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Thirumalasetty SR, Schubert T, Naumann R, Reichardt I, Rohm ML, Landgraf D, Gembardt F, Peitzsch M, Hartmann MF, Sarov M, Wudy SA, Reisch N, Huebner A, Koehler K. A Humanized and Viable Animal Model for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia- CYP21A2-R484Q Mutant Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5062. [PMID: 38791102 PMCID: PMC11120801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder impairing cortisol synthesis due to reduced enzymatic activity. This leads to persistent adrenocortical overstimulation and the accumulation of precursors before the blocked enzymatic step. The predominant form of CAH arises from mutations in CYP21A2, causing 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD). Despite emerging treatment options for CAH, it is not always possible to physiologically replace cortisol levels and counteract hyperandrogenism. Moreover, there is a notable absence of an effective in vivo model for pre-clinical testing. In this work, we developed an animal model for CAH with the clinically relevant point mutation p.R484Q in the previously humanized CYP21A2 mouse strain. Mutant mice showed hyperplastic adrenals and exhibited reduced levels of corticosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone and an increase in progesterone. Female mutants presented with higher aldosterone concentrations, but blood pressure remained similar between wildtype and mutant mice in both sexes. Male mutant mice have normal fertility with a typical testicular appearance, whereas female mutants are infertile, exhibit an abnormal ovarian structure, and remain in a consistent diestrus phase. Conclusively, we show that the animal model has the potential to contribute to testing new treatment options and to prevent comorbidities that result from hormone-related derangements and treatment-related side effects in CAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamini Ramkumar Thirumalasetty
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Tina Schubert
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Genome Engineering Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (I.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie-Luise Rohm
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Dana Landgraf
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Klinik III, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Michaela F. Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.H.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Mihail Sarov
- Genome Engineering Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (I.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan A. Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.H.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum München, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Angela Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Katrin Koehler
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.R.T.); (T.S.); (M.-L.R.); (D.L.); (A.H.)
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Chen SC, Zhou XY, Li SY, Zhao MM, Huang HF, Jia J, Xu CM. Carrier burden of over 300 diseases in Han Chinese identified by expanded carrier testing of 300 couples using assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2157-2173. [PMID: 37450097 PMCID: PMC10440320 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanded carrier screening (ECS) has become a common practice for identifying carriers of monogenic diseases. However, existing large gene panels are not well-tailored to Chinese populations. In this study, ECS testing for pathogenic variants of both single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) in 330 genes implicated in 342 autosomal recessive (AR) or X-linked diseases was carried out. We assessed the differences in allele frequencies specific to the Chinese population who have used assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the important genes to screen for in this population. METHODOLOGY A total of 300 heterosexual couples were screened by our ECS panel using next-generation sequencing. A customed bioinformatic algorithm was used to analyze SNVs and CNVs. Guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology were adapted for variant interpretation. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) SNVs located in high homology regions/deletions and duplications of one or more exons in length were independently verified with other methods. RESULTS 64.83% of the patients were identified to be carriers of at least one of 342 hereditary conditions. We identified 622 P/LP variants, 4.18% of which were flagged as CNVs. The rate of at-risk couples was 3%. A total of 149 AR diseases accounted for 64.05% of the cumulative carrier rate, and 48 diseases had a carrier rate above 1/200 in the test. CONCLUSION An expanded screening of inherited diseases by incorporating different variant types, especially CNVs, has the potential to reduce the occurrence of severe monogenic diseases in the offspring of patients using ART in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Chang Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuan-You Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ming-Min Zhao
- Fujungenetics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 70 of Tongchuan Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU056), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Fujungenetics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 70 of Tongchuan Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China.
| | - Chen-Ming Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China.
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Schubert T, Reisch N, Naumann R, Reichardt I, Landgraf D, Quitter F, Thirumalasetty SR, Heninger AK, Sarov M, Peitzsch M, Huebner A, Koehler K. CYP21A2 gene expression in a humanized 21-hydroxylase mouse model does not affect adrenocortical morphology and function. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac062. [PMID: 35592511 PMCID: PMC9113096 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is an enzyme of the steroid pathway that is involved in the biosynthesis of cortisol and aldosterone by hydroxylation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone at the C21 position. Mutations in CYP21A2, the gene encoding 21-hydroxylase, cause the most frequent form of the autosomal recessive disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). In this study, we generated a humanized 21-hydroxylase mouse model as the first step to the generation of mutant mice with different CAH-causing mutations. We replaced the mouse Cyp21a1 gene with the human CYP21A2 gene using homologous recombination in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The aim of this study was to characterize the new humanized mouse model. All results described are related to the homozygous animals in comparison with wild-type mice. We show analogous expression patterns of human 21-hydroxylase by the murine promoter and regulatory elements in comparison to murine 21-hydroxylase in wild-type animals. As expected, no Cyp21a1 transcript was detected in homozygous CYP21A2 adrenal glands. Alterations in adrenal gene expression were observed for Cyp11a1, Star, and Cyb11b1. These differences, however, were not pathological. Outward appearance, viability, growth, and fertility were not affected in the humanized CYP21A2 mice. Plasma steroid levels of corticosterone and aldosterone showed no pathological reduction. In addition, adrenal gland morphology and zonation were similar in both the humanized and the wild-type mice. In conclusion, humanized homozygous CYP21A2 mice developed normally and showed no differences in histological analyses, no reduction in adrenal and gonadal gene expression, or in plasma steroids in comparison with wild-type littermates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schubert
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Genome Engineering Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Landgraf
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friederike Quitter
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shamini Ramkumar Thirumalasetty
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Heninger
- Genome Engineering Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCC) Dresden, Medical Systems Biology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mihail Sarov
- Genome Engineering Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Huebner
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Koehler
- Children’s Hospital, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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EMQN best practice guidelines for molecular genetic testing and reporting of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1341-1367. [PMID: 32616876 PMCID: PMC7609334 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic testing for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is offered worldwide and is of importance for differential diagnosis, carrier detection and adequate genetic counseling, particularly for family planning. In 2008 the European Molecular Genetics Quality Network (EMQN) for the first time offered a European-wide external quality assessment scheme for CAH (due to 21-OH deficiency). The interest was great and over the last years at about 60 laboratories from Europe, USA and Australia regularly participated in that scheme. These best practice guidelines were drafted on the basis of the extensive knowledge and experience got from those annually organized CAH-schemes. In order to obtain the widest possible consultation with practicing laboratories the draft was therefore circulated twice by EMQN to all laboratories participating in the EQA-scheme for CAH genotyping and was updated by that input. The present guidelines address quality requirements for diagnostic molecular genetic laboratories, as well as criteria for CYP21A2 genotyping (including carrier-testing and prenatal diagnosis). A key aspect of that article is the use of appropriate methodologies (e.g., sequencing methods, MLPA (multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification), mutation specific assays) and respective limitations and analytical accuracy. Moreover, these guidelines focus on classification of variants, and the interpretation and standardization of the reporting of CYP21A2 genotyping results. In addition, the article provides a comprehensive list of common as well as so far unreported CYP21A2-variants.
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Comprehensive Focus on 233 Pathogenic Variants of CYP21A2 Gene. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:261-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Simonetti L, Bruque CD, Fernández CS, Benavides-Mori B, Delea M, Kolomenski JE, Espeche LD, Buzzalino ND, Nadra AD, Dain L. CYP21A2 mutation update: Comprehensive analysis of databases and published genetic variants. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:5-22. [PMID: 29035424 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis. Disorders in steroid 21-hydroxylation account for over 95% of patients with CAH. Clinically, the 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been classified in a broad spectrum of clinical forms, ranging from severe or classical, to mild late onset or non-classical. Known allelic variants in the disease causing CYP21A2 gene are spread among different sources. Until recently, most variants reported have been identified in the clinical setting, which presumably bias described variants to pathogenic ones, as those found in the CYPAlleles database. Nevertheless, a large number of variants are being described in massive genome projects, many of which are found in dbSNP, but lack functional implications and/or their phenotypic effect. In this work, we gathered a total of 1,340 GVs in the CYP21A2 gene, from which 899 variants were unique and 230 have an effect on human health, and compiled all this information in an integrated database. We also connected CYP21A2 sequence information to phenotypic effects for all available mutations, including double mutants in cis. Data compiled in the present work could help physicians in the genetic counseling of families affected with 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos D Bruque
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Marisol Delea
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Kolomenski
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía D Espeche
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro D Nadra
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dain
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Carmina E, Dewailly D, Escobar-Morreale HF, Kelestimur F, Moran C, Oberfield S, Witchel SF, Azziz R. Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revisited: an update with a special focus on adolescent and adult women. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:580-599. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Pallan PS, Lei L, Wang C, Waterman MR, Guengerich FP, Egli M. Research Resource: Correlating Human Cytochrome P450 21A2 Crystal Structure and Phenotypes of Mutations in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1375-84. [PMID: 26172259 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 21A2 is a key player in steroid 21-hydroxylation and converts progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17α-hydroxy progesterone to 11-deoxycortisol. More than 100 mutations in P450 21A2 have been established in patients thus far; these account for the vast majority of occurrences of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is among the most common heritable metabolic diseases in humans. CAH phenotypes range from the most severe, salt-wasting (SW), to the simple virilizing (SV), and nonclassical (NC) CAH forms. We recently determined the crystal structure of human P450 21A2 in complex with progesterone. To gain more insight into the structural and stability changes underlying the phenotypes of individual mutations, we analyzed 24 SW, SV, and NC mutants in the context of the crystal structure of the human enzyme. Our analysis reveals clear differences in the localization of SW, SV, and NC mutations, with many of the first type mapping to the active site and near the heme and/or substrate and mostly resulting in complete loss of enzyme activity. Conversely, NC mutations are often found near the periphery and close to the surface of the protein, and mutant enzymes retain partial activity. The main conclusion from the mutation-structure-activity study is that the severity of the CAH clinical manifestations can be directly correlated with the degree of mutation-induced damage in terms of protein fold stability and active site changes in the structural model. Thus, the NC phenotype is typically associated with mutations that have a compensatory effect, ie, H-bonding replacing hydrophobic interactions and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Chunxue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Michael R Waterman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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Kirac D, Guney AI, Akcay T, Guran T, Ulucan K, Turan S, Ergec D, Koc G, Eren F, Kaspar EC, Bereket A. The frequency and the effects of 21-hydroxylase gene defects in congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:399-409. [PMID: 25227725 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of genetic endocrine disorders, caused by enzyme deficiencies in the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. More than 90% of the cases have 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD). The clinical phenotype of the disease is classified as classic, the severe form, and nonclassic, the mild form. In this study, it was planned to characterize the mutations that cause 21-OHD in Turkish CAH patients by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis and to investigate the type of CAH (classic or nonclassic type) that these mutations cause. A total of 124 CAH patients with 21-OHD and 100 healthy volunteers were recruited to the study. Most of the mutations were detected by direct sequencing. Large gene deletions/duplications/conversions were investigated with MLPA analysis. Results were evaluated statistically. At the end of our study, 66 different variations were detected including SNPs and deletions/duplications/conversions. Of these variations, 18 are novel, of which three cause amino acid substitutions. In addition, 15 SNPs which cause amino acid changes were identified among these variations. If similar results are obtained in different populations, these mutations, in particular the novel mutation 711 G>A, may be used as markers for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kirac
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ilter Guney
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Teoman Akcay
- Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Guran
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Korkut Ulucan
- Marmara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ergec
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Koc
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Eren
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Cigdem Kaspar
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mueller PW, Lyons J, Kerr G, Haase CP, Isett RB. Standard enrichment methods for targeted next-generation sequencing in high-repeat genomic regions. Genet Med 2014; 15:910-1. [PMID: 24196000 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia W Mueller
- Molecular Risk Assessment Laboratory, Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Taboas M, Gómez Acuña L, Scaia MF, Bruque CD, Buzzalino N, Stivel M, Ceballos NR, Dain L. Functional studies of p.R132C, p.R149C, p.M283V, p.E431K, and a novel c.652-2A>G mutations of the CYP21A2 gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92181. [PMID: 24667412 PMCID: PMC3965420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most frequent inborn error of metabolism and accounts for 90–95% of CAH cases. In the present work, we analyzed the functional consequence of four novel previously reported point CYP21A2 mutations -p.R132C, p.R149C, p.M283V, p.E431K- found in Argentinean 21-hydroxylase deficient patients. In addition, we report an acceptor splice site novel point mutation, c.652-2A>G, found in a classical patient in compound heterozygosity with the rare p.R483Q mutation. We performed bioinformatic and functional assays to evaluate the biological implication of the novel mutation. Our analyses revealed that the residual enzymatic activity of the isolated mutants coding for CYP21A2 aminoacidic substitutions was reduced to a lesser than 50% of the wild type with both progesterone and 17-OH progesterone as substrates. Accordingly, all the variants would predict mild non-classical alleles. In one non-classical patient, the p.E431K mutation was found in cis with the p.D322G one. The highest decrease in enzyme activity was obtained when both mutations were assayed in the same construction, with a residual activity most likely related to the simple virilizing form of the disease. For the c.652-2A>G mutation, bioinformatic tools predicted the putative use of two different cryptic splicing sites. Nevertheless, functional analyses revealed the use of only one cryptic splice acceptor site located within exon 6, leading to the appearance of an mRNA with a 16 nt deletion. A severe allele is strongly suggested due to the presence of a premature stop codon in the protein only 12 nt downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Taboas
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Gómez Acuña
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Scaia
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos D. Bruque
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noemí Buzzalino
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Stivel
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora R. Ceballos
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dain
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Al-Achkar W, Wafa A, Assaad M, Ehlers C, Liehr T. A unique case of female pseudohermaphroditism with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and small supernumerary marker chromosome 7. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1545-8. [PMID: 23450434 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are present in ~2.6x10⁶ individuals worldwide. Concerning their clinical consequences as well as their chromosomal origin and shape, sSMCs are a heterogeneous group of derivative chromosomes; 70% of sSMC carriers are clinically normal. In the present study, we report on a female with mosaicism (45%) of a de novo sSMC derived from chromosome 7, in which the observed clinical signs do not correspond to comparable cases in the literature. She is clinically normal apart from problems in gender determination, a uterus without ovaries and an external penis, pointing overall towards an adrenogenital syndrome (AGS). 21-Hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is the most common cause of AGS. A corresponding analysis for underlying mutations in the CYP21A2 gene revealed a homozygous mutation c.518T>A (p.Ile173Asn) inherited from both non-related parents. Overall, in this study, we report a unique case of female pseudohermaphroditism, classified as a simple virilization form of 21-OHD having an additional minute-shaped chromosome 7 [min(7)(:p11.1->q11.23:)]. Notably, AGS was due to a mutation in the CYP21A2 gene located on chromosome 6. This is a further example that detection of an sSMC does not always resolve the clinical case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Al-Achkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Human Genetics, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria.
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13
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Steroid 21-hydroxylase gene mutational spectrum in 50 Tunisian patients: characterization of three novel polymorphisms. Gene 2012; 507:20-6. [PMID: 22841790 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease of steroid biosynthesis in humans. More than 90% of all CAH cases are caused by mutations of the 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2), and approximately 75% of the defective CYP21A2 genes are generated through an intergenic recombination with the neighboring CYP21A1P pseudogene. In this study, the CYP21A2 gene was genotyped in 50 patients in Tunisia with the clinical diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. CYP21A2 mutations were identified in 87% of the alleles. The most common point mutation in our population was the pseudogene specific variant p.Q318X (26%). Three novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were identified in the CYP21A2 gene which seems to be specific for the Tunisian population. The overall concordance between genotype and phenotype was 98%. With this study the molecular basis of CAH has been characterized, providing useful results for clinicians in terms of prediction of disease severity, genetic and prenatal counseling.
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Jiang L, Song LL, Wang H, Wang JL, Wang PP, Zhou HB, Zhang XL. Identification and functional characterization of a novel mutation P459H and a rare mutation R483W in the CYP21A2 gene in two Chinese patients with simple virilizing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:485-9. [PMID: 21750395 DOI: 10.3275/7860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Clinically, 21-OHD is categorized into saltwasting, simple-virilizing (SV), and non-classical (NC) forms. It is well recognized that a good correlation exists between genotype and clinical phenotype of CAH. AIM The aim of this study was to identify CYP21A2 gene mutations in 2 Chinese patients with SV CAH along with their parents and other family members. STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS By direct sequencing the CYP21A2 gene, a novel mutation, P459H, was detected in 1 patient; and a previously described uncharacterized mutation, R483W, was found in another patient. The 21-hydroxylase activities were determined by measuring the converting rate of progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone in COS-7 cells overexpressed with these mutated proteins. Our results revealed significantly reduced enzyme activity in both mutants: residual activity of P459H and R483W towards progesterone was 6.8%±2.1 and 2.9%±1.5, respectively compared to that of the wild type. We also demonstrated the loss of 21-hydroxylase activities using a three-dimensional model of CYP21A2. CONCLUSION Both R483W and P459H mutations are confirmed to be related to NC CAH by in vitro functional study, with phenotype variance of R483W in Tunisian and Chinese patients. This study will aid in predicting disease severity and in facilitating family genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxilu 107, Jinan 250012, China.
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Pucci L, Lucchesi D, Longo V, Del Prato S, Maffei S. Lack of association between CYP21 V281L variant and polycystic ovary syndrome in Italian women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:596-9. [PMID: 20201644 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003649849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between V281L CYP21 polymorphism and the hyperandrogenic phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in a cohort of 110 Italian women. METHODS The CYP21 genotype distribution was evaluated in 50 women with PCOS and 60 control subjects. Genotypes were detected using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis performed on polymerase chain reaction templates from genomic DNA. Genotypes distribution was compared between groups and we considered a p-value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS The frequency of VV, VL and LL was in agreement with other populations. Nevertheless no significant association was observed between CYP21 polymorphism and the presence of PCOS in an Italian cohort of women. CONCLUSION Although CYP21 gene, involved in steroidogenesis, is a candidate gene for pathogenesis of PCOS, our data suggest that V281L polymorphism is not associated with PCOS in Italian women; a larger study is needed to confirm this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pucci
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Concolino P, Mello E, Zuppi C, Capoluongo E. Molecular diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an update of new CYP21A2 mutations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:1057-62. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Neocleous V, Ioannou YS, Bartsota M, Costi C, Skordis N, Phylactou LA. Rare mutations in the CYP21A2 gene detected in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1363-7. [PMID: 19501079 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the frequencies of rare CYP21A2 gene mutations in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) in the Cypriot population. DESIGN AND METHODS Direct sequencing and MLPA analysis of the CYP21A2 gene. RESULTS A group of families with 21-OHD were screened for the presence of rare CYP21A2 gene mutations. The rare V304M missense mutation was detected as compound heterozygous in two females with the nonclassical (NC) form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The rare F306insT was also detected in a female with severe salt wasting in the homozygous state and in cis in both alleles with the V281L mutation. Lastly, the rare A391T missense mutation was reported in a female patient with NC-CAH. A carrier rate of 2.1% for the V304M was also observed in a cohort of healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of V304M mutation among Cypriots is high and the first reported so far and patients characterized as compound heterozygotes or heterozygotes are most readily identified by a mild phenotype of CAH. Thus, V304M should be included in the panel of mutations associated with the NC forms of 21-OHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Concolino P, Vendittelli F, Mello E, Alinovi CC, Minucci A, Carrozza C, Santini SA, Zuppi C, Capoluongo E. Two novelCYP21A2missense mutations in Italian patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Identification and functional characterisation. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:229-35. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
In mammals and humans, reproductive capacity is attained at puberty as the end-point of a complex series of developmental and neuroendocrine events that lead to true sexual maturity. As for humans, sexual precocity looks like a pathologic status. While for some animals, sexual precocity may be a valuable quantitative character. For some species, the character of sexual precocity was developed in the evolutionary process and stably transmitted to future generations. Sexual precocity is a complex character determined by polygenes. This review introduced the association between KiSS-1, GPR54, LHR, FSHR, CYP, ER, TGFa, IGF-, GNAS1, HSD3B2, SHBG, VDR genes and sexual precocity in mammals.
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Dubey S, Idicula-Thomas S, Anwaruddin M, Saravanan C, Varma RR, Maitra A. A novel 9-bp insertion detected in steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2): prediction of its structural and functional implications by computational methods. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:3. [PMID: 19272182 PMCID: PMC2653521 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Detection of underlying mutations in CYP21A2 gene encoding steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme is helpful both for confirmation of diagnosis and management of CAH patients. Here we report a novel 9-bp insertion in CYP21A2 gene and its structural and functional consequences on P450c21 protein by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations methods. METHODS A 30-day-old child was referred to our laboratory for molecular diagnosis of CAH. Sequencing of the entire CYP21A2 gene revealed a novel insertion (duplication) of 9-bp in exon 2 of one allele and a well-known mutation I172N in exon 4 of other allele. Molecular modeling and simulation studies were carried out to understand the plausible structural and functional implications caused by the novel mutation. RESULTS Insertion of the nine bases in exon 2 resulted in addition of three valine residues at codon 71 of the P450c21 protein. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mutant exhibits a faster unfolding kinetics and an overall destabilization of the structure due to the triple valine insertion was also observed. CONCLUSION The novel 9-bp insertion in exon 2 of CYP21A2 genesignificantly lowers the structural stability of P450c21 thereby leading to the probable loss of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhisha Dubey
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J M Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J M Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammad Anwaruddin
- Biomedical Informatics Centre of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J M Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chinnaraj Saravanan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J M Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Raveendra Varma
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Mother's Hospital Trissur, Kerala, India
| | - Anurupa Maitra
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J M Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Parajes S, Quinteiro C, Domínguez F, Loidi L. High frequency of copy number variations and sequence variants at CYP21A2 locus: implication for the genetic diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2138. [PMID: 18478071 PMCID: PMC2364643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systematic study of the human genome indicates that the inter-individual variability is greater than expected and it is not only related to sequence polymorphisms but also to gene copy number variants (CNVs). Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder with a carrier frequency of 1:25 to 1:10. The gene that encodes 21-hydroxylase enzyme, CYP21A2, is considered to be one of the most polymorphic human genes. Copy number variations, such as deletions, which are severe mutations common in 21OHD patients, or gene duplications, which have been reported as rare events, have also been described. The correct characterization of 21OHD alleles is important for disease carrier detection and genetic counselling METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS CYP21A2 genotyping by sequencing has been performed in a random sample of the Spanish population, where 144 individuals recruited from university students and employees of the hospital were studied. The frequency of CYP21A2 mutated alleles in our sample was 15.3% (77.3% were mild mutations, 9% were severe mutations and 13.6% were novel variants). Gene dosage assessment was also performed when CYP21A2 gene duplication was suspected. This analysis showed that 7% of individuals bore a chromosome with a duplicated CYP21A2 gene, where one of the copies was mutated. CONCLUSIONS As far as we know, the present study has shown the highest frequency of 21OHD carriers reported by a genotyping analysis. In addition, a high frequency of alleles with CYP21A2 duplications, which could be misinterpreted as 21OHD alleles, was found. Moreover, a high frequency of novel genetic variations with an unknown effect on 21-hydroxylase activity was also found. The high frequency of gene duplications, as well as novel variations, should be considered since they have an important involvement in carrier testing and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parajes
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (Unidad de Medicina Molecular), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Celsa Quinteiro
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (Unidad de Medicina Molecular), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (Unidad de Medicina Molecular), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lourdes Loidi
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (Unidad de Medicina Molecular), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ono M, Kashimada K, Miyai K, Onishi T, Takagi M, Honma S, Mizutani S. In Vitro Enzyme Assay of CYP21A2 Mutation (R483Q) by A Novel Method Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2008; 17:49-56. [PMID: 24790362 PMCID: PMC4004923 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.17.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in humans, and 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) accounts for 90 to 95% of all cases of CAH. Approximately 95% mutations are a consequence of recombination between the CYP21A2 and its highly homologous pseudogene CYP21A1P. Recently, other rare mutations have been identified, increasing the number of reported mutations to more than eighty. The in vitro enzyme assay for the detection of mutated 21-hydroxylase is a well-established method. In this study, we report the characterization of the R483Q mutation using a novel in vitro enzyme assay, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). With this system, we evaluated the activity of the R483Q mutation. The enzyme activities of 21-hydroxylase in the convertion of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) to 11-deoxycortisol (11-DOF), were measured as 2.00 ± 0.25% and 1.89 ± 0.30% of the wild type, respectively. This result was in agreement with that of a previous report, which measured the activities using the (3)H labeled steroid assay. Our results suggest that the R483Q mutation is compatible with the simple virilizing form of 21-OHD and that the LC-ESI-MS/MS assay using picolinoyl derivatives is an alternative to the existing (3)H-labeled steroid assay for the characterization of the CYP21A2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Onishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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cSNP Identification and Genotyping from C4B and BAT2 Assigned to the SLA Class III Region. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2007.49.5.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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