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Hamed MA, Wasinger V, Wang Q, Biazik J, Graham P, Malouf D, Bucci J, Li Y. Optimising Extracellular Vesicle Metabolomic Methodology for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Discovery. Metabolites 2024; 14:367. [PMID: 39057690 PMCID: PMC11279087 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional diagnostic tools for prostate cancer (PCa), such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), digital rectal examination (DRE), and tissue biopsy face, limitations in individual risk stratification due to invasiveness or reliability issues. Liquid biopsy is a less invasive and more accurate alternative. Metabolomic analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) holds a promise for detecting non-genetic alterations and biomarkers in PCa diagnosis and risk assessment. The current research gap in PCa lies in the lack of accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis and real-time monitoring of cancer progression or metastasis. Establishing a suitable approach for observing dynamic EV metabolic alterations that often occur earlier than being detectable by other omics technologies makes metabolomics valuable for early diagnosis and monitoring of PCa. Using four distinct metabolite extraction approaches, the metabolite cargo of PC3-derived large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) was evaluated using a combination of methanol, cell shearing using microbeads, and size exclusion filtration, as well as two fractionation chemistries (pHILIC and C18 chromatography) that are also examined. The unfiltered methanol-microbeads approach (MB-UF), followed by pHILIC LC-MS/MS for EV metabolite extraction and analysis, is effective. Identified metabolites such as L-glutamic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and methylmalonic acid have important links to PCa and are discussed. Our study, for the first time, has comprehensively evaluated the extraction and separation methods with a view to downstream sample integrity across omics platforms, and it presents an optimised protocol for EV metabolomics in PCa biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Assem Hamed
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.H.); (Q.W.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Qi Wang
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.H.); (Q.W.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Peter Graham
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.H.); (Q.W.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
| | - Joseph Bucci
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.H.); (Q.W.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.H.); (Q.W.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
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2
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Cyran AM, Zhitkovich A. Heat Shock Proteins and HSF1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860320. [PMID: 35311075 PMCID: PMC8924369 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness of cells is dependent on protein homeostasis which is maintained by cooperative activities of protein chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Upon encountering protein-damaging conditions, cells activate the heat-shock response (HSR) which involves HSF1-mediated transcriptional upregulation of a group of chaperones - the heat shock proteins (HSPs). Cancer cells experience high levels of proteotoxic stress due to the production of mutated proteins, aneuploidy-induced excess of components of multiprotein complexes, increased translation rates, and dysregulated metabolism. To cope with this chronic state of proteotoxic stress, cancers almost invariably upregulate major components of HSR, including HSF1 and individual HSPs. Some oncogenic programs show dependence or coupling with a particular HSR factor (such as frequent coamplification of HSF1 and MYC genes). Elevated levels of HSPs and HSF1 are typically associated with drug resistance and poor clinical outcomes in various malignancies. The non-oncogene dependence ("addiction") on protein quality controls represents a pancancer target in treating human malignancies, offering a potential to enhance efficacy of standard and targeted chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In cancers with specific dependencies, HSR components can serve as alternative targets to poorly druggable oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Legoretta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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3
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Kabakov AE, Gabai VL. HSP70s in Breast Cancer: Promoters of Tumorigenesis and Potential Targets/Tools for Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123446. [PMID: 34943954 PMCID: PMC8700403 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency of breast cancer worldwide and the high mortality among women with this malignancy are a serious challenge for modern medicine. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and emergence of metastatic, therapy-resistant breast cancers would help development of novel approaches to better treatment of this disease. The review is dedicated to the role of members of the heat shock protein 70 subfamily (HSP70s or HSPA), mainly inducible HSP70, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78 or HSPA5) and GRP75 (HSPA9 or mortalin), in the development and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Various HSP70-mediated cellular mechanisms and pathways which contribute to the oncogenic transformation of mammary gland epithelium are reviewed, as well as their role in the development of human breast carcinomas with invasive, metastatic traits along with the resistance to host immunity and conventional therapeutics. Additionally, intracellular and cell surface HSP70s are considered as potential targets for therapy or sensitization of breast cancer. We also discuss a clinical implication of Hsp70s and approaches to targeting breast cancer with gene vectors or nanoparticles downregulating HSP70s, natural or synthetic (small molecule) inhibitors of HSP70s, HSP70-binding antibodies, HSP70-derived peptides, and HSP70-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Kabakov
- Department of Radiation Biochemistry, A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia;
| | - Vladimir L. Gabai
- CureLab Oncology Inc., Dedham, MA 02026, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-319-7314
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4
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Wu S, Yi Z, Ling M, Liu S, Sun Z, Guo X. DR4-Associated Death Receptor Signal Promotes Cartilage Damage in Patients With Kashin-Beck Disease. Cartilage 2021; 13:789S-796S. [PMID: 31762289 PMCID: PMC8808889 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519886626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To explore the relationship between the death receptor (DR) and the pathological progression of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Design. KBD cartilage samples were collected from 15 patients diagnosed according to the "National Diagnostic Criteria of KBD" in China. In vitro monolayer chondrocytes were cultured in complete medium. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities in chondrocytes were analyzed using a kit. Nuclear morphology was observed by Hoechst 33258 staining, apoptosis was verified by flow cytometry analysis, and DR molecules were detected using Western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results. Early apoptotic rates of KBD and osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes were higher than those of normal control (NC) cells. Excessive apoptotic nuclei were observed in OA and KBD cells after Hoechst 33258 staining. Activities of both caspase-3 and caspase-8 were higher in KBD and OA cells than in NC cells. The average DR4 mRNA level in KBD cells was 3.301-fold higher than that in NC cells, Fas-associating protein with death domain (FADD) transcript level in KBD cells was 2.528-fold higher than that in NC cells. Western blot analyses showed that FAS, DR4, DR5, caspase-3, and FADD were upregulated in the KBD and OA groups compared with the NC group. High expression of caspase-8 in KBD compared with NC was verified, whereas cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in KBD was significantly downregulated. Conclusions. KBD and OA chondrocytes showed obvious FADD-caspase-dependent apoptosis, which is related to the DR pathway. Apoptosis in KBD articular cartilage is mainly related to FAS/DR4-FADD-caspase signaling, and OA is associated with FAS/DR4/DR5-FADD-caspase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery,
Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School
of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi’an JiaoTong University, NHC Key
Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic
of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of
Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi’an JiaoTong
University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery,
Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ming Ling
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery,
Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Shizhang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery,
Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhengming Sun
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery,
Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School
of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi’an JiaoTong University, NHC Key
Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic
of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of
Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi’an JiaoTong
University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Splicing reprogramming of TRAIL/DISC-components sensitizes lung cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:287. [PMID: 33731677 PMCID: PMC7969956 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selective killing of cancer cells underlines its anticancer potential. However, poor tolerability and resistance underscores the need to identify cancer-selective TRAIL-sensitizing agents. Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, sensitizes lung cancer cell lines to TRAIL. It remains unknown, however, whether apigenin sensitizes primary lung cancer cells to TRAIL and its underlying mechanisms. Here we show that apigenin reprograms alternative splicing of key TRAIL/death-inducing-signaling-complex (DISC) components: TRAIL Death Receptor 5 (DR5) and cellular-FLICE-inhibitory-protein (c-FLIP) by interacting with the RNA-binding proteins hnRNPA2 and MSI2, resulting in increased DR5 and decreased c-FLIPS protein levels, enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis of primary lung cancer cells. In addition, apigenin directly bound heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), promoting TRAIL/DISC assembly and triggering apoptosis. Our findings reveal that apigenin directs alternative splicing and inhibits Hsp70 enhancing TRAIL anticancer activity. These findings underscore impactful synergies between diet and cancer treatments opening new avenues for improved cancer treatments.
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6
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Zhou A, Du J, Jiao M, Xie D, Wang Q, Xue L, Ju C, Hua Z, Zhang C. Co-delivery of TRAIL and siHSP70 using hierarchically modular assembly formulations achieves enhanced TRAIL-resistant cancer therapy. J Control Release 2019; 304:111-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can initiate the apoptosis pathway by binding to its associated death receptors DR4 and DR5. The activation of the TRAIL pathway in inducing tumor-selective apoptosis leads to the development of TRAIL-based cancer therapies, which include recombinant forms of TRAIL, TRAIL receptor agonists, and other therapeutic agents. Importantly, TRAIL, DR4, and DR5 can all be induced by synthetic and natural agents that activate the TRAIL apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. Thus, understanding the regulation of the TRAIL apoptosis pathway can aid in the development of TRAIL-based therapies for the treatment of human cancer.
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8
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Liu L, Huang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Duan Y. Overexpressed Hsp70 alleviated formaldehyde-induced apoptosis partly via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:495-504. [PMID: 30600586 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, which can induce apoptosis in lung cell and is related to the pathogenesis of asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone and exhibits an anti-apoptosis ability in a variety of cells. Previous studies reported that the expression of Hsp70 was induced when organisms were exposed to FA. Whether Hsp70 plays a role in the FA-induced apoptosis and the involved cell signaling pathway remain largely unknown. In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells with overexpressed Hsp70 and the control were exposed to different concentrations of FA (0, 40, 80, and 160 μmol/L) for 24 hours. Apoptosis and the expression levels of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, MEK, p-MEK, and GLI2 were detected by Annexin-APC/7AAD double-labeled flow cytometry and western blot. The results showed that overexpression of Hsp70 decreased the apoptosis induced by FA and alleviated the decline of PI3k and p-Akt significantly. Inhibitor (LY 294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K-Akt) test result indicated that PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was involved in the inhibition of FA-induced apoptosis by Hsp70 overexpression and also active in the maintenance of GLI2 level. However, it also suggested that other signaling pathways activated by overexpressed Hsp70 participated in this process, which was needed to be elucidated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Jiang W, Jin G, Cai F, Chen X, Cao N, Zhang X, Liu J, Chen F, Wang F, Dong W, Zhuang H, Hua ZC. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 increases radioresistance of lung cancer cells by enhancing the DNA damage response. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-20. [PMID: 30804322 PMCID: PMC6389946 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a frequent mode of cancer treatment, although the development of radioresistance limits its effectiveness. Extensive investigations indicate the diversity of the mechanisms underlying radioresistance. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) on lung cancer radioresistance and the associated mechanisms. Our data showed that ERK5 is activated during solid lung cancer development, and ectopic expression of ERK5 promoted cell proliferation and G2/M cell cycle transition. In addition, we found that ERK5 is a potential regulator of radiosensitivity in lung cancer cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ERK5 could trigger IR-induced activation of Chk1, which has been implicated in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Subsequently, ERK5 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition selectively inhibited colony formation of lung cancer cells and enhanced IR-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis. In vivo, ERK5 knockdown strongly radiosensitized A549 and LLC tumor xenografts to inhibition, with a higher apoptotic response and reduced tumor neovascularization. Taken together, our data indicate that ERK5 is a novel potential target for the treatment of lung cancer, and its expression might be used as a biomarker to predict radiosensitivity in NSCLC patients. Resistance to radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer may be countered by targeting a protein involved in promoting DNA repair. Radiotherapy causes DNA double-stranded breaks in lung cancer cells in order to kill them. However, cancer cells can show improved DNA repair and responses to damage, resulting in resistance to treatment. Zi-Chun Hua, Hongqin Zhuang at Nanjing University in China and co-workers examined the activity of the extracellular signal-related kinase 5 (ERK5) protein in response to the stress of ionizing radiation. They found that after radiation exposure ERK5 increased expression of another protein involved in DNA repair, facilitating cancer cell recovery. Knocking out ERK5 suppressed this resistance to radiotherapy. ERK5 could be a valuable target for treating lung cancer, and ERK5 expression level could be used as a biomarker for patient sensitivity to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guanghui Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Nini Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China. .,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, 213164, PR China.
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10
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Li Y, Xue Y, Xu X, Wang G, Liu Y, Wu H, Li W, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Ji W, Xu T, Liu L, Chen Q. A mitochondrial FUNDC1/HSC70 interaction organizes the proteostatic stress response at the risk of cell morbidity. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201798786. [PMID: 30591555 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Both protein quality and mitochondrial quality are vital for the cellular activity, and impaired proteostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction are common etiologies of aging and age-related disorders. Here, we report that the mitochondrial outer membrane protein FUNDC1 interacts with the chaperone HSC70 to promote the mitochondrial translocation of unfolded cytosolic proteins for degradation by LONP1 or for formation of non-aggresomal mitochondrion-associated protein aggregates (MAPAs) upon proteasome inhibition in cultured human cells. Integrative approaches including csCLEM, Apex, and biochemical analysis reveal that MAPAs contain ubiquitinated cytosolic proteins, autophagy receptor p62, and mitochondrial proteins. MAPAs are segregated from mitochondria in a FIS1-dependent manner and can subsequently be degraded via autophagy. Although the FUNDC1/HSC70 pathway promotes the degradation of unfolded cytosolic proteins, excessive accumulation of unfolded proteins on the mitochondria prior to MAPA formation impairs mitochondrial integrity and activates AMPK, leading to cellular senescence. We suggest that human mitochondria organize cellular proteostatic response at the risk of their own malfunction and cell lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Xue
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Ahmmed B, Khan MN, Nisar MA, Kampo S, Zheng Q, Li Y, Yan Q. Tunicamycin enhances the suppressive effects of cisplatin on lung cancer growth through PTX3 glycosylation via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:431-442. [PMID: 30483742 PMCID: PMC6317655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory molecule related to cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Many studies have highlighted the significance of glycosylated molecules in immune modulation, inflammation and cancer progression. Moreover, aberrant glycosylation of cancer cells is linked to chemoresistance. This study aimed to develop effective therapeutic strategies for deglycosylation of PTX3 (dePTX3) in order to enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin (Cis) in lung cancer treatment. The A549 and SPCA1 cells were used to determine the role of PTX3 glycosylation in lung cancer growth. Our results revealed that PTX3 was higher in both human lung cancer tissues and serum in comparison with control. Furthermore, we found that deglycosylated PTX3 (dePTX3) by tunicamycin (TM), which is N-glycan precursor biosynthesis blocker, and PNGase F significantly reduced the survival and migration of lung cancer cells. To further confirm this, we also generated glycosylation-site mutant of PTX3 (mPTX3) to characterize the loss of glyco-function. dePTX3 and TM enhanced the suppressive effects of Cis on lung cancer cell growth, migration and invasion compared to individual treatment. Treatment with a combination of TM and Cis significantly inactivated AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and induced apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PTX3 is an important mediator of lung cancer progression, and dePTX3 by TM enhances the anticancer effects of Cis. The deglycosylation in chemotherapy may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Ahmmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Noman Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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12
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Sanchala D, Bhatt LK, Pethe P, Shelat R, Kulkarni YA. Anticancer activity of methylene blue via inhibition of heat shock protein 70. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1037-1045. [PMID: 30257315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperones are indispensable to lung cancer cells for their survival and proliferation. In this study we evaluated and compared anticancer potential of methylene blue (MB) as an Hsp70 inhibitor, novobiocin (NB) a well-known Hsp90 inhibitor and their combination. METHODS In vitro evaluation was done by cell viability assays, fluorescent staining, and flow cytometry analysis using A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. In vivo anticancer activity was investigated by evaluating oxidative stress, tumor biomarkers, weight, lung microarchitecture, and Hsp70 and Hsp90 inhibitions via immunoblotting in benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis mice model. RESULTS Using A549 NSCLC cells, we found MB demonstrated lower cell viability versus NB. Together, MB + NB resulted in further decrease in cell viability. SRB assay revealed significantly superior and similar potency for MB versus NB and MB + NB (1:1) versus MB, respectively. Fluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis displayed early apoptosis by MB (11.4%); early and late apoptosis by MB + NB (13.8%). In vivo, MB significantly inhibited Hsp70. Furthermore, MB significantly alleviated tumor biomarkers (ADA and LDH) and improved lung histopathological features more than NB. Additionally, MB significantly improved SOD, not more than MB + NB or NB and improved LPO. CONCLUSION MB demonstrated potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo via inhibition of Hsp70 in benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Sanchala
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Ruchita Shelat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
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Zhou Y, Ma J, Zhang J, He L, Gong J, Long C. Pifithrin-μ is efficacious against non-small cell lung cancer via inhibition of heat shock protein 70. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:313-322. [PMID: 28004121 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein (Hsp) 70, known as a pro-survival protein, is aberrantly expressed in several malignancies. The small molecule 2-phenylethyenesulfonamide (PES), also referred to as pifithrin-μ, is known as an HSP70 inhibitor, which exhibits antitumor activities in a variety of cancer cell lines. However, little is known about its effect on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PES on human NSCLC cell lines A549 and H460, and explore the possible underlying mechanism of action. Cell viability assay by using CCK-8 kits was performed to demonstrate that PES dose- and time-dependently inhibited proliferation of A549 and H460 cells. Wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay results indicated that PES inhibited cell migration of A549 and H460 cells. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that PES resulted in G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and induced apoptosis via a caspase-dependent manner in A549 and H460 cells. Western blotting results suggested that phosphorylation of AKT and ERK was inhibited by PES treatment. In addition, death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5 were increased by PES treatment. Overexpression of Hsp70 in A549 cells attenuated the growth inhibitory efficiency of PES. Knockdown of Hsp70 in A549 cells enhanced sensitivity of PES to cell growth inhibition, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of PES on cell proliferation is specifically through Hsp70-dependent mechanism. PES and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) exerts a potent synergistic effect on cell proliferation inhibition and induction of apoptosis in A549 and H460 cells. In a mouse xenograft model of lung cancer by A549 cells, PES treatment displayed significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth. All these findings suggest that PES shows antitumor activity against human NSCLC in vitro and in vivo, and therefore may be a promising agent for use to the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtz University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtz University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Jiahong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtz University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Li He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtz University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtz University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Cong Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434100, P.R. China
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Asling J, Morrison J, Mutsaers AJ. Targeting HSP70 and GRP78 in canine osteosarcoma cells in combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1065-1076. [PMID: 27631331 PMCID: PMC5083675 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones subdivided into several families based on their molecular weight. Due to their cytoprotective roles, these proteins may help protect cancer cells against chemotherapy-induced cell death. Investigation into the biologic activity of HSPs in a variety of cancers including primary bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma (OSA), is of great interest. Both human and canine OSA tumor samples have aberrant production of HSP70. This study assessed the response of canine OSA cells to inhibition of HSP70 and GRP78 by the ATP-mimetic VER-155008 and whether this treatment strategy could sensitize cells to doxorubicin chemotherapy. Single-agent VER-155008 treatment decreased cellular viability and clonogenic survival and increased apoptosis in canine OSA cell lines. However, combination schedules with doxorubicin after pretreatment with VER-155008 did not improve inhibition of cellular viability, apoptosis, or clonogenic survival. Treatment with VER-155008 prior to chemotherapy resulted in an upregulation of target proteins HSP70 and GRP78 in addition to the co-chaperone proteins Herp, C/EBP homologous transcription protein (CHOP), and BAG-1. The increased GRP78 was more cytoplasmic in location compared to untreated cells. Single-agent treatment also revealed a dose-dependent reduction in activated and total Akt. Based on these results, targeting GRP78 and HSP70 may have biologic activity in canine osteosarcoma. Further studies are required to determine if and how this strategy may impact the response of osteosarcoma cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jodi Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Apigenin potentiates TRAIL therapy of non-small cell lung cancer via upregulating DR4/DR5 expression in a p53-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35468. [PMID: 27752089 PMCID: PMC5067669 DOI: 10.1038/srep35468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (APG) is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that shows modest antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. APG treatment results in cell growth arrest and apoptosis in various types of tumors by modulating several signaling pathways. In the present study, we evaluated interactions between APG and TRAIL in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We observed a synergistic effect between APG and TRAIL on apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H1299 cells were resistant to TRAIL treatment alone. The presence of APG sensitized NSCLC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating the levels of death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) in a p53-dependent manner. Consistently, the pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax were upregulated, while the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 were downregulated. Meanwhile, APG suppressed NF-κB, AKT and ERK activation. Treatment with specific small-molecule inhibitors of these pathways enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death, mirroring the effect of APG. Furthermore, using a mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that the combined treatment completely suppressed tumor growth as compared with APG or TRAIL treatment alone. Our results demonstrate a novel strategy to enhance TRAIL-induced antitumor activity in NSCLC cells by APG via inhibition of the NF-κB, AKT and ERK prosurvival regulators.
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16
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Schedule-dependent cytotoxicity of sunitinib and TRAIL in human non-small cell lung cancer cells with or without EGFR and KRAS mutations. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:343-52. [PMID: 27016208 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTACT BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who do initially respond to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may eventually develop resistance, which may at least partly be due to the acquisition of a secondary EGFR mutation (T790M). Additionally, it has been found that KRAS mutations may serve as poor prognostic biomarkers. Here, we aimed at establishing a suitable treatment regimen for the multi-target TKI sunitinib and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in NSCLC-derived cells with or without EGFR and KRAS mutations. METHODS Four NSCLC-derived cell lines with or without EGFR and KRAS mutations were exposed to different sunitinib and TRAIL treatment regimens. Alterations in cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, phosphorylation of AKT and expression of the death receptors DR4 and DR5 were evaluated using CCK8, flow cytometry and Western blotting assays, respectively. RESULTS A synergistic cytotoxic effect was observed in all four cell lines treated with sunitinib (1 nM) followed by TRAIL (100 ng/ml), as well as after simultaneous treatment with both agents. We found that sunitinib enhances TRAIL-induced G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest and blocks TRAIL-triggered activation of AKT as the underlying mechanism. In contrast, we observed antagonistic effects when sunitinib was administered after TRAIL to the cell lines tested. A decreased DR4 and DR5 expression was found to be correlated with this antagonism. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that administration of sunitinib followed by TRAIL, as well as a simultaneous administration of both agents, serve as favorable treatment regimens for NSCLC-derived cells, irrespective of their EGFR and/or KRAS mutation status.
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Zhao L, Jiang BO, Wang D, Liu W, Zhang H, Liu W, Qiu Z. Triptolide reduces the viability of osteosarcoma cells by reducing MKP-1 and Hsp70 expression. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2005-2010. [PMID: 27168842 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone tumor found in adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present study was to determine whether triptolide, a diterpene epoxide extracted from the Tripterygium plant, was able effectively decrease the viability of osteosarcoma cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms are also investigated. The human osteosarcoma cell lines U-2 OS and MG-63 were used in this study. The U-2 OS and MG-63 cells were treated with 0, 5, 10, 25 or 50 nM triptolide. Cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide only were used as the no drug treatment control. A commercial MTT kit was used to determine the effects of triptolide on cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is frequently overexpressed in tumor tissues, possibly related to the failure of a number of chemotherapeutics. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a chaperone molecule that is able to increase drug resistance. The protein expression levels of MKP-1 and Hsp70 were determined using western blot analysis. The results indicate that triptolide effectively reduced the viability of the osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, triptolide was found to effectively reduce MKP-1 expression and Hsp70 levels. Further analysis showed that triptolide reduced MKP-1 mRNA expression in the U-2 OS and MG-63 cells. Triptolide reduced Hsp70 mRNA expression levels in U-2 OS and MG-63 cells. These results suggest that triptolide effectively decreases the viability of osteosarcoma cells. These effects may be associated with the decreased expression of MKP-1 and Hsp70 levels. These results suggest that triptolide may be used in the treatments of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - B O Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Huawu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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hnRNPK inhibits GSK3β Ser9 phosphorylation, thereby stabilizing c-FLIP and contributes to TRAIL resistance in H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22999. [PMID: 26972480 PMCID: PMC4789638 DOI: 10.1038/srep22999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein) is the pivotal regulator of TRAIL resistance in cancer cells, It is a short-lived protein degraded through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. The discovery of factors and mechanisms regulating its protein stability is important for the comprehension of TRAIL resistance by tumor cells. In this study, we show that, when H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells are treated with TRAIL, hnRNPK is translocated from nucleus to cytoplasm where it interacts and co-localizes with GSK3β. We find that hnRNPK is able to inhibit the Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β by PKC. This has the effect of activating GSK3β and thereby stabilizing c-FLIP protein which contributes to the resistance to TRAIL in H1299 cells. Our immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray provides the clinical evidence of this finding by establishing a negative correlation between the level of hnRNPK expression and the Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β in both lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal tissues. Moreover, in all cancer tissues examined, hnRNPK was found in the cytoplasm whereas it is exclusively nuclear in the normal tissues. Our study sheds new insights on the molecular mechanisms governing the resistance to TRAIL in tumor cells, and provides new clues for the combinatorial chemotherapeutic interventions with TRAIL.
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Gao X, Xu F, Zhang HT, Chen M, Huang W, Zhang Q, Zeng Q, Liu L. PKCα-GSK3β-NF-κB signaling pathway and the possible involvement of TRIM21 in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:256-64. [PMID: 27219672 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a highly promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment, owing to its ability to selectively target tumor cells for cell death while having little effect on most normal cells. However, recent research has found that many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), display resistance to TRAIL. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the resistance of tumor cells to TRAIL treatment. In this study, we show that GSK3β antagonized TRAIL-induced apoptosis in H1299 NSCLC cells, and determined that the PKCα isozyme is an upstream regulator of GSK3β that phosphorylates and inactivates GSK3β, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic effect of GSK3β is mediated by the NF-κB pathway, whereas the tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21) was able to inhibit the activation of NF-κB by GSK3β, and leads to the promotion of cell apoptosis. Taken together, our study further delineated the underpinning mechanism of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in H1299 cells, and provided new clues for sensitizing NSCLC cells to TRAIL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Gao
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fengmei Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huan-Tian Zhang
- b Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Miaojuan Chen
- c Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wensi Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- d Institute of Biomedicine, and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingzhong Zeng
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Langxia Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Chen J, Ge L, Liu A, Yuan Y, Ye J, Zhong J, Liu L, Chen X. Identification of pathways related to FAF1/H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis through an integrated approach based on iTRAQ quantification and literature review. J Proteomics 2016; 131:163-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Brincks EL, Kucaba TA, James BR, Murphy KA, Schwertfeger KL, Sangwan V, Banerjee S, Saluja AK, Griffith TS. Triptolide enhances the tumoricidal activity of TRAIL against renal cell carcinoma. FEBS J 2015; 282:4747-4765. [PMID: 26426449 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to traditional cancer therapies, and metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable. The shortcomings in current therapeutic options for patients with mRCC provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has proven to be a potent inducer of tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo, and a number of TRAIL death receptor agonists (recombinant TRAIL or TRAIL death receptor-specific mAb) have been developed and tested clinically. Unfortunately the clinical efficacy of TRAIL has been underwhelming and is likely due to a number of possible mechanisms that render tumors resistant to TRAIL, prompting the search for drugs that increase tumor cell susceptibility to TRAIL. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of combining the diterpene triepoxide triptolide, or its water-soluble prodrug, Minnelide, with TRAIL receptor agonists against RCC in vitro or in vivo, respectively. TRAIL-induced apoptotic death of human RCC cells was increased in the presence of triptolide. The triptolide-induced sensitization was accompanied by increased TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and decreased heat shock protein 70 expression. In vivo treatment of mice bearing orthotopic RCC (Renca) tumors showed the combination of Minnelide and agonistic anti-DR5 mAb significantly decreased tumor burden and increased animal survival compared to either therapy alone. Our data suggest triptolide/Minnelide sensitizes RCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through altered TRAIL death receptor and heat shock protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ashok K Saluja
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Amarante-Mendes GP, Griffith TS. Therapeutic applications of TRAIL receptor agonists in cancer and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:117-31. [PMID: 26343199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRAIL/Apo-2L is a member of the TNF superfamily first described as an apoptosis-inducing cytokine in 1995. Similar to TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis in caspase-dependent manner following TRAIL death receptor trimerization. Because tumor cells were shown to be particularly sensitive to this cytokine while normal cells/tissues proved to be resistant along with being able to synthesize and release TRAIL, it was rapidly appreciated that TRAIL likely served as one of our major physiologic weapons against cancer. In line with this, a number of research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have attempted to exploit the ability of TRAIL to kill cancer cells by developing recombinant forms of TRAIL or TRAIL receptor agonists (e.g., receptor-specific mAb) for therapeutic purposes. In this review article we will describe the biochemical pathways used by TRAIL to induce different cell death programs. We will also summarize the clinical trials related to this pathway and discuss possible novel uses of TRAIL-related therapies. In recent years, the physiological importance of TRAIL has expanded beyond being a tumoricidal molecule to one critical for a number of clinical settings - ranging from infectious disease and autoimmunity to cardiovascular anomalies. We will also highlight some of these conditions where modulation of the TRAIL/TRAIL receptor system may be targeted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Brazil.
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor regulates apoptotic sensitivity of colon cancer HCT116 cell line to TRAIL via JNK-p53 pathway. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1532-44. [PMID: 25113506 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) serves not only as an anchor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator but also participates in intracellular signal transduction events. In this study, we investigated whether uPAR could modulate TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells HCT116. Using an antisense strategy, we established a stable HCT116 cell line with down-regulated uPAR. The sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis was evaluated by FACS analysis. Our results show that the inhibition of uPAR could sensitize HCT116 to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. uPAR inhibition changed the expression of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway proteins, including Bcl-2, Bax, Bid and p53, in a pro-apoptotic manner. We also found that the inhibition of uPAR down-regulated the phosphorylation of FAK, ERK and JNK. The inhibition of p53 by RNA interference rescued cells from enhanced apoptosis, thus indicating that p53 is critical for enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, JNK, but not ERK, inhibition involved in the up-regulation of p53. JNK negatively regulated p53 protein level. Overall, our results show that uPAR inhibition can sensitize colon cancer cells HCT116 to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via active p53 and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways that JNK inhibition is involved.
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Tyrosol prevents ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury in H9c2 cells: involvement of ROS, Hsp70, JNK and ERK, and apoptosis. Molecules 2015; 20:3758-75. [PMID: 25723850 PMCID: PMC6272375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury causes ROS overproduction, creating oxidative stress, and can trigger myocyte death, resulting in heart failure. Tyrosol is an antioxidant abounded in diets and medicine. Our objective was to investigate the protective effect of tyrosol on I/R-caused mortality in H9c2 cardiomyocytes through its influence on ROS, Hsp70, ERK, JNK, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-8. A simulated I/R model was used, myocytes loss was examined by MTT, and ROS levels were measured using DCFH-DA. Nuclear condensation and caspase-3 activity were assessed by DAPI staining and fluorometric assay. Phosphorylated ERK and JNK were determined by electrochemiluminescent ELISA, and Hsp70, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-8 were examined by Western blotting. Results show that tyrosol salvaged myocyte loss, inhibited nuclear condensation and caspase-3 activity dose-dependently, indicating its protection against I/R-caused myocyte loss. Furthermore, tyrosol significantly inhibited ROS accumulation and activation of ERK and JNK, augmenting Hsp70 expression. Besides, tyrosol inhibited I/R-induced apoptosis, associated with retained anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, and attenuated pro-apoptotic Bax protein, resulting in a preservation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Finally, tyrosol notably decreased cleaved caspase-8 levels. In conclusion, cytoprotection of tyrosol in I/R-caused myocyte mortality was involved with the mitigation of ROS, prohibition of the activation of ERK, JNK and caspase-8, and elevation of Hsp70 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
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Pugnaloni A, Lucarini G, Rubini C, Smorlesi A, Tomasetti M, Strafella E, Armeni T, Gualtieri AF. Raw and thermally treated cement asbestos exerts different cytotoxicity effects on A549 cells in vitro. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:29-39. [PMID: 25466987 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raw cement asbestos (RCA) undergoes a complete solid state transformation when heated at high temperatures. The secondary raw material produced, high temperatures-cement asbestos (HT-CA) is composed of newly-formed crystals in place of the asbestos fibers present in RCA. Our previous study showed that HT-CA exerts lower cytotoxic cell damage compared to RCA. Nevertheless further investigations are needed to deepen our understanding of pathogenic pathways involving oxidative and nitrative damage. Our aim is to deepen the understanding of the biological effects on A549 cells of these materials regarding DNA damage related proteins (p53, its isoform p73 and TRAIL) and nitric oxide (NO) production during inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated inflammation. Increments of p53/p73 expression, iNOS positive cells and NO concentrations were found with RCA, compared to HT-CA and controls mainly at 48 h. Interestingly, ferrous iron causing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage was found in RCA as a contaminant. HT-CA thermal treatment induces a global recrystallization with iron in a crystal form poorly released in media. HT-CA slightly interferes with genome expression and exerts lower inflammatory potential compared to RCA on biological systems. It could represent a safe approach for storing or recycling asbestos and an environmentally friendly alternative to asbestos waste.
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Lin Y, Peng N, Zhuang H, Zhang D, Wang Y, Hua ZC. Heat shock proteins HSP70 and MRJ cooperatively regulate cell adhesion and migration through urokinase receptor. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:639. [PMID: 25175595 PMCID: PMC4159539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is an important regulator of ECM proteolysis, cell-ECM interactions and cell signaling. uPAR and heat shock proteins HSP70 and MRJ (DNAJB6) have been implicated in tumor growth and metastasis. We have reported recently that MRJ (DNAJB6, a heat shock protein) can interact with uPAR and enhance cell adhesion. Here, we identified another heat shock protein HSP70 as a novel uPAR-interacting protein. Methods We performed co-immunoprecipitation in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 and colon cancer HCT116 cells as well as immunofluorence assays in HEK293 cells stably transfected with uPAR to investigate the association of suPAR with HSP70/MRJ. To understand the biological functions of the triple complex of suPAR/HSP70/MRJ, we determined whether HSP70 and/or MRJ regulated uPAR-mediated cell invasion, migration, adhesion to vitronectin and MAPK pathway in two pair of human tumor cells (uPAR negative HEK293 cells vs HEK293 cells stably transfected with uPAR and HCT116 cells stably transfected with antisense-uPAR vs HCT116 mock cells transfected with vector only) using transwell assay, wound healing assay, quantitative RT-PCR analyzing mmp2 and mmp9 transcription levels, cell adhesion assay and Western blotting assay. Results HSP70 and MRJ formed a triple complex with uPAR and over-expression of MRJ enhanced the interaction between HSP70 and uPAR, while knockdown of MRJ decreased soluble uPAR in HCT116 cells (P < 0.05) and reduced the formation of the triple complex, suggesting that MRJ may act as an uPAR-specific adaptor protein to link uPAR to HSP70. Further experiments showed that knockdown of HSP70 and/or MRJ by siRNA inhibited uPAR-mediated cell adhesion to vitronectin as well as suppressed cell invasion and migration. Knockdown of HSP70 and/or MRJ inhibited expression of invasion related genes mmp2 and mmp9. Finally, HSP70 and/or MRJ up-regulated phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and FAK suggesting MAPK pathway was involved. All the biological function experiments in cell level showed an additive effect when HSP70 and MRJ were regulated simultaneously indicating their collaborated regulation effects on uPAR. Conclusions These findings may offer a novel insight into the interactions between uPAR and HSP70/MRJ and their functions in cell adhesion and migration may provide more understanding of the roles in regulating cancer metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-639) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P,R, China.
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Tan GS, Lim KH, Tan HT, Khoo ML, Tan SH, Toh HC, Ching Ming Chung M. Novel proteomic biomarker panel for prediction of aggressive metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma relapse in surgically resectable patients. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4833-46. [PMID: 24946162 DOI: 10.1021/pr500229n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The natural course of early HCC is unknown, and its progression to intermediate and advanced HCC can be diverse. Some early stage HCC patients enjoy prolonged disease-free survival, whereas others suffer aggressive relapse to stage IV metastatic cancer within a year. Comparative proteomics of HCC tumor tissues was carried out using 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS to identify proteins that can distinguish these two groups of stage I HCC patients. Twelve out of 148 differentially regulated protein spots were found to differ by approximately 2-fold for the relapse versus nonrelapse patient tissues. Four proteins, namely, heat shock 70 kDa protein 1, argininosuccinate synthase, isoform 2 of UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and transketolase, were shown to have the potential to differentiate metastatic relapse (MR) from nonrelapse (NR) HCC patients after validation by western blotting and immunohistochemical assays. Subsequent TMA analysis revealed a three marker panel of HSP70, ASS1, and UGP2 to be statistically significant in stratifying the two groups of HCC patients. This combination panel achieved high levels of sensitivity and specificity, which has potential for clinical use in identifying HCC tumors prone to MR. This stratification will allow development of clinical management, including close follow-up and possibly treatment options, in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gek San Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore , 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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Wang H, Xu C, Kong X, Li X, Kong X, Wang Y, Ding X, Yang Q. Trail resistance induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances invasiveness by suppressing PTEN via miR-221 in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99067. [PMID: 24905916 PMCID: PMC4048247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells and is verified effective to various cancers. However, a variety of breast cancer cell lines are resistant to TRAIL and the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. In our present experiment, we successfully utilized breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to establish TRAIL-resistant cell line. We found resistance to TRAIL could induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhance invasiveness. We further demonstrated PTEN was down-regulated in TRAIL-resistant cells. Silencing miR-221, PTEN expression was up-regulated, the process of EMT could be reversed, and the ability of migration and invasion were correspondingly weakened. We also demonstrated knockdown of miR-221 could reverse resistance to TRAIL partially by targeting PTEN. Our findings suggest that resistance to TRAIL could induce EMT and enhance invasiveness by suppressing PTEN via miR-221. Re-expression of miR-221 or targeting PTEN might serve as potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Trail-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiji Wang
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunyuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangnan Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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HSP70 inhibition by 2-phenylethynesulfonamide induces lysosomal cathepsin D release and immunogenic cell death in primary effusion lymphoma. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e730. [PMID: 23868063 PMCID: PMC3730433 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 is aberrantly expressed in different malignancies and has a cancer-specific cell-protective effect. As such, it has emerged as a promising target for anticancer therapy. In this study, the effect of the HSP70-specific inhibitor (PES), also Pifitrin-μ, on primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell viability was analyzed. PES treatment induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect in BC3 and BCBL1 PEL cells by inducing lysosome membrane permeabilization, relocation of cathepsin D in the cytosol, Bid cleavage, mitochondrial depolarization with release and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-activating factor. The PES-induced cell death in PEL cells was characterized by the appearance of Annexin-V/propidium iodide double-positive cells from the early times of treatment, indicating the occurrence of an additional type of cell death other than apoptosis, which, accordingly, was not efficiently prevented by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Conversely, PES-induced cell death was robustly reduced by pepstatin A, which inhibits Bid and caspase 8 processing. In addition, PES was responsible for a block of the autophagic process in PEL cells. Finally, we found that PES-induced cell death has immunogenic potential being able to induce dendritic cell activation.
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