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Paluchowska P, Lim Rossmann S, Lysøe E, Janiszewska M, Michalak K, Heydarnajad Giglou R, Torabi Giglou M, Brurberg MB, Śliwka J, Yin Z. Diversity of the Ry sto gene conferring resistance to potato virus Y in wild relatives of potato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:375. [PMID: 38714928 PMCID: PMC11077776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato virus Y (PVY) is among the economically most damaging viral pathogen in production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide. The gene Rysto derived from the wild potato relative Solanum stoloniferum confers extreme resistance to PVY. RESULTS The presence and diversity of Rysto were investigated in wild relatives of potato (298 genotypes representing 29 accessions of 26 tuber-bearing Solanum species) using PacBio amplicon sequencing. A total of 55 unique Rysto-like sequences were identified in 72 genotypes representing 12 accessions of 10 Solanum species and six resistant controls (potato cultivars Alicja, Bzura, Hinga, Nimfy, White Lady and breeding line PW363). The 55 Rysto-like sequences showed 89.87 to 99.98% nucleotide identity to the Rysto reference gene, and these encoded in total 45 unique protein sequences. While Rysto-like26 identified in Alicja, Bzura, White Lady and Rysto-like16 in PW363 encode a protein identical to the Rysto reference, the remaining 44 predicted Rysto-like proteins were 65.93 to 99.92% identical to the reference. Higher levels of diversity of the Rysto-like sequences were found in the wild relatives of potato than in the resistant control cultivars. The TIR and NB-ARC domains were the most conserved within the Rysto-like proteins, while the LRR and C-JID domains were more variable. Several Solanum species, including S. antipoviczii and S. hougasii, showed resistance to PVY. This study demonstrated Hyoscyamus niger, a Solanaceae species distantly related to Solanum, as a host of PVY. CONCLUSIONS The new Rysto-like variants and the identified PVY resistant potato genotypes are potential resistance sources against PVY in potato breeding. Identification of H. niger as a host for PVY is important for cultivation of this plant, studies on the PVY management, its ecology, and migrations. The amplicon sequencing based on PacBio SMRT and the following data analysis pipeline described in our work may be applied to obtain the nucleotide sequences and analyze any full-length genes from any, even polyploid, organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Paluchowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) in Radzików, Młochów Division, Platanowa St. 19, Młochów, 05-831, Poland
| | - Simeon Lim Rossmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Marta Janiszewska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) in Radzików, Młochów Division, Platanowa St. 19, Młochów, 05-831, Poland
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) in Radzików, Młochów Division, Platanowa St. 19, Młochów, 05-831, Poland
| | - Rasoul Heydarnajad Giglou
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Mousa Torabi Giglou
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Jadwiga Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) in Radzików, Młochów Division, Platanowa St. 19, Młochów, 05-831, Poland
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) in Radzików, Młochów Division, Platanowa St. 19, Młochów, 05-831, Poland.
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Liu J, Yue J, Wang H, Xie L, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Zhou H. Strategies for Engineering Virus Resistance in Potato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091736. [PMID: 37176794 PMCID: PMC10180755 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important vegetable crop that plays a pivotal role in the world, especially given its potential to feed the world population and to act as the major staple food in many developing countries. Every year, significant crop loss is caused by viral diseases due to a lack of effective agrochemical treatments, since only transmission by insect vectors can be combated with the use of insecticides, and this has been an important factor hindering potato production. With the rapid development of molecular biology and plant genetic engineering technology, transgenic approaches and non-transgenic techniques (RNA interference and CRISPR-cas9) have been effectively employed to improve potato protection against devastating viruses. Moreover, the availability of viral sequences, potato genome sequences, and host immune mechanisms has remarkably facilitated potato genetic engineering. In this study, we summarize the progress of antiviral strategies applied in potato through engineering either virus-derived or plant-derived genes. These recent molecular insights into engineering approaches provide the necessary framework to develop viral resistance in potato in order to provide durable and broad-spectrum protection against important viral diseases of solanaceous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecai Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jianying Yue
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lingtai Xie
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Zhang L, Nie FJ, Gong L, Gan XY, Zhang GH, Liu X, Yang WJ, Shi L, Chen YC, Xie RX, Guo ZQ, Song Y. Regenerative plantlets with improved agronomic characteristics caused by anther culture of tetraploid potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14984. [PMID: 37187528 PMCID: PMC10178354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As the primary means of plant-induced haploid, anther culture is of great significance in quickly obtaining pure lines and significantly shortening the potato breeding cycle. Nevertheless, the methods of anther culture of tetraploid potato were still not well established. Methods In this study, 16 potato cultivars (lines) were used for anther culture in vitro. The corresponding relation between the different development stages of microspores and the external morphology of buds was investigated. A highly-efficient anther culture system of tetraploid potatoes was established. Results It was shown in the results that the combined use of 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 1.0 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1.0 mg/L Kinetin (KT) was the ideal choice of hormone pairing for anther callus. Ten of the 16 potato cultivars examined could be induced callus with their respective anthers, and the induction rate ranged from 4.44% to 22.67% using this hormone combination. According to the outcome from the orthogonal design experiments of four kinds of appendages, we found that the medium with sucrose (40 g/L), AgNO3 (30 mg/L), activated carbon (3 g/L), potato extract (200 g/L) had a promotive induction effect on the anther callus. In contrast, adding 1 mg/L Zeatin (ZT) effectively facilitated callus differentiation. Conclusion Finally, 201 anther culture plantlets were differentiated from 10 potato cultivars. Among these, Qingshu 168 and Ningshu 15 had higher efficiency than anther culture. After identification by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 10 haploid plantlets (5%), 177 tetraploids (88%), and 14 octoploids (7%) were obtained. Some premium anther-cultured plantlets were further selected by morphological and agronomic comparison. Our findings provide important guidance for potato ploidy breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Agriculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Feng-jie Nie
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiao-yan Gan
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guo-hui Zhang
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wen-jing Yang
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yu-chao Chen
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Rui-xia Xie
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-qian Guo
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuxia Song
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Gavrilenko T, Chukhina I, Antonova O, Krylova E, Shipilina L, Oskina N, Kostina L. Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Chilean Cultivated Potato Based on a Molecular Study of Authentic Herbarium Specimens and Present-Day Gene Bank Accessions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:174. [PMID: 36616303 PMCID: PMC9823414 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the 1920s, Vavilov organized several potato-collecting missions in South and Central America. Vavilov and his colleagues, Juzepczuk and Bukasov, participated in these expeditions and worked on gathered material, designated two centers of potato varietal riches and diversity-the Peru-Bolivia high-mountain center and the southern coast of Chile. The WIR Herbarium holds authentic specimens of many taxa described by Russian taxonomists. Here, a set of 20 plastid DNA-specific markers was applied for 49 authentic herbarium specimens of Solanum tuberosum L. from the WIR Herbarium to analyze the genetic diversity of the landrace population collected by Juzepczuk in 1928 in southern-central Chile. Two plastid DNA types, T and A, and two chlorotypes were identified in herbarium specimens, with a clear predominance (96%) of chlorotype cpT_III. In addition, we analyzed 46 living Chilean accessions from the VIR field potato gene bank that were collected after the appearance of Phytophthora infestans in Chile. These living accessions were differentiated into four chlorotypes. Finding a D-type cytoplasm in living Chilean accessions that possess two new chlorotypes indicates a replacement of native cultivars and introgression from the wild Mexican species S. demissum that was actively used in breeding as a source of race-specific resistance to late blight.
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Rychc Confers Extreme Resistance to Potato virus Y in Potato. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162577. [PMID: 36010654 PMCID: PMC9406545 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Potato virus Y (PVY) is responsible for huge economic losses for the potato industry worldwide and is the fifth most consequential plant virus globally. The main strategies for virus control are to limit aphid vectors, produce virus-free seed potatoes, and breed virus-resistant varieties. The breeding of PVY-resistant varieties is the safest and most effective method in terms of cost and environmental protection. Rychc, a gene that confers extreme resistance to PVY, is from S. chacoense, which is a wild diploid potato species that is widely used in many PVY-resistant breeding projects. In this study, Rychc was fine mapped and successfully cloned from S. chacoense accession 40-3. We demonstrated that Rychc encodes a TIR-NLR protein by stably transforming a diploid susceptible cultivar named AC142 and a tetraploid potato variety named E3. The Rychc conferred extreme resistance to PVYO, PVYN:O and PVYNTN in both of the genotypes. To investigate the genetic events occurring during the evolution of the Rychc locus, we sequenced 160 Rychc homologs from 13 S. chacoense genotypes. Based on the pattern of sequence identities, 160 Rychc homologs were divided into 11 families. In Family 11 including Rychc, we found evidence for Type I evolutionary patterns with frequent sequence exchanges, obscured orthologous relationships and high non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (Ka/Ks), which is consistent with rapid diversification and positive selection in response to rapid changes in the PVY genomes. Furthermore, a functional marker named MG64-17 was developed in this study that indicates the phenotype with 100% accuracy and, therefore, can be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs that use S. chacoense as a breeding resource.
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Genetic Diversity Trends in the Cultivated Potato: A Spatiotemporal Overview. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040604. [PMID: 35453803 PMCID: PMC9026384 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Monitoring the change in genetic diversity over time and space in crop species is essential to facilitating further improvement. As the world’s most important tuber crop for human consumption, and an ideal candidate to help address global food security, the cultivated potato deserves in-depth study in this regard. In this overview, some aspects of spatiotemporal diversity assessment in the cultivated potato are examined with the aim of promoting appropriate strategies for breeding programs in line with challenges relating to sustainable crop production. Abstract We investigated the changes in genetic diversity over time and space of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for the period pre-1800 to 2021. A substantial panel of 1219 potato varieties, belonging to different spatiotemporal groups, was examined using a set of 35 microsatellite markers (SSR). Genotypic data covering a total of 407 alleles was analyzed using both self-organizing map (SOM) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) de novo and a priori clustering methods, respectively. Data analysis based on different models of genetic structuring provided evidence of (1) at least two early lineages that have been maintained since their initial introduction from the Andes into Europe in the 16th century, followed by later ones coming from reintroduction events from the US in the mid-1800s; (2) a level of diversity that has gradually evolved throughout the studied time periods and areas, with the most modern variety groups encompassing most of the diversity found in earlier decades; (3) the emergence of new genetic groups within the current population due to increases in the use of germplasm enhancement practices using exotic germplasms. In addition, analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation both among and within the spatiotemporal groups of germplasm studied. Our results therefore highlight that no major genetic narrowing events have occurred within the cultivated potato over the past three centuries. On the contrary, the genetic base shows promising signs of improvement, thanks to extensive breeding work that is gaining momentum. This overview could be drawn on not only to understand better how past decisions have impacted the current genetic cultivated potato resources, but also to develop appropriate new strategies for breeding programs consistent with the socio-economic and sustainability challenges faced by agrifood systems.
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Huang W, Nie B, Tu Z, Li C, Murphy A, Singh M, Song B, Zhang S, Xie C, Nie X. Extreme Resistance to Potato Virus A in Potato Cultivar Barbara is Independently Mediated by Ra and Rysto. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3344-3348. [PMID: 34096772 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0233-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) and potato virus Y (PVY) are two members of genus Potyvirus infecting potato crops worldwide. Host resistance offers an economical and effective means for the control or management of these viruses. In this study, 20 potato clones were screened for their resistance against PVA and PVY by mechanical or graft inoculation assay, and were explored for the relationship between extreme resistance genes Ra and Ry by the detection of molecular markers linked to Ryadg, Rysto, and Rychc. Six clones, including Barbara, Jizhangshu 8, Longshu 7, Longshu 8, M6, and Solara, were found to be extremely resistant to both PVA and PVY; three clones (AC142, Eshu 3, and Shepody) were deemed to be extremely resistant to PVA but susceptible to PVY. To further reveal the inheritance of the extreme resistance (ER) against PVA, a tetraploid F1 population of Barbara × F58050 (susceptible to both PVY and PVA) and a tetraploid BC1 population of BF145 (a PVA-resistant but PVY-susceptible progeny of Barbara × F58050) × F58050 were obtained. Phenotyping of the F1 and BC1 populations by graft inoculation with PVA showed segregation ratios of 3:1 and 1:1 (resistant:susceptible), respectively. These results suggest that two independent loci control ER against PVA in Barbara: one confers ER to both PVA and PVY and the other confers ER to PVA only. The deduced genotype of Barbara is RyryryryRararara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Agnes Murphy
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Mathuresh Singh
- Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Institute for Plant Protection & Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianzhou Nie
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
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Abstract
Anther culture provides a tool to produce haploid lines from cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), which has a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) genome constitution. Shoot regeneration via direct embryogenesis in anther culture procedure is preferred to produce dihaploid (2n = 2x = 24) potato lines, which can be applied in breeding of potato varieties. The anther culture protocol described in the present chapter can be conducted not only in cultivated potato (S. tuberosum) but also in other genetically related potato species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Matti Rokka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production systems, Jokioinen, Finland.
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Zia MAB, Demirel U, Nadeem MA, Çaliskan ME. Genome-wide association study identifies various loci underlying agronomic and morphological traits in diversified potato panel. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1003-1020. [PMID: 32377049 PMCID: PMC7196606 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Potato is one of the most important food crops all over the world. Breeding activities for this crop are mainly aimed to improve the quality and yield of tuber. However, genetic architecture of various traits contributing to the quality and yield of potato are not yet completely understood. Genome wide association studies provides a broader way to identify the genomic regions associated with various traits. Panels of 237 tetraploid potato genotypes from different countries were grown for two consecutive years 2016 and 2017 at experimental research area of Potato research center Niğde, Turkey. A genome wide association study using SolCAP 12K array was performed for various morpho-agronomic traits. Structure algorithm and neighborhood joining analysis clearly divided all genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of their origin. For the marker trait association, Mixed Linear Model in TASSEL was performed and 36 genomic regions were found for the traits under study. The mean r2 value was found to be 0.92 and mean significant LD was 47.5% in the populations. LD patterns reflected the breeding history of potato. The findings of present study provide a framework which could be useful for future potato breeding programs to enhance the production and to reduce the challenges in the coming years to feed world's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu Bakar Zia
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
- College of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Ufuk Demirel
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 14000 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Çaliskan
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
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Slater AT, Schultz L, Lombardi M, Rodoni BC, Bottcher C, Cogan NOI, Forster JW. Screening for Resistance to PVY in Australian Potato Germplasm. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040429. [PMID: 32316258 PMCID: PMC7230960 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potatoes are an important human food crop, but have a number of yield limiting factors, including disease susceptibility. Potato virus Y (PVY) is found worldwide, and is one of the main virus problems for potato growers. PVY is transmitted by aphids and mechanically by machinery, tools and people, and symptoms are variable across cultivars and strains, including being symptomless in some cultivars. Therefore, breeding resistant cultivars is the best way to control this virus. This study phenotypically screened 74 of the main commercial cultivars and a few other select cultivars grown in Australia, in order to identify sources of resistance to PVY. The cultivars were screened against PVYO and PVYNTN, with 23 out of 71 resistant to PVYO and 13 out of 74 resistant to PVYNTN, and all these 13 were resistant to both strains. When the phenotypic screening was compared to the results listed on the European Cultivated Potato Database, the majority of results were found to be consistent. We then evaluated three molecular markers RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 for the extreme resistance genes Ryadg and Rysto, to validate the usefulness of the markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) on Australian germplasm. The degree of correlation between the resistance phenotypes and the RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 markers for Ryadg and Rysto conferred PVY resistance was determined. Three cultivars amplified the RYSC3 marker, while the M45 marker amplified the same 3 and an additional 9. Of the 12 cultivars, 11 phenotyped as resistant, but 1 was susceptible. The STM0003 marker was amplified from only 2 cultivars that both had resistant phenotypes. The RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 markers were therefore able to identify all the 13 cultivars that were resistant to both strains of PVY. Therefore, these markers will enable the identification of genotypes with resistance to PVY, and enable PVY resistant parents to be used for the development of superior progeny; these genetic markers can be used for MAS in the Australian potato breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Slater
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lee Schultz
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Maria Lombardi
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Brendan C. Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Chris Bottcher
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Noel O. I. Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - John W. Forster
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Kondrák M, Kopp A, Uri C, Sós-Hegedűs A, Csákvári E, Schiller M, Barta E, Cernák I, Polgár Z, Taller J, Bánfalvi Z. Mapping and DNA sequence characterisation of the Rysto locus conferring extreme virus resistance to potato cultivar 'White Lady'. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224534. [PMID: 32231371 PMCID: PMC7108733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus resistance genes carried by wild plant species are valuable resources for plant breeding. The Rysto gene, conferring a broad spectrum of durable resistance, originated from Solanum stoloniferum and was introgressed into several commercial potato cultivars, including ‘White Lady’, by classical breeding. Rysto was mapped to chromosome XII in potato, and markers used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programmes were identified. Nevertheless, there was no information on the identity of the Rysto gene. To begin to reveal the identification of Rysto, fine-scale genetic mapping was performed which, in combination with chromosome walking, narrowed down the locus of the gene to approximately 1 Mb. DNA sequence analysis of the locus identified six full-length NBS-LRR-type (short NLR-type) putative resistance genes. Two of them, designated TMV2 and TMV3, were similar to a TMV resistance gene isolated from tobacco and to Y-1, which co-segregates with Ryadg, the extreme virus resistance gene originated from Solanum andigena and localised to chromosome XI. Furthermore, TMV2 of ‘White Lady’ was found to be 95% identical at the genomic sequence level with the recently isolated Rysto gene of the potato cultivar ‘Alicja’. In addition to the markers identified earlier, this work generated five tightly linked new markers which can serve potato breeding efforts for extreme virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Kondrák
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kopp
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csilla Uri
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Edina Csákvári
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Schiller
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Endre Barta
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Cernák
- Potato Research Centre, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Polgár
- Potato Research Centre, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - János Taller
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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12
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Grech-Baran M, Witek K, Szajko K, Witek AI, Morgiewicz K, Wasilewicz-Flis I, Jakuczun H, Marczewski W, Jones JDG, Hennig J. Extreme resistance to Potato virus Y in potato carrying the Ry sto gene is mediated by a TIR-NLR immune receptor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020. [PMID: 31397954 DOI: 10.1101/445031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogen that causes severe annual crop losses worth billions of dollars worldwide. PVY is transmitted by aphids, and successful control of virus transmission requires the extensive use of environmentally damaging insecticides to reduce vector populations. Rysto , from the wild relative S. stoloniferum, confers extreme resistance (ER) to PVY and related viruses and is a valuable trait that is widely employed in potato resistance breeding programmes. Rysto was previously mapped to a region of potato chromosome XII, but the specific gene has not been identified to date. In this study, we isolated Rysto using resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) and PacBio SMRT (Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing). Rysto was found to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal TIR domain and was sufficient for PVY perception and ER in transgenic potato plants. Rysto -dependent extreme resistance was temperature-independent and requires EDS1 and NRG1 proteins. Rysto may prove valuable for creating PVY-resistant cultivars of potato and other Solanaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grech-Baran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Katarzyna Szajko
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Morgiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Wasilewicz-Flis
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów, Poland
| | - Henryka Jakuczun
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów, Poland
| | - Waldemar Marczewski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Torrance L, Cowan GH, McLean K, MacFarlane S, Al-Abedy AN, Armstrong M, Lim TY, Hein I, Bryan GJ. Natural resistance to Potato virus Y in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:967-980. [PMID: 31950199 PMCID: PMC7021755 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel major gene resistance against Potato virus Y in diploid populations of Solanum tuberosum Groups Phureja and Tuberosum was biologically and genetically characterised. Named Ry(o)phu, it mapped to chromosome 9. A new source of genetic resistance derived from Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja against Potato virus Y (PVY) was identified and genetically characterised in three diploid biparental potato populations. Segregation data for two populations (05H1 and 08H1) suggested the presence of a single dominant gene for resistance to PVY which, following DaRT analysis of the 08H1 cross, was mapped to chromosome 9. More detailed genetic analysis of resistance utilised a well-characterised SNP-linkage map for the 06H1 population, together with newly generated marker data. In these plants, which have both S. tuberosum Group Phureja and S. tuberosum Group Tuberosum in their pedigree, the resistance was shown to map to chromosome 9 at a locus not previously associated with PVY resistance, although there is evidence for at least one other genetic factor controlling PVY infection. The resistance factor location on chromosome 9 (named as Ry(o)phu) suggests a potential role of NB-LRR genes in this resistance. Phenotypic analysis using a GUS-tagged virus revealed that a small amount of PVY replication occurred in occasional groups of epidermal cells in inoculated leaves of resistant plants, without inducing any visible hypersensitive response. However, the virus did not enter the vascular system and systemic spread was completely prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Torrance
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
- The School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Graham H Cowan
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Karen McLean
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Aqeel N Al-Abedy
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
| | - Miles Armstrong
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Tze-Yin Lim
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ingo Hein
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences at the James Hutton Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Glenn J Bryan
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
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14
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Grech‐Baran M, Witek K, Szajko K, Witek AI, Morgiewicz K, Wasilewicz‐Flis I, Jakuczun H, Marczewski W, Jones JDG, Hennig J. Extreme resistance to Potato virus Y in potato carrying the Ry sto gene is mediated by a TIR-NLR immune receptor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:655-667. [PMID: 31397954 PMCID: PMC7004898 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogen that causes severe annual crop losses worth billions of dollars worldwide. PVY is transmitted by aphids, and successful control of virus transmission requires the extensive use of environmentally damaging insecticides to reduce vector populations. Rysto , from the wild relative S. stoloniferum, confers extreme resistance (ER) to PVY and related viruses and is a valuable trait that is widely employed in potato resistance breeding programmes. Rysto was previously mapped to a region of potato chromosome XII, but the specific gene has not been identified to date. In this study, we isolated Rysto using resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) and PacBio SMRT (Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing). Rysto was found to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal TIR domain and was sufficient for PVY perception and ER in transgenic potato plants. Rysto -dependent extreme resistance was temperature-independent and requires EDS1 and NRG1 proteins. Rysto may prove valuable for creating PVY-resistant cultivars of potato and other Solanaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grech‐Baran
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Katarzyna Szajko
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐National Research InstituteMłochówPoland
| | | | - Karolina Morgiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Iwona Wasilewicz‐Flis
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐National Research InstituteMłochówPoland
| | - Henryka Jakuczun
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐National Research InstituteMłochówPoland
| | - Waldemar Marczewski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐National Research InstituteMłochówPoland
| | | | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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15
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Bartkiewicz A, Chilla F, Terefe-Ayana D, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Flath K, Linde M, Debener T. Improved genetic resolution for linkage mapping of resistance to potato wart in monoparental dihaploids with potential diagnostic value in tetraploid potato varieties. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2555-2566. [PMID: 30159644 PMCID: PMC6244520 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We achieved improved mapping resolution of the major wart resistance locus Xla-TNL containing also Sen1 in a dihaploid population using SNP data and developed additional markers with diagnostic value in tetraploid varieties. We analyzed a segregating monoparental dihaploid potato population comprising 215 genotypes derived from a tetraploid variety that is highly resistant to Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes 18 and 6. The clear bimodal segregation for both pathotypes indicated that a major dominant resistance factor in a simplex allele configuration was present in the tetraploid donor genotype. Compared to that in previous analyses of the same tetraploid donor in conventional crosses with susceptible tetraploid genotypes, a segregation pattern with a reduced genetic complexity of resistance in dihaploids was observed here. Using the 12.8 k SolCAP SNP array, we mapped a resistance locus to the Xla-TNL region containing also Sen1 on potato chromosome 11. The improved mapping resolution provided by the monoparental dihaploids allowed for the localization of the genes responsible for the resistance to both pathotypes in an interval spanning less than 800 kbp on the reference genome. Furthermore, we identified eight molecular markers segregating without recombination to pathotype 18 and pathotype 6 resistance. Also, two developed markers display improved diagnostic properties in an independent panel of tetraploid varieties. Overall, our data provide the highest resolution mapping of wart resistance genes at the Xla-TNL locus thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bartkiewicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- DHD-Consulting GmbH, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Friederike Chilla
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany
| | - Diro Terefe-Ayana
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Westhoff, Südlohn-Oeding, Germany
| | - Jens Lübeck
- SaKa Pflanzenzucht GmbH & Co. KG, Windeby, Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Tacke
- Böhm-Nordkartoffel Agrarproduktion GmbH & Co. OHG, Ebstorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Linde
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Herrera MDR, Vidalon LJ, Montenegro JD, Riccio C, Guzman F, Bartolini I, Ghislain M. Molecular and genetic characterization of the Ry adg locus on chromosome XI from Andigena potatoes conferring extreme resistance to potato virus Y. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1925-1938. [PMID: 29855674 PMCID: PMC6096621 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We have elucidated the Andigena origin of the potato Ryadg gene on chromosome XI of CIP breeding lines and developed two marker assays to facilitate its introgression in potato by marker-assisted selection. Potato virus Y (PVY) is causing yield and quality losses forcing farmers to renew periodically their seeds from clean stocks. Two loci for extreme resistance to PVY, one on chromosome XI and the other on XII, have been identified and used in breeding. The latter corresponds to a well-known source of resistance (Solanum stoloniferum), whereas the one on chromosome XI was reported from S. stoloniferum and S. tuberosum group Andigena as well. To elucidate its taxonomic origin in our breeding lines, we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of tightly linked markers (M45, M6) and screened 251 landraces of S. tuberosum group Andigena for the presence of this gene. Our results indicate that the PVY resistance allele on chromosome XI in our breeding lines originated from S. tuberosum group Andigena. We have developed two marker assays to accelerate the introgression of Ryadg gene into breeding lines by marker-assisted selection (MAS). First, we have multiplexed RYSC3, M6 and M45 DNA markers flanking the Ryadg gene and validated it on potato varieties with known presence/absence of the Ryadg gene and a progeny of 6,521 individuals. Secondly, we developed an allele-dosage assay particularly useful to identify multiplex Ryadg progenitors. The assay based on high-resolution melting analysis at the M6 marker confirmed Ryadg plex level as nulliplex, simplex and duplex progenitors and few triplex progenies. These marker assays have been validated and can be used to facilitate MAS in potato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jara Vidalon
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Juan D. Montenegro
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Present Address: Australian Genome Research Facility, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Cinzia Riccio
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Frank Guzman
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Present Address: Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM) - Biotechnology Center (CBiot), UFRGS, Bento Gonçalves Ave. 9500/Building, 43431 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Ida Bartolini
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Present Address: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Av La Universidad 1915, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Marc Ghislain
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- International Potato Center, P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, 00603 Kenya
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17
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Manrique-Carpintero NC, Coombs JJ, Pham GM, Laimbeer FPE, Braz GT, Jiang J, Veilleux RE, Buell CR, Douches DS. Genome Reduction in Tetraploid Potato Reveals Genetic Load, Haplotype Variation, and Loci Associated With Agronomic Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:944. [PMID: 30018631 PMCID: PMC6037889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) has a complex genetic structure due to its autotetraploidy and vegetative propagation which leads to accumulation of mutations and a highly heterozygous genome. A high degree of heterozygosity has been considered to be the main driver of fitness and agronomic trait performance in potato improvement efforts, which is negatively impacted by genetic load. To understand the genetic landscape of cultivated potato, we constructed a gynogenic dihaploid (2n = 2x = 24) population from cv. Superior, prior to development of a high-density genetic map containing 12,753 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Common quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for tuber traits, vigor and height on chromosomes 2, 4, 7, and 10, while specific QTL for number of inflorescences per plant, and tuber shape were present on chromosomes 4, 6, 10, and 11. Simplex rather than duplex loci were mainly associated with traits. In general, the Q allele (main effect) detected in one or two homologous chromosomes was associated with lower mean trait values suggesting the importance of dosage allelic effects, and the presence of up to two undesired alleles in the QTL region. Loss of heterozygosity has been associated with a lower rate of fitness, yet no correlation between the percent heterozygosity and increased fitness or agronomic performance was observed. Based upon linkage phase, we reconstructed the four homologous chromosome haplotypes of cv. Superior. revealing heterogeneity throughout the genome yet nearly duplicate haplotypes occurring among the homologs of particular chromosomes. These results suggest that the potentially deleterious mutations associated with genetic load in tetraploid potato could be mitigated by multiple loci which is consistent with the theory that epistasis complicates the identification of associations between markers and phenotypic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero
- Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joseph J. Coombs
- Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gina M. Pham
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Guilherme T. Braz
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David S. Douches
- Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: David S. Douches
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18
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Bartkiewicz AM, Chilla F, Terefe-Ayana D, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Linde M, Debener T. Maximization of Markers Linked in Coupling for Tetraploid Potatoes via Monoparental Haploids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:620. [PMID: 29868076 PMCID: PMC5949705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Haploid potato populations derived from a single tetraploid donor constitute an efficient strategy to analyze markers segregating from a single donor genotype. Analysis of marker segregation in populations derived from crosses between polysomic tetraploids is complicated by a maximum of eight segregating alleles, multiple dosages of the markers and problems related to linkage analysis of marker segregation in repulsion. Here, we present data on two monoparental haploid populations generated by prickle pollination of two tetraploid cultivars with Solanum phureja and genotyped with the 12.8 k SolCAP single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. We show that in a population of monoparental haploids, the number of biallelic SNP markers segregating in linkage to loci from the tetraploid donor genotype is much larger than in putative crosses of this genotype to a diverse selection of 125 tetraploid cultivars. Although this strategy is more laborious than conventional breeding, the generation of haploid progeny for efficient marker analysis is straightforward if morphological markers and flow cytometry are utilized to select true haploid progeny. The level of introgressed fragments from S. phureja, the haploid inducer, is very low, supporting its suitability for genetic analysis. Mapping with single-dose markers allowed the analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for four phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Bartkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Chilla
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diro Terefe-Ayana
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Westhoff, Südlohn, Germany
| | - Jens Lübeck
- SaKa Pflanzenzucht GmbH & Co. KG, Hohenmocker, Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Tacke
- Böhm-Nordkartoffel Agrarproduktion GmbH & Co. OHG, Ebstorf, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Linde
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Debener
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19
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da Silva WL, Ingram J, Hackett CA, Coombs JJ, Douches D, Bryan GJ, De Jong W, Gray S. Mapping Loci That Control Tuber and Foliar Symptoms Caused by PVY in Autotetraploid Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3587-3595. [PMID: 28903982 PMCID: PMC5675608 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) is a tuber deformity associated with infection by the tuber necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVYNTN). PTNRD negatively impacts tuber quality and marketability, and poses a serious threat to seed and commercial potato production worldwide. PVYNTN symptoms differ in the cultivars Waneta and Pike: Waneta expresses severe PTNRD and foliar mosaic with vein and leaf necrosis, whereas Pike does not express PTNRD and mosaic is the only foliar symptom. To map loci that influence tuber and foliar symptoms, 236 F1 progeny of a cross between Waneta and Pike were inoculated with PVYNTN isolate NY090029 and genotyped using 12,808 potato SNPs. Foliar symptom type and severity were monitored for 10 wk, while tubers were evaluated for PTNRD expression at harvest and again after 60 d in storage. Pairwise correlation analyses indicate a strong association between PTNRD and vein necrosis (τ = 0.4195). QTL analyses revealed major-effect QTL on chromosomes 4 and 5 for mosaic, 4 for PTNRD, and 5 for foliar necrosis symptoms. Locating QTL associated with PVY-related symptoms provides a foundation for breeders to develop markers that can be used to eliminate potato clones with undesirable phenotypes, e.g., those likely to develop PTNRD or to be symptomless carriers of PVY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington L da Silva
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jason Ingram
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Joseph J Coombs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Glenn J Bryan
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA
| | - Walter De Jong
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Stewart Gray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Ithaca, New York 14853
- USDA, ARS, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853
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20
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van Eck HJ, Vos PG, Valkonen JPT, Uitdewilligen JGAML, Lensing H, de Vetten N, Visser RGF. Graphical genotyping as a method to map Ny (o,n)sto and Gpa5 using a reference panel of tetraploid potato cultivars. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:515-528. [PMID: 27872942 PMCID: PMC5315735 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The method of graphical genotyping is applied to a panel of tetraploid potato cultivars to visualize haplotype sharing. The method allowed to map genes involved in virus and nematode resistance. The physical coordinates of the amount of linkage drag surrounding these genes are easily interpretable. Graphical genotyping is a visually attractive and easily interpretable method to represent genetic marker data. In this paper, the method is extended from diploids to a panel of tetraploid potato cultivars. Application of filters to select a subset of SNPs allows one to visualize haplotype sharing between individuals that also share a specific locus. The method is illustrated with cultivars resistant to Potato virus Y (PVY), while simultaneously selecting for the absence of the SNPs in susceptible clones. SNP data will then merge into an image which displays the coordinates of a distal genomic region on the northern arm of chromosome 11 where a specific haplotype is introgressed from the wild potato species S. stoloniferum (CPC 2093) carrying a gene (Ny (o,n)sto ) conferring resistance to two PVY strains, PVYO and PVYNTN. Graphical genotyping was also successful in showing the haplotypes on chromosome 12 carrying Ry-f sto , another resistance gene derived from S. stoloniferum conferring broad-spectrum resistance to PVY, as well as chromosome 5 haplotypes from S. vernei, with the Gpa5 locus involved in resistance against Globodera pallida cyst nematodes. The image also shows shortening of linkage drag by meiotic recombination of the introgression segment in more recent breeding material. Identity-by-descent was found to be a requirement for using graphical genotyping, which is proposed as a non-statistical alternative method for gene discovery, as compared with genome-wide association studies. The potential and limitations of the method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman J van Eck
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O.Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G Vos
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O.Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan G A M L Uitdewilligen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O.Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Lensing
- Averis Seeds B.V., Valtherblokken Zuid 40, 7876 TC, Valthermond, The Netherlands
| | - Nick de Vetten
- Averis Seeds B.V., Valtherblokken Zuid 40, 7876 TC, Valthermond, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O.Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Nie X, Sutherland D, Dickison V, Singh M, Murphy AM, De Koeyer D. Development and Validation of High-Resolution Melting Markers Derived from Ry sto STS Markers for High-Throughput Marker-Assisted Selection of Potato Carrying Ry sto. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1366-1375. [PMID: 27442536 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of the chromosome region harboring the sequence-tagged site (STS) markers YES3-3A and YES3-3B for Rysto, a gene responsible for extreme resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato, was performed in tetraploid potato 'Barbara' (Rrrr) and 'AC Chaleur' (rrrr) as well as their progeny selections. Three and two sequence variants were identified in Barbara resistant (R) selections and AC Chaleur susceptible (S) selections, respectively. Further analysis indicates that the variant with a 21-nucleotide (nt) deletion is likely the chromosome copy harboring the STS markers. Two primer pairs, one targeting the region containing a 20-nt deletion and the other targeting the region anchoring the YES3-3A reverse primer, were designed. As anticipated, pair one produced two visible fragments in Barbara-R bulk and one visible fragment in AC Chaleur-S bulk; pair two produced one visible fragment in all samples. When subjected to high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, two distinct melting profiles for R and S samples were observed. Analysis of 147 progeny of Barbara × AC Chaleur revealed 72 and 75 progeny with R and S melting profiles, respectively, which was consistent with YES3-3A and YES3-3B assays and phenotyping analysis, thus demonstrating the potential of HRM profiles as novel molecular markers for Rysto. The efficacy of the newly developed HRM markers for high-throughput marker-assisted selection for Rysto-conferred resistance to PVY was validated further with three populations involving Barbara as the R parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhou Nie
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Darcy Sutherland
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Virginia Dickison
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Mathuresh Singh
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Agnes M Murphy
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - David De Koeyer
- First, second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3b 4Z7, Canada; second author: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada; fourth author: Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada; and sixth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Sanetomo R, Gebhardt C. Cytoplasmic genome types of European potatoes and their effects on complex agronomic traits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:162. [PMID: 26112802 PMCID: PMC4480903 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various wild species germplasm has been used in European potato breeding since the first introduction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Europe. As the plant cytoplasmic genome including chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes is transmitted only through the maternal parent, cytoplasmic markers are useful tools in breeding programs to determine cytoplasmic genome types and to trace maternal ancestors. The potato cytoplasmic genome can be distinguished into six distinct types (M, P, A, W, T, and D). Male sterility was found in genotypes with S. demissum-derived D-type cytoplasm and S. stoloniferum-derived W/γ-type cytoplasm. These wild species were frequently used to incorporate superior pathogen resistance genes. As a result, the percentage of these two types is increasing unintentionally in the European germplasm pool. Other than cytoplasmic male sterility, little is known about effects of the cytoplasmic genome on complex agronomic traits in potato. RESULT The cytoplasm types of 1,217 European potato cultivars and breeding clones were determined with type specific DNA markers. Most frequent were T- (59.4 %), D- (27.4 %), and W- (12.2 %) type cytoplasm, while A- (0.7 %) and M-type cytoplasm (0.3 %) was rare and P-type cytoplasm was absent. When comparing varieties with breeding clones, the former showed a relatively higher frequency of T-type and lower frequency of D- and W-type cytoplasm. Correlation analysis of cytoplasm types and agronomic data showed that W/γ-type cytoplasm was correlated with increased tuber starch content and later plant maturity. Correlation with quantitative resistance to late blight was observed for D-type and M-type cytoplasm. Both cytoplasm types had a positive effect on resistance. CONCLUSION This study revealed and quantified the cytoplasmic diversity in the European potato germplasm pool. Knowledge of cytoplasm type is important for maintaining genetic diversity and managing the male sterility problem in breeding programs. This is the first comprehensive study to show correlations of distinct cytoplasmic genomes with complex agronomic traits in potato. Correlations particularly with tuber starch content and resistance to late blight provided new knowledge on cytoplasmic effects on these important traits, which can be exploited for genetic improvement of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Sanetomo
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Potato Germplasm Enhancement Laboratory, West 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Christiane Gebhardt
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
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Watanabe K. Potato genetics, genomics, and applications. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:53-68. [PMID: 25931980 PMCID: PMC4374564 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato has a variety of reproductive uniquenesses besides its clonal propagation by tubers. These traits are controlled by a different kind of genetic control. The reproductive information has been applied to enable interspecific hybridization to enhance valuable traits, such as disease and pest resistances, from the tuber-bearing Solanum gene pool. While progress has been made in potato breeding, many resources have been invested due to the requirements of large populations and long time frame. This is not only due to the general pitfalls in plant breeding, but also due to the complexity of polyploid genetics. Tetraploid genetics is the most prominent aspect associated with potato breeding. Genetic maps and markers have contributed to potato breeding, and genome information further elucidates questions in potato evolution and supports comprehensive potato breeding. Challenges yet remain on recognizing intellectual property rights to breeding and germplasm, and also on regulatory aspects to incorporate modern biotechnology for increasing genetic variation in potato breeding.
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Slater AT, Cogan NOI, Hayes BJ, Schultz L, Dale MFB, Bryan GJ, Forster JW. Improving breeding efficiency in potato using molecular and quantitative genetics. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:2279-92. [PMID: 25186170 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes are highly heterozygous and the conventional breeding of superior germplasm is challenging, but use of a combination of MAS and EBVs can accelerate genetic gain. Cultivated potatoes are highly heterozygous due to their outbreeding nature, and suffer acute inbreeding depression. Modern potato cultivars also exhibit tetrasomic inheritance. Due to this genetic heterogeneity, the large number of target traits and the specific requirements of commercial cultivars, potato breeding is challenging. A conventional breeding strategy applies phenotypic recurrent selection over a number of generations, a process which can take over 10 years. Recently, major advances in genetics and molecular biology have provided breeders with molecular tools to accelerate gains for some traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be effectively used for the identification of major genes and quantitative trait loci that exhibit large effects. There are also a number of complex traits of interest, such as yield, that are influenced by a large number of genes of individual small effect where MAS will be difficult to deploy. Progeny testing and the use of pedigree in the analysis can provide effective identification of the superior genetic factors that underpin these complex traits. Recently, it has been shown that estimated breeding values (EBVs) can be developed for complex potato traits. Using a combination of MAS and EBVs for simple and complex traits can lead to a significant reduction in the length of the breeding cycle for the identification of superior germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Slater
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia,
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25
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Tomczyńska I, Jupe F, Hein I, Marczewski W, Śliwka J. Hypersensitive response to Potato virus Y in potato cultivar Sárpo Mira is conferred by the Ny- Smira gene located on the long arm of chromosome IX. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2014; 34:471-480. [PMID: 25076838 PMCID: PMC4092237 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-014-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY, Potyvirus) is the fifth most important plant virus worldwide in terms of economic and scientific impact. It infects members of the family Solanaceae and causes losses in potato, tomato, tobacco, pepper and petunia production. In potato and its wild relatives, two types of resistance genes against PVY have been identified. While Ry genes confer symptomless extreme resistance, Ny genes cause a hypersensitive response visible as local necrosis that may also be able to prevent the virus from spreading under certain environmental conditions. The potato cultivar Sárpo Mira originates from Hungary and is highly resistant to PVY, although the source of this resistance remains unknown. We show that cv. Sárpo Mira reacts with a hypersensitive response leading to necrosis after PVYNTN infection in detached leaf, whole plant and grafting assays. The hypersensitivity to PVYNTN segregated amongst 140 individuals of tetraploid progeny of cvs. Sárpo Mira × Maris Piper in a 1:1 ratio, indicating that it was conferred by a single, dominant gene in simplex. Moreover, we identified five DNA markers linked to this trait and located the underlying locus (Ny-Smira) to the long arm of potato chromosome IX. This position corresponds to the location of the Rychc and Ny-1 genes for PVY resistance. A simple PCR marker, located 1 cM from the Ny-Smira gene, can be recommended for selection of PVY-resistant progeny of cv. Sárpo Mira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Tomczyńska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Florian Jupe
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - Waldemar Marczewski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
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26
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Szajko K, Strzelczyk-Żyta D, Marczewski W. Ny- 1 and Ny- 2 genes conferring hypersensitive response to potato virus Y (PVY) in cultivated potatoes: mapping and marker-assisted selection validation for PVY resistance in potato breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2014; 34:267-271. [PMID: 24860254 PMCID: PMC4030098 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-014-0024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most important viruses affecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) production. In this study, a novel hypersensitive response (HR) gene, Ny-2, conferring resistance to PVY was mapped on potato chromosome XI in cultivar Romula. In cultivars Albatros and Sekwana, the Ny-1 gene was mapped on chromosome IX. In cv. Romula, the local lesions appeared in leaves inoculated with the PVYN-Wi isolate at 20 and 28 °C; PVY systemic infections were only occasionally observed at the higher temperature. In cvs. Albatros and Sekwana, expression of the necrotic reaction to virus infection was temperature-dependent. PVYN-Wi was localized at 20 °C; at 28 °C, the systemic, symptomless infection was observed. We developed the B11.61600 marker co-segregating with Ny-2 and the S1d11 marker specific for the Ny-1 gene. Fifty potato cultivars were tested with markers B11.6 and S1d11 and marker SC895 linked to the Ny-1 gene in cv. Rywal. These results indicated the utility of these markers for marker-assisted selection of HR-like PVY resistance in potato breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szajko
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Danuta Strzelczyk-Żyta
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Waldemar Marczewski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
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27
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Quenouille J, Vassilakos N, Moury B. Potato virus Y: a major crop pathogen that has provided major insights into the evolution of viral pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:439-52. [PMID: 23480826 PMCID: PMC6638879 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Potato virus Y (PVY) is the type member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. VIRION AND GENOME PROPERTIES: PVY virions have a filamentous, flexuous form, with a length of 730 nm and a diameter of 12 nm. The genomic RNA is single stranded, messenger sense, with a length of 9.7 kb, covalently linked to a viral-encoded protein (VPg) at the 5' end and to a 3' polyadenylated tail. The genome is expressed as a polyprotein of approximately 3062 amino acid residues, processed by three virus-specific proteases into 11 mature proteins. HOSTS PVY is distributed worldwide and has a broad host range, consisting of cultivated solanaceous species and many solanaceous and nonsolanaceous weeds. It is one of the most economically important plant pathogens and causes severe diseases in cultivated hosts, such as potato, tobacco, tomato and pepper, as well as in ornamental plants. TRANSMISSION PVY is transmitted from plant to plant by more than 40 aphid species in a nonpersistent manner and, in potato, by planting contaminated seed tubers. DIVERSITY: Five major clades, named C1, C2, Chile, N and O, have been described within the PVY species. In recent decades, a strong increase in prevalence of N × O recombinant isolates has been observed worldwide. A correlation has been observed between PVY phylogeny and certain pathogenicity traits. GENETIC CONTROL OF PVY: Resistance genes against PVY have been used widely in breeding programmes and deployed in the field. These resistance genes show a large diversity of spectrum of action, durability and genetic determinism. Notably, recessive and dominant major resistance genes show highly contrasting patterns of interaction with PVY populations, displaying rapid co-evolution or stable relationships, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Quenouille
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Végétale, Domaine Saint Maurice, CS 60094, F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
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28
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Gebhardt C. Bridging the gap between genome analysis and precision breeding in potato. Trends Genet 2013; 29:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Groth J, Song Y, Kellermann A, Schwarzfischer A. Molecular characterisation of resistance against potato wart races 1, 2, 6 and 18 in a tetraploid population of potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum). J Appl Genet 2013; 54:169-78. [PMID: 23436216 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potato wart is caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum, which is subject to quarantine regulations due to the production of long persisting spores in the soil and the lack of effective fungicides. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance against potato wart races (R) 1, 2, 6 and 18 in a tetraploid potato population developed by crossing cv. Saturna (resistant to R1) with cv. Panda (resistant to R1, R2, R6, R18). A total of 92 progenies were used for phenotyping and genotyping. Resistance tests were performed for races 1 and 18 in 2 years and for races 2 and 6 in 1 year on 10 to 20 eyepieces per genotype. Based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, linkage maps were established for the female and male parent, respectively. Single marker analysis followed by a multiple regression analysis revealed initial marker-trait associations. The interval mapping routine of TetraploidMap was applied for QTL analysis. A major QTL for resistance against race 1 explaining between 46 % and 56 % of the phenotypic variation was identified near Sen1, a known resistance locus for potato wart race 1 on chromosome XI. Other resistance QTL were detected on chromosomes I (to R2), II (to R6, 18), VI (to R1, 2, 6, 18), VII (to R2, 6, 18), VIII (to R1, 2, 6, 18), X (to R2, 6, 18), XI (to R2, 6, 18) and on an unknown linkage group (to R18) explaining minor to moderate effects of the phenotypic variation. Resistance QTL against different potato wart races often overlapped, particularly concerning races 2, 6 and 18. Overall, this study gives a valuable insight into the complex inheritance of resistance against potato wart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Groth
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Am Gereuth 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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30
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Karasev AV, Gray SM. Continuous and emerging challenges of Potato virus Y in potato. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:571-586. [PMID: 23915135 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the oldest known plant viruses, and yet in the past 20 years it emerged in the United States as a relatively new and very serious problem in potato. The virus exists as a complex of strains that induce a wide variety of foliar and tuber symptoms in potato, leading to yield reduction and loss of tuber quality. PVY has displayed a distinct ability to evolve through accumulation of mutations and more rapidly through recombination between different strains, adapting to new potato cultivars across different environments. Factors behind PVY emergence as a serious potato threat are not clear at the moment, and here an attempt is made to analyze various properties of the virus and its interactions with potato resistance genes and with aphid vectors to explain this recent PVY spread in potato production areas. Recent advances in PVY resistance identification and mapping of corresponding genes are described. An updated classification is proposed for PVY strains that takes into account the most current information on virus molecular genetics, serology, and host reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Karasev
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2339, USA.
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31
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Bakker E, Borm T, Prins P, van der Vossen E, Uenk G, Arens M, de Boer J, van Eck H, Muskens M, Vossen J, van der Linden G, van Ham R, Klein-Lankhorst R, Visser R, Smant G, Bakker J, Goverse A. A genome-wide genetic map of NB-LRR disease resistance loci in potato. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 123:493-508. [PMID: 21590328 PMCID: PMC3135832 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Like all plants, potato has evolved a surveillance system consisting of a large array of genes encoding for immune receptors that confer resistance to pathogens and pests. The majority of these so-called resistance or R proteins belong to the super-family that harbour a nucleotide binding and a leucine-rich-repeat domain (NB-LRR). Here, sequence information of the conserved NB domain was used to investigate the genome-wide genetic distribution of the NB-LRR resistance gene loci in potato. We analysed the sequences of 288 unique BAC clones selected using filter hybridisation screening of a BAC library of the diploid potato clone RH89-039-16 (S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) and a physical map of this BAC library. This resulted in the identification of 738 partial and full-length NB-LRR sequences. Based on homology of these sequences with known resistance genes, 280 and 448 sequences were classified as TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) and CC-NB-LRR (CNL) sequences, respectively. Genetic mapping revealed the presence of 15 TNL and 32 CNL loci. Thirty-six are novel, while three TNL loci and eight CNL loci are syntenic with previously identified functional resistance genes. The genetic map was complemented with 68 universal CAPS markers and 82 disease resistance trait loci described in literature, providing an excellent template for genetic studies and applied research in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Moury B, Caromel B, Johansen E, Simon V, Chauvin L, Jacquot E, Kerlan C, Lefebvre V. The helper component proteinase cistron of Potato virus Y induces hypersensitivity and resistance in Potato genotypes carrying dominant resistance genes on chromosome IV. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:787-797. [PMID: 21405985 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-10-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Nc(tbr) and Ny(tbr) genes in Solanum tuberosum determine hypersensitive reactions, characterized by necrotic reactions and restriction of the virus systemic movement, toward isolates belonging to clade C and clade O of Potato virus Y (PVY), respectively. We describe a new resistance from S. sparsipilum which possesses the same phenotype and specificity as Nc(tbr) and is controlled by a dominant gene designated Nc(spl). Nc(spl) maps on potato chromosome IV close or allelic to Ny(tbr). The helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) cistron of PVY was shown to control necrotic reactions and resistance elicitation in plants carrying Nc(spl), Nc(tbr), and Ny(tbr). However, inductions of necrosis and of resistance to the systemic virus movement in plants carrying Nc(spl) reside in different regions of the HC-Pro cistron. Also, genomic determinants outside the HC-Pro cistron are involved in the systemic movement of PVY after induction of necroses on inoculated leaves of plants carrying Ny(tbr). These results suggest that the Ny(tbr) resistance may have been involved in the recent emergence of PVY isolates with a recombination breakpoint near the junction of HC-Pro and P3 cistrons in potato crops. Therefore, this emergence could constitute one of the rare examples of resistance breakdown by a virus which was caused by recombination instead of by successive accumulation of nucleotide substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Moury
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Vegetale, Montfavet, France.
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Rauscher G, Simko I, Mayton H, Bonierbale M, Smart CD, Grünwald NJ, Greenland A, Fry WE. Quantitative resistance to late blight from Solanum berthaultii cosegregates with R(Pi-ber): insights in stability through isolates and environment. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:1553-67. [PMID: 20689906 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic resistance is a valuable tool in the fight against late blight of potatoes but little is known about the stability and specificity of quantitative resistance including the effect of defeated major resistance genes. In the present study we investigated the effect of different isolates of Phytophthora infestans on the mode of action of R(Pi-ber), an R-gene originating from Solanum berthaultii. The experiments were conducted on progenies derived from two reciprocal inter-specific backcrosses of Solanum tuberosum and S. berthaultii. The plant-pathogen interaction was tested in diverse environments including field, greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. The R(Pi-ber) gene provided complete resistance against a US8 isolate of P. infestans in all trials. When isolates compatible with R(Pi-ber) were used for inoculation, a smaller, but significant resistance effect was consistently detected in the same map position as the R-gene. This indicates that this R-gene provides a residual resistance effect, and/or that additional resistance loci are located in this genomic region of chromosome X. Additional quantitative resistance loci (QRL) were identified in the analyzed progenies. While some of the QRL (such as those near TG130 on chromosome III) were effective against several isolates of the pathogen, others were isolate specific. With a single exception, the S. berthaultii alleles were associated with a decrease in disease severity. Resistance loci reported in the present study co-locate with previously reported R-genes and QRL to P. infestans and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Rauscher
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cernák I, Taller J, Wolf I, Fehér E, Babinszky G, Alföldi Z, Csanádi G, Polgár Z. Analysis of the applicability of molecular markers linked to the PVY extreme resistance gene Rysto, and the identification of new markers. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2008; 59:195-203. [PMID: 18637559 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.59.2008.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study molecular markers linked to the Rysto gene, which originates from the wild potato species Solanum stoloniferum and confers extreme resistance against PVY, were identified and the applicability of recently published Rysto, markers was analyzed. Three RAPD markers covering a total distance of 8.60 cM were detected in this experiment. The closest of these markers was located 0.53 cM from the gene. From among the published markers only one had diagnostic value in the experimental plant material, and mapped 2.95 cM from the gene, on the side opposite the RAPD markers developed in the present study. All the markers analyzed were present in Solanum stoloniferum accessions, irrespective of their resistance, indicating that these sequences are linked to the locus and not exclusively to the dominant allele of the Rysto gene in the wild species. The inapplicability of several published markers indicates that the genetic background is decisive in this tetraploid and highly heterozygous species. This means that it may be necessary to develop markers from the breeding material itself, until the resistance gene is not cloned and cannot be used as a selection marker in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cernák
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Deák F. u. 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
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Szajko K, Chrzanowska M, Witek K, Strzelczyk-Żyta D, Zagórska H, Gebhardt C, Hennig J, Marczewski W. The novel gene Ny-1 on potato chromosome IX confers hypersensitive resistance to Potato virus Y and is an alternative to Ry genes in potato breeding for PVY resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:297-303. [PMID: 17985110 PMCID: PMC2755788 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitive resistance (HR) is an efficient defense strategy in plants that restricts pathogen growth and can be activated during host as well as non-host interactions. HR involves programmed cell death and manifests itself in tissue collapse at the site of pathogen attack. A novel hypersensitivity gene, Ny-1, for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) was revealed in potato cultivar Rywal. This is the first gene that confers HR in potato plants both to common and necrotic strains of PVY. The locus Ny-1 mapped on the short arm of potato chromosome IX, where various resistance genes are clustered in Solanaceous genomes. Expression of HR was temperature-dependent in cv. Rywal. Strains PVYO and PVYN, including subgroups PVYNW and PVYNTN, were effectively localized when plants were grown at 20 degrees C. At 28 degrees C, plants were systemically infected but no symptoms were observed. In field trials, PVY was restricted to the inoculated leaves and PVY-free tubers were produced. Therefore, the gene Ny-1 can be useful for potato breeding as an alternative donor of PVY resistance, because it is efficacious in practice-like resistance conferred by Ry genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Szajko
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Platanowa 19, 05831 Młochów, Poland
| | - M. Chrzanowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Platanowa 19, 05831 Młochów, Poland
| | - K. Witek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D. Strzelczyk-Żyta
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Platanowa 19, 05831 Młochów, Poland
| | - H. Zagórska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Platanowa 19, 05831 Młochów, Poland
| | - C. Gebhardt
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - J. Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - W. Marczewski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Platanowa 19, 05831 Młochów, Poland
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Velásquez AC, Mihovilovich E, Bonierbale M. Genetic characterization and mapping of major gene resistance to potato leafroll virus in Solanumtuberosum ssp. andigena. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 114:1051-8. [PMID: 17394033 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Major gene inheritance of resistance to Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was demonstrated in a parthenogenic population derived from the highly resistant tetraploid andigena landrace, LOP-868. This major gene or chromosome region seems to control a single mechanism for resistance to infection and virus accumulation in this source. About 149 dihaploid lines segregated in a ratio of 107 resistant to 32 susceptible, fitting the expected ratio for inheritance of a duplex gene under random chromatid segregation. A tetraploid AFLP map was constructed using as reference the ultra high density (UHD) map. All AFLP markers associated with PLRV resistance mapped to the same linkage group. Map position was confirmed by analysis of previously-mapped SSR markers. Rl (adg) is located on the upper arm of chromosome V, at 1 cM from its most closely linked AFLP marker, E35M48.192. This marker will be used to develop allele-specific primers or a pair of flanking PCR-based markers for their use in marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Velásquez
- International Potato Center, PO Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
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Kachroo P, Chandra-Shekara AC, Klessig DF. Plant signal transduction and defense against viral pathogens. Adv Virus Res 2006; 66:161-91. [PMID: 16877061 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)66004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection of plants is a complex process whereby the virus parasitizes the host and utilizes its cellular machinery to multiply and spread. In turn, plants have evolved signaling mechanisms that ultimately limit the ingress and spread of viral pathogens, resulting in resistance. By dissecting the interaction between host and virus, knowledge of signaling pathways that are deployed for resistance against these pathogens has been gained. Advances in this area have shown that resistance signaling against viruses does not follow a prototypic pathway but rather different host factors may play a role in resistance to different viral pathogens. Some components of viral resistance signaling pathways also appear to be conserved with those functioning in signaling pathways operational against other nonviral pathogens, however, these pathways may or may not overlap. This review aims to document the advances that have improved our understanding of plant resistance to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
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