomodal, and reliably safe ultradispersed emulsion and may have pleiotropic effects with pronounced immunopotentiating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Krasnova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Minaychev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Akatov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Roman S Fadeev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Anatoly S Senotov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Margarita I Kobyakova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Yana V Lomovskaya
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey I Lomovskiy
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Alyona I Zvyagina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Kirill S Krasnov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Yuriy V Shatalin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Nikita V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Vitaly K Zhalimov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Maxim V Molchanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Palikova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Eugeny I Maevsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Irina S Fadeeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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Szabados M, Csákó Z, Kotlík B, Kazmarová H, Kozajda A, Jutraz A, Kukec A, Otorepec P, Dongiovanni A, Di Maggio A, Fraire S, Szigeti T. Indoor air quality and the associated health risk in primary school buildings in Central Europe - The InAirQ study. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:989-1003. [PMID: 33615561 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indoor air quality (IAQ) was investigated in sixty-four primary school buildings in five Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Slovenia). The concentration of volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, PM2.5 mass, carbon dioxide, radon, as well as physical parameters were investigated during the heating period of 2017/2018. Significant differences were identified for the majority of the investigated IAQ parameters across the countries. The median indoor/outdoor ratios varied considerably. A comprehensive evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential health effects and comfort perception was performed. Hazard quotient values were below the threshold value of 1 with one exception. In contrast, 31% of the school buildings were characterized by hazard index values higher than 1. The maximum cumulative ratio approach highlighted that the concern for non-carcinogenic health effects was either low or the health risk was driven by more substances. The median excess lifetime cancer risk values exceeded the acceptable value of 1 × 10-6 in the case of radon and formaldehyde. PM2.5 mass concentration values exceeded the 24 h and annual guideline values set by the World Health Organization in 56 and 85% of the cases, respectively. About 80% of the schools could not manage to comply with the recommended concentration value for carbon dioxide (1000 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsófia Csákó
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bohumil Kotlík
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Kozajda
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anja Jutraz
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Kukec
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Otorepec
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Fromme H, Debiak M, Sagunski H, Röhl C, Kraft M, Kolossa-Gehring M. The German approach to regulate indoor air contaminants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:347-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mandin C, Trantallidi M, Cattaneo A, Canha N, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Spinazzè A, Fossati S, De Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Hänninen O, De Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Wolkoff P, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:169-178. [PMID: 27866741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The European project OFFICAIR aimed to broaden the existing knowledge regarding indoor air quality (IAQ) in modern office buildings, i.e., recently built or refurbished buildings. Thirty-seven office buildings participated in the summer campaign (2012), and thirty-five participated in the winter campaign (2012-2013). Four rooms were investigated per building. The target pollutants were twelve volatile organic compounds, seven aldehydes, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5). Compared to other studies in office buildings, the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations were lower in OFFICAIR buildings, while the α-pinene and d-limonene concentrations were higher, and the aldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 concentrations were of the same order of magnitude. When comparing summer and winter, significantly higher concentrations were measured in summer for formaldehyde and ozone, and in winter for benzene, α-pinene, d-limonene, and nitrogen dioxide. The terpene and 2-ethylhexanol concentrations showed heterogeneity within buildings regardless of the season. Considering the average of the summer and winter concentrations, the acetaldehyde and hexanal concentrations tended to increase by 4-5% on average with every floor level increase, and the nitrogen dioxide concentration tended to decrease by 3% on average with every floor level increase. A preliminary evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential irritative and respiratory health effects was performed. The 5-day median and maximum indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde and ozone did not exceed their respective WHO air quality guidelines, and those of acrolein, α-pinene, and d-limonene were lower than their estimated thresholds for irritative and respiratory effects. PM2.5 indoor concentrations were higher than the 24-h and annual WHO ambient air quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | | | | | - Nuno Canha
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | | | - Rosanna Mabilia
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yvonne De Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Otto Hänninen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Azuma K, Uchiyama I, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. Assessment of inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants: Screening for health risks of multiple pollutants in Japanese dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:39-49. [PMID: 26618504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, multiple low level indoor pollutants have been found in domestic dwellings. The types and concentrations of these indoor pollutants have not been consistent over time and have changed with alterations in lifestyle, the development of novel products used in housing, and the development of new measurement technologies. To clarify the highest risk pollutants for which health risks should be reduced, we conducted a health risk assessment of 49 indoor air pollutants measured in 602 houses during winter and summer from 2012 to 2014. Inhalation reference concentrations were determined, and the margins of exposure were estimated for each indoor pollutant from measured indoor air concentrations. Health risks due to ammonia and acidic gases, including formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen chloride, were also assessed. Overall, during both winter and summer, the highest risk pollutants were acrolein, nitrogen dioxide, benzene, formic acid, and hydrogen chloride. The health risks of propanal, acetaldehyde, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were also high. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested an independent principal component for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The primary source of exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan is an indoor household insect repellent. The improvement of individual lifestyle and housing may be appropriate targets for reducing the risk associated with this compound. The provision of further information on the risk to consumers and promotion of changes in consumer consciousness are needed. PCA suggested that the health risks of indoor air pollutants are amalgamated into similar chemical families, such as aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, or acetic esters. Our results suggest that health-based guidelines or source control measures, based on these chemical families and similar health endpoints, are appropriate for reducing total health risk due to multiple low level indoor pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; Sick-house Medical Science Laboratory, Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5, Tanakamonzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan.
| | - Iwao Uchiyama
- Sick-house Medical Science Laboratory, Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5, Tanakamonzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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KAGI N, YOSHINO H, HASEGAWA K, YANAGI U, AZUMA K, OSAWA H. FIELD INVESTIGATION ON INDOOR CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN TEMPORARY HOUSES IN SENDAI CITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3130/aije.81.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schmidt L, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Göen T, Fromme H. Monocyclic and bicyclic monoterpenes in air of German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children, the LUPE 3 study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:86-93. [PMID: 26115535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the assumed association between indoor air pollution with monoterpenes (MTps) and the internal MTp exposure of occupants, a comparative study was performed in daycare centers in two federal states of Germany. Three well-known monoterpenoid air pollutants, viz. α-pinene (αPN), Δ(3)-carene (CRN), and R-limonene (LMN), were measured in indoor air in 45 daycare centers. Additionally, urine samples of 222 children visiting these facilities were collected in the evening after a full-day stay. Altogether 11 MTp metabolites were analyzed in the urine samples using a novel highly sensitive and selective gas chromatographic-tandem-mass spectrometric procedure. The medians (95th percentiles) of the MTp levels in indoor air were 9.1 μg m(-3) (94 μg m(-3)) for LMN, 2.6 μg m(-3) (13 μg m(-3)) for αPN, and <1.0 μg m(-3) (3.2 μg m(-3)) for CRN. None of the day care centers exceeded the German health precaution or hazard guide value. In spite of the low MTp air exposure, the urine analyses revealed an exposure to the three monoterpenes in almost all children. The median levels of MTp metabolites in urine were 0.11 mg L(-1) for LMN-8,9-OH, 0.10 mg L(-1) for LMN-1,2-OH, 49 μg L(-1) for PA, 2.9 μg L(-1) for POH, 5.2 μg L(-1) for tCAR, and 4.1 μg L(-1) for cCAR (LMN metabolites), 7.2 μg L(-1) for MYR, 19 μg L(-1) for tVER, and 19 μg L(-1) for cVER (αPN metabolites), as well as 8.2 μg L(-1) for CRN-10-COOH (CRN metabolite). Statistically significant and strong correlations among the urinary metabolites of each MTp were found. Moreover, statistical associations between LMN metabolites and the LMN indoor air levels were revealed. However, the weakness of the associations indicates a considerable impact of other MTp sources, e.g. diet and consumer products, on the internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schmidt
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahrz
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kraft
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Leibnizstr. 10, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hermann Fromme
- Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstr. 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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Salthammer T. Critical evaluation of approaches in setting indoor air quality guidelines and reference values. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1507-1517. [PMID: 21134690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The importance of good indoor air quality for the health of the individual was recognized as long as 150 years ago and that period also saw recommendations, which essentially related to questions of ventilation and carbon dioxide. The first evaluation standards for organic and inorganic substances were laid down in the 1970s, often on an empirical basis. It was in the mid-1980s of the 20th century that a shift occurred towards systematically evaluating the results of indoor air measurements, carrying out representative environmental surveys and deriving guideline values and reference values on the basis of toxicological, epidemiological and statistical criteria. Generally speaking the indoor environment is an area which can only be assessed with difficulty since its occupants are in most cases exposed to mixtures of substances and there can be great local and temporal variations in the substance spectrum. Data are available today for a large number of substances and this makes it possible, with the aid of statistically derived reference values and toxicologically based guideline values, to make useful recommendations regarding good indoor air quality. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to evaluate reactive compounds and reaction products. What is disadvantageous, however, is the fact that different guideline values may be published for one and the same substance, whose justification and area of application are often not transparent. A guideline or reference value can only be regarded as rational when necessary and when a strategy for its verification is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany.
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