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Wang G, Gao G, Yang X, Yang X, Ma P. Casein kinase CK2 structure and activities in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153767. [PMID: 35841742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase and exists in all eukaryotes. It has been demonstrated to be widely involved in the biological processes of plants. The CK2 holoenzyme is a heterotetramer consisting of two catalytic subunits (α and/or α') and two regulatory subunits (β). CK2 in plants is generally encoded by multiple genes, with monomeric and oligomeric forms present in the tissue. Various subunit genes of CK2 have been cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, maize, wheat, tomato, and other plants. This paper reviews the structural features of CK2, provides a clear classification of its physiological functions and mechanisms of action, and elaborates on the regulation of CK2 activity to provide a knowledge base for subsequent studies of CK2 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Geling Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiangna Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Wang Z, Kang J, Armando Casas-Mollano J, Dou Y, Jia S, Yang Q, Zhang C, Cerutti H. MLK4-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3T3 promotes flowering by transcriptional silencing of FLC/MAF in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1400-1412. [PMID: 33280202 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase I (CK1), a ubiquitous Ser/Thr protein kinase in eukaryotes, plays a critical role in higher plant flowering. Arabidopsis CK1 family member MUT9-LIKE KINASEs, such as MLK1 and MLK3, have been shown to phosphorylate histone H3 at threonine 3 (H3T3), an evolutionarily conserved residue, and the modification is associated with the transcriptional repression of euchromatic and heterochromatic loci. This study demonstrates that mlk4-3, a T-DNA insertion mutant of MLK4, flowered late, and that overexpression of MLK4 caused early flowering. The nuclear protein MLK4 phosphorylated histone H3T3 both in vitro and in vivo, and this catalytic activity required the conserved lysine residue K175. mutation of MLK4 at K175 failed to restore the level of phosphorylated H3T3 (H3T3ph) or to complement the phenotypic defects of mlk4-3. The FLC/MAF-clade genes, including FLC, MAF4 and MAF5, were significantly upregulated in mlk4-3. The double mutant mlk4-3 flc-3 flowered earlier than mlk4-3, suggesting that functional FLC is crucial for flowering repression in mlk4-3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that MLK4 bound to FLC/MAF chromatin and that H3T3ph occupancy at the promoter of FLC/MAF was negatively associated with its transcriptional level. In accordance, H3T3ph accumulated at FLC/MAF in 35S::MLK4/mlk4-3 but diminished in 35S::MLK4(K175R)/mlk4-3 plants. Moreover, the amount of RNA Pol II deposited at FLC/MAF was clearly enriched in mlk4-3 relative to the wild type. Therefore, MLK4-dependent phosphorylation of H3T3 contributes to accelerating flowering by repressing the transcription of negative flowering regulator FLC/MAF. This study sheds light on the delicate control of flowering by the plant-specific CK1, MLK4, via post-translational modification of histone H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Armando Casas-Mollano
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yongchao Dou
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Shinozuka H, Hand ML, Cogan NOI, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW. Nucleotide diversity of vernalization and flowering-time-related genes in a germplasm collection of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds. syn. Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4415-26. [PMID: 24340183 PMCID: PMC3856742 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant species, control of flowering time is an important factor for adaptation to local natural environments. The Vrn1,CO,FT1 and CK2α genes are key components in the flowering-specific signaling pathway of grass species. Meadow fescue is an agronomically important forage grass species, which is naturally distributed across Europe and Western Asia. In this study, meadow fescue flowering-time-related genes were resequenced to assess nucleotide diversity in European and Western Asian subpopulations. Identified sequence polymorphisms were then converted into PCR-based molecular genetic markers, and a meadow fescue germplasm collection was genotyped to investigate global allelic variation. Lower nucleotide diversities were observed for the Vrn1 and CO orthologs, while relatively higher values were observed for the FT1 and casein kinase II α-subunit (CK2α) orthologs. The nucleotide diversity for FT1 orthologs in the Western Asian subpopulation was significantly higher than those of the European subpopulation. Similarly, significant differences in nucleotide diversity for the remaining genes were observed between several combinations of subpopulation. The global allele distribution pattern was consistent with observed level of nucleotide diversity. These results suggested that the degree of purifying selection acting on the genes differs according to geographical location. As previously shown for model plant species, functional specificities of flowering-time-related genes may also vary according to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shinozuka
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBioscience 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia ; Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Kopecký D, Studer B. Emerging technologies advancing forage and turf grass genomics. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:190-9. [PMID: 24309540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Grassland is of major importance for agricultural production and provides valuable ecosystem services. Its impact is likely to rise in changing socio-economic and climatic environments. High yielding forage grass species are major components of sustainable grassland production. Understanding the genome structure and function of grassland species provides opportunities to accelerate crop improvement and thus to mitigate the future challenges of increased feed and food demand, scarcity of natural resources such as water and nutrients, and high product qualities. In this review, we will discuss a selection of technological developments that served as main drivers to generate new insights into the structure and function of nuclear genomes. Many of these technologies were originally developed in human or animal science and are now increasingly applied in plant genomics. Our main goal is to highlight the benefits of using these technologies for forage and turf grass genome research, to discuss their potentials and limitations as well as their relevance for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kopecký
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-78371, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Studer
- Forage Crop Genetics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Shinozuka H, Cogan NOI, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW. Comparative Genomics in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Identification and Characterisation of an Orthologue for the Rice Plant Architecture-Controlling Gene OsABCG5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2011; 2011:291563. [PMID: 21941532 PMCID: PMC3173957 DOI: 10.1155/2011/291563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass is an important pasture grass in temperate regions. As a forage biomass-generating species, plant architecture-related characters provide key objectives for breeding improvement. In silico comparative genomics analysis predicted colocation between a previously identified QTL for plant type (erect versus prostrate growth) and the ortholocus of the rice OsABCG5 gene (LpABCG5), as well as related QTLs in other Poaceae species. Sequencing of an LpABCG5-containing BAC clone identified presence of a paralogue (LpABCG6) in the vicinity of the LpABCG5 locus, in addition to three other gene-like sequences. Comparative genomics involving five other 5 grass species (rice, Brachypodium, sorghum, maize, and foxtail millet) revealed conserved microsynteny in the ABCG5 ortholocus-flanking region. Gene expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two paralogues are functionally distinct. Fourteen additional ABCG5 gene family members, which may interact with the LpABCG5 gene, were identified through sequencing of transcriptomes from perennial ryegrass leaf, anther, and pistils. A larger-scale phylogenetic analysis of the ABCG gene family suggested conservation between major branches of the Poaceae family. This study identified the LpABCG5 gene as a candidate for the plant type determinant, suggesting that manipulation of gene expression may provide valuable phenotypes for perennial ryegrass breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shinozuka
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe University Research and Development Park, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Noel O. I. Cogan
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe University Research and Development Park, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe University Research and Development Park, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - John W. Forster
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe University Research and Development Park, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- *John W. Forster:
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Tamura KI, Yonemaru JI, Hisano H, Kanamori H, King J, King IP, Tase K, Sanada Y, Komatsu T, Yamada T. Development of intron-flanking EST markers for the Lolium/Festuca complex using rice genomic information. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:1549-1560. [PMID: 19326093 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA markers able to distinguish species or genera with high specificity are valuable in the identification of introgressed regions in interspecific or intergeneric hybrids. Intergeneric hybridization between the genera of Lolium and Festuca, leading to the reciprocal introgression of chromosomal segments, can produce novel forage grasses with unique combinations of characteristics. To characterize Lolium/Festuca introgressions, novel PCR-based expression sequence tag (EST) markers were developed. These markers were designed around intronic regions which show higher polymorphism than exonic regions. Intronic regions of the grass genes were predicted from the sequenced rice genome. Two hundred and nine primer sets were designed from Lolium/Festuca ESTs that showed high similarity to unique rice genes dispersed uniformly throughout the rice genome. We selected 61 of these primer sets as insertion-deletion (indel)-type markers and 82 primer sets as cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers to distinguish between Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis. Specificity of these markers to each species was evaluated by the genotyping of four cultivars and accessions (32 individuals) of L. perenne and F. pratensis, respectively. Evaluation using specificity indices proposed in this study suggested that many indel-type markers had high species specificity to L. perenne and F. pratensis, including 15 markers completely specific to both species. Forty-nine of the CAPS markers completely distinguish between the two species at bulk level. Chromosome mapping of these markers using a Lolium/Festuca substitution line revealed syntenic relationships between Lolium/Festuca and rice largely consistent with previous reports. This intron-based marker system that shows a high level of polymorphisms between species in combination with high species specificity will consequently be a valuable tool in Festulolium breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Tamura
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
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Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci mapping in the genome of perennial ryegrass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10054-008-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kato K, Kidou S, Miura H. Molecular cloning and mapping of casein kinase 2 alpha and beta subunit genes in barley. Genome 2008; 51:208-15. [PMID: 18356956 DOI: 10.1139/g07-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic, constitutively active, and messenger-independent Ser/Thr protein kinase. It is found in two different forms: the heterotetrameric CK2, composed of two alpha catalytic subunits and two beta regulatory subunits, and the monomeric CK2 alpha, consisting of the alpha catalytic subunit. In the present study, we isolated barley cDNA clones of the CK2 alpha and beta subunit genes, designated HvCK2A and HvCK2B, respectively. Chromosome assignment, using a set of wheat-barley disomic chromosome addition lines, and RFLP mapping, using two doubled haploid populations, showed that HvCK2A was duplicated on the short arm of chromosome 2H and the long arm of chromosome 5H (designated HvCK2a-2H and HvCK2a-5H, respectively), and a single copy of HvCK2B was located on the long arm of chromosome 1H (designated HvCK2b). A PCR-Southern hybridization experiment demonstrated that the HvCK2A sequence originated from the HvCK2a-5H locus, showing that at least HvCK2a-5H was expressed. The present cDNA sequences and genomic organization of the two subunits will facilitate further functional analysis of CK2 in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kato
- Department of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada 2-11, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Armstead IP, Turner LB, Marshall AH, Humphreys MO, King IP, Thorogood D. Identifying genetic components controlling fertility in the outcrossing grass species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) by quantitative trait loci analysis and comparative genetics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:559-571. [PMID: 18346108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutational load and resource allocation factors and their effects on limiting seed set were investigated in ryegrass by comparative mapping genomics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) mapping families sharing common genetic markers. Quantitative trait loci for seed-set were identified on chromosome (LG) 7 in both families and on LG4 of the F2/WSC family. On LG7, seed-set and heading date QTLs colocalized in both families and cannot be unequivocally resolved. Comparative genomics suggests that the LG7 region is syntenous to a region of rice LG6 which contains both fertility (S5(n)) and heading date (Hd1, Hd3a) candidate genes. The LG4 region is syntenous to a region of rice LG3 which contains a fertility (S33) candidate gene. QTL maxima for seed-set and heading date on LG4 in the F2/WSC family are separated by c. 8 cm, indicating distinct genetic control. Low seed set is under the control of recessive genes at both LG4 and LG7 locations. The identification of QTLs associated with seed set, a major component of seed yield in perennial ryegrass, indicates that mutational load associated with these genomic regions can be mitigated through marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Armstead
- Plant Genetics and Breeding Department, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK
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