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Nantes WAG, Liberal SC, Santos FM, Dario MA, Mukoyama LTH, Woidella KB, Rita PHS, Roque ALR, de Oliveira CE, Herrera HM, Jansen AM. Viperidae snakes infected by mammalian-associated trypanosomatids and a free-living kinetoplastid. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105630. [PMID: 38936526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids have achieved significant evolutionary success in parasitizing various groups, yet reptiles remain relatively unexplored. The utilization of advanced molecular tools has revealed an increased richness of trypanosomatids in vertebrate hosts. The aim of this study was to identify the trypanosomatid species infecting Bothrops moojeni and Crotalus durissus kept in captivity from 2000 to 2022. Blood samples were obtained from 106 snakes: 73C. durissus and 33 B. moojeni. Whole blood was collected for hemoculture, blood smears and centrifugated to obtain the blood clot that had its DNA extracted and submitted to Nested PCR (18S rDNA gene) to detect Trypanosomatidae. Positive samples were quantified and submitted to both conventional (Sanger) and next generation sequencing (NGS). Cloning of the amplified PCR product was performed for only one individual of C. durissus. To exclude the possibility of local vector transmission, attempts to capture sandflies were conducted using six CDC-LT type light traps. Molecular diagnosis revealed that 34% of the snakes presented trypanosomatid DNA, 47.94% in C. durissus and 3.9% in B. moojeni. The cloning process generated four colonies identified as a new MOTU named Trypanosomatidae sp. CROT. The presence of DNA of five trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi TcII/VI, Trypanosoma sp. DID, Trypanosoma cascavelli, Trypanosomatidae sp. CROT, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania sp.) and one free-living kinetoplastid (Neobodo sp.) was revealed through NGS and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. The haplotypic network divided the T. cascavelli sequences into two groups, 1) marsupials and snakes and 2) exclusive to marsupials. Therefore, the diversity of Kinetoplastea is still underestimated. Snakes have the ability to maintain infection with T. cruzi and L. infantum for up to 20 years and the DNA finding of Neobodo sp. in the blood of a C. durissus suggests that this genus can infect vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Arruda Gimenes Nantes
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil.
| | - Sany Caroline Liberal
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Carina Elisei de Oliveira
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil; Biotechnology Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil; Biotechnology Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, 79117-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Welman S, Breit AM, Levesque DL, Nowack J. The upper limit of thermoneutrality is not indicative of thermotolerance in bats. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103933. [PMID: 39208468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
To assess the vulnerability of birds and mammals to climate change recent studies have used the upper critical limit of thermoneutrality (TUC) as an indicator of thermal tolerance. But, the association between TUC and thermal tolerance is not straightforward and most studies describe TUC based solely on a deviation in metabolism from basal levels, without also considering the onset of evaporative cooling. It was argued recently that certain torpor-using bat species who survived prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures (i.e. high thermal tolerance) experienced during extreme heat events did so by entering torpor and using facultative heterothermy to thermoconform and save on body water. Assuming that TUC is indicative of thermal tolerance, we expect TUC in torpor-using species to be higher than that of species which are obligate homeotherms, albeit that this distinction is based on confirmation of torpor use at low temperatures. To test this prediction, we performed a phylogenetically informed comparison of bat species known to use torpor (n = 48) and homeothermic (n = 16) bat species using published thermoregulatory datasets to compare the lower critical limit of thermoneutrality (TLC) and TUC in relation to body temperature. The influence of diet, biogeographical region, body mass and basal metabolic rate (BMR) was also considered. Body mass had a positive relationship with BMR, an inverse relationship with TLC and no relationship with TUC. Normothermic body temperature scaled positively with BMR, TLC and TUC. There was no relationship between diet or region and BMR, but both influenced thermal limits. Torpor-using bats had lower body mass and body temperatures than homeothermic bats, but there was no difference in BMR, TLC and TUC between them. Exceptional examples of physiological flexibility were observed in 34 torpor-using species and eight homeothermic species, which included 15 species of bats maintaining BMR-level metabolism at ambient temperatures as high as 40 °C (and corresponding body temperatures ∼39.2 °C). However, we argue that TUC based on metabolism alone is not an appropriate indicator of thermal tolerance as it disregards differences in the ability of animals to tolerate higher levels of hyperthermia, importance of hydration status and capacity for evaporative cooling. Also, the variability in TUC based on diet challenges the idea of evolutionary conservatism and warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Welman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa.
| | - Ana M Breit
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 04469 Orono, ME, USA; School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 89154, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - Julia Nowack
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF, Liverpool, UK
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Czenze ZJ, Dunbar M. Body mass affects short‐term heterothermy in Neotropical bats. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenon J. Czenze
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology South African National Biodiversity Institute Pretoria South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Miranda Dunbar
- Department of Biology Southern Connecticut State University New Haven CT USA
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Refinetti R. Circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and metabolism. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:321-362. [PMID: 33251281 PMCID: PMC7678948 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1743605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the circadian rhythms of body temperature and whole-organism metabolism. The two rhythms are first described separately, each description preceded by a review of research methods. Both rhythms are generated endogenously but can be affected by exogenous factors. The relationship between the two rhythms is discussed next. In endothermic animals, modulation of metabolic activity can affect body temperature, but the rhythm of body temperature is not a mere side effect of the rhythm of metabolic thermogenesis associated with general activity. The circadian system modulates metabolic heat production to generate the body temperature rhythm, which challenges homeothermy but does not abolish it. Individual cells do not regulate their own temperature, but the relationship between circadian rhythms and metabolism at the cellular level is also discussed. Metabolism is both an output of and an input to the circadian clock, meaning that circadian rhythmicity and metabolism are intertwined in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Refinetti
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Nowack J, Levesque DL, Reher S, Dausmann KH. Variable Climates Lead to Varying Phenotypes: “Weird” Mammalian Torpor and Lessons From Non-Holarctic Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Rodrigues MS, Lima L, Xavier SCDC, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Roque ALR, Teixeira MMG, Jansen AM. Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 8:171-181. [PMID: 30847276 PMCID: PMC6389730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma spp. infection in wild mammals is detected mainly through parasitological tests that usually display low sensitivity. We propose the use of DNA extracted directly from blood clots (BC), which are neglected sources of DNA for diagnosis and identification of Trypanosoma spp. This approach followed by nested PCR targeting the 18S SSU rDNA demonstrated to be sensitive and suitable to evaluate the diversity of trypanosomes infecting sylvatic mammals, including subpatent and mixed infections. Infection was detected in 95/120 (79.2%) samples from bats, carnivores and marsupials that included negative serological and hemoculture testing mammals. Thirteen Trypanosoma spp. or Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were identified, including two new MOTUs. The high diversity of trypanosomes species and MOTUs infecting bats and marsupials showed that these hosts can be considered as bio-accumulators of Trypanosoma spp., with specimens of Didelphis spp. displaying the highest trypanosome diversity. The use of blood clots allowed direct access to non-culturable parasites, mixed infections, besides bypassing the selective pressure on the parasites inherent to cultivation procedures. Trypanosoma cruzi was the species found infecting the highest number of individuals, followed by T. lainsoni. Positive PCR for T. cruzi was observed in 16 seronegative individuals and 30 individuals with negative hemocultures. Also, T. lainsoni, previously found only in rodents, showed to be capable of infecting bats and marsupials. This finding makes it clear that some species of Trypanosoma are more generalist than previously thought. Molecular diagnosis using nested PCR from DNA extracted from BC allowed the increase of the knowledge about host-spectrum and distribution of Trypanosoma spp. and allowed the identification of new MOTUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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O'Mara MT, Rikker S, Wikelski M, Ter Maat A, Pollock HS, Dechmann DKN. Heart rate reveals torpor at high body temperatures in lowland tropical free-tailed bats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171359. [PMID: 29308259 PMCID: PMC5750026 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in metabolic rate and body temperature is a common strategy for small endotherms to save energy. The daily reduction in metabolic rate and heterothermy, or torpor, is particularly pronounced in regions with a large variation in daily ambient temperature. This applies most strongly in temperate bat species (order Chiroptera), but it is less clear how tropical bats save energy if ambient temperatures remain high. However, many subtropical and tropical species use some daily heterothermy on cool days. We recorded the heart rate and the body temperature of free-ranging Pallas' mastiff bats (Molossus molossus) in Gamboa, Panamá, and showed that these individuals have low field metabolic rates across a wide range of body temperatures that conform to high ambient temperature. Importantly, low metabolic rates in controlled respirometry trials were best predicted by heart rate, and not body temperature. Molossus molossus enter torpor-like states characterized by low metabolic rate and heart rates at body temperatures of 32°C, and thermoconform across a range of temperatures. Flexible metabolic strategies may be far more common in tropical endotherms than currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Panamá
- Author for correspondence: M. Teague O'Mara e-mail:
| | - Sebastian Rikker
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andries Ter Maat
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Henry S. Pollock
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dina K. N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Panamá
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Costa LM, Moratelli R, Nascimento MP, Costa LP, Leite YLR, Llewellyn MS, Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. High Trypanosoma spp. diversity is maintained by bats and triatomines in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188412. [PMID: 29176770 PMCID: PMC5703495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reevaluate the ecology of an area in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil, where Chagas disease (CD) has been found to occur. In a previous study, immediately after the occurrence of a CD case, we did not observe any sylvatic small mammals or dogs with Trypanosoma cruzi cruzi infections, but Triatoma vitticeps presented high T. c. cruzi infection rates. In this study, we investigated bats together with non-volant mammals, dogs, and triatomines to explore other possible T. c. cruzi reservoirs/hosts in the area. Seventy-three non-volant mammals and 186 bats were captured at three sites within the Guarapari municipality, Espírito Santo state. Rio da Prata and Amarelos sites exhibited greater richness in terms of non-volant mammals and bats species, respectively. The marsupial Metachirus nudicaudatus, the rodent Trinomys paratus, and the bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata were the most frequently captured species. As determined by positive hemocultures, only two non-volant mammals were found to be infected by Trypanosoma species: Monodelphis americana, which was infected by T. cascavelli, T. dionisii and Trypanosoma sp., and Callithrix geoffroyi, which was infected by T. minasense. Bats presented T. c. cruzi TcI and TcIII/V, T. c. marinkellei, T. dionisii, T. rangeli B and D, and Trypanosoma sp. infections. Seven dogs were infected with T. cruzi based only on serological exams. The triatomines T. vitticeps and Panstrongylus geniculatus were found to be infected by trypanosomes via microscopy. According to molecular characterization, T. vitticeps specimens were infected with T. c. cruzi TcI, TcII, TcIII/V, and TcIV, T. c. marinkellei and T. dionisii. We observed high trypanosome diversity in a small and fragmented region of the Atlantic Forest. This diversity was primarily maintained by bats and T. vitticeps. Our findings show that the host specificity of the Trypanosoma genus should be thoroughly reviewed. In addition, our data show that CD cases can occur without an enzootic cycle near residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Monique Pereira Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Leonora Pires Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Yuri Luiz Reis Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
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