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Kaniasty K, Benight CC, van der Meulen E. Future coping self-efficacy as proxy for resilience. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2025; 17:e70028. [PMID: 40202164 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.70028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
Ample evidence has documented the importance of coping self-efficacy (CSE) in predicting psychological adaptation following adversity. Prior research has shown that greater exposure to negative consequences associated with major collective traumas diminishes the perceived ability to cope. However, the impact of exposure to stressors on future CSE projections remains unknown. This longitudinal study examined individuals' self-appraisals of their coping capabilities with future adversities (future coping self-efficacy [FUTURE-CSE]) in a sample of adult Poles (N = 1245). Participants were interviewed three times from July 2021 to August 2022, during the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 hardships, operationalized as pandemic-related stressors and the extent of direct virus exposure, resulted in greater confidence in individuals' ability to manage future adversities effectively. These effects were observed while controlling for sociodemographic factors, psychological distress symptoms, and prior levels of the pandemic-specific CSE. Additionally, FUTURE-CSE beliefs were associated with lower levels of concurrently assessed symptoms of psychological distress. This protective function of FUTURE-CSE remained statistically significant even after controlling for prior levels of distress, pandemic-specific CSE, sociodemographic factors, COVID-19 hardships, other life challenges, and additional measures of thriving in adversity and future expectations. Many familiar maxims, such as "what doesn't kill me makes me stronger," suggest that the painful and conflicting dynamics of accepting and learning from the past can enhance resilience and preparedness for future challenges. The results of this study provide empirical support for these notions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles C Benight
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Erik van der Meulen
- Academy of Healthcare and Social Studies, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Fier Treatment and Expertise Center for Violence in Dependence, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Balderas J, Bistricky SL, Gimenez-Zapiola M, Pascuzzi B, Millmann M, Short MB. Brief Online Intervention Model Promotes Sustained Helping Behavior Across 6 Months Following a Population-Wide Traumatic Event. Psychol Rep 2025; 128:1248-1268. [PMID: 37079929 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231164071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following natural disasters, early helping behavior often dissipates despite remaining disaster-related suffering and affective vulnerability in the community. Interventions that have successfully increased helping behaviors have included components of motivational interviewing (MI) and mindful compassion; however, this research is limited by laboratory-based settings and lengthy training sessions. Brief, portable, and efficient intervention is needed to increase accessibility to large groups simultaneously. METHOD The current study piloted a brief, online, self-administered MI and mindful compassion intervention administered 4-10 weeks post-Hurricane Harvey examining if it would sustain helping behaviors over the ensuing year. The study also examined potential moderators of the relationship between compassion for others and internalizing symptoms, and whether helping behaviors predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms. RESULTS The intervention group sustained the use of helping behaviors more than an active control group after 9-12 months. Also, compassion satisfaction and burnout moderated the relationship between compassion for others and post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a potentially useful model of how an efficiently distributed intervention might sustain helping behaviors after a natural disaster and provide insight into possible longitudinal risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms among helping volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Balderas
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Steven L Bistricky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bailey Pascuzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan Millmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Usset TJ, Baker LD, Griffin BJ, Harris JI, Shearer RD, Munson J, Godzik C, Torrey WC, Bardach SH, Mulley AG, Locke A, Wright HM, Call M, Sexton B, Shanafelt T, Smith AJ. Burnout and turnover risks for healthcare workers in the United States: downstream effects from moral injury exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:24915. [PMID: 39438496 PMCID: PMC11496712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Moral injury has emerged as a construct of interest in healthcare workers' (HCW) occupational stress and health. We conducted one of the first multidisciplinary, longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), burnout, and turnover intentions. HCWs (N = 473) completed surveys in May of 2020 (T1) and again in May of 2021 (T2). Generalized Linear Models (robust Poisson regression) were used to test relative risk of turnover intentions, and burnout at T2 associated with PMIE exposure, controlling for T1 covariates. At T1, 17.67% reported they had participated in a PMIE, 41.44% reported they witnessed a PMIE and 76.61% reported feeling betrayed by healthcare or a public health organization. In models including all T1 PMIE exposures and covariates, T2 turnover intentions were increased for those who witnessed a PMIE at T1 (Relative Risk [RR] = 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.17-2.34) but not those that participated or felt betrayed. T2 burnout was increased for those who participated in PMIE at T1 (RR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.03-1.85) but not those that witnessed or felt betrayed. PMIE exposure is highly prevalent among HCWs, with specific PMIEs associated with turnover intentions and burnout. Organizational interventions to reduce and facilitate recovery from moral injury should account for differences in the type of PMIE exposures that occur in healthcare work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Usset
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- VA Maine Healthcare System, Augusta, ME, USA.
| | - Lucas D Baker
- VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brandon J Griffin
- Center for Mental Healthcare & Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - J Irene Harris
- VA Maine Healthcare System, Augusta, ME, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Riley D Shearer
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Munson
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Cassandra Godzik
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - William C Torrey
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Shoshana H Bardach
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Albert G Mulley
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Amy Locke
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hannah M Wright
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Megan Call
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan Sexton
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for the Advancement of Well-Being Science, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tait Shanafelt
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Kaniasty K, van der Meulen E. Impact of COVID-19 on psychological distress in subsequent stages of the pandemic: The role of received social support. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310734. [PMID: 39321185 PMCID: PMC11423997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined a sample of adult Poles (N = 1245), who were interviewed three times from July 2021 to August 2022, during the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study had two primary objectives. The first was to assess the impact of the pandemic on psychological distress, measured through symptoms of depression and anxiety. The pandemic's effects were evaluated using three predictors: direct exposure to COVID-19, COVID-19 related stressors, and perceived threats from COVID-19. The second objective was to investigate the role of received social support in coping with the pandemic's hardships. Receipt of social support was measured by both the quantity of help received and the perceived quality of that support. A Latent Growth Curve Model (LGCM) was employed to analyze psychological distress across three waves, controlling for sociodemographic variables, non-COVID life events, coping self-efficacy, and perceived social support. Findings indicated that COVID-19 stressors and COVID-19 threats were strongly and consistently associated with greater psychological distress throughout the study period. The impact of direct COVID-19 exposure was limited. The quantity of received support predicted higher distress, whereas higher quality of received support was linked to better mental health. Crucially, the relationship between the quantity of support and distress was moderated by the quality of support. Effective social support was associated with the lowest distress levels, regardless of the amount of help received. Conversely, receiving large amounts of low-quality support was detrimental to psychological health. In summary, the ongoing psychosocial challenges of COVID-19 significantly eroded mental health, highlighting the importance of support quality over quantity in coping with significant life adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States of America
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erik van der Meulen
- Academy of Health and Social Studies, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Ghafoori B, Triliva S, Chrysikopoulou P, Vavvos A. Resilience, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Healthcare Workers Who Work with Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:509. [PMID: 38920841 PMCID: PMC11200621 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to occupational exposure to potentially traumatic events, health care workers (HCWs) may be at risk of developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms or probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined probable PTSD, coping, and resilience among national HCWs working in Greece. A total of 17.9% of the sample of participants (N = 112) met the screening criteria for probable PTSD. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess if trauma coping self-efficacy (CSE) and resilience predicted probable PTSD, and the results indicated that lower trauma CSE significantly predicted probable PTSD in unadjusted models (OR = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.82, 0.96, p < 0.01) and adjusted models (OR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.83, 0.97, p < 0.01). Our study findings suggest that organizations that employ HCWs may support their workers through ongoing screening, assessment, and training that enhances coping self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Ghafoori
- Department of Advanced Studies in Education and Counseling, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840-2201, USA
| | - Sofia Triliva
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Panagiota Chrysikopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Andreas Vavvos
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
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Yan L, Li J, Lin P, Sun J. Psychological Stress and Coping Strategy Profiles Among Frontline Medical Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:954-960. [PMID: 38015185 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore coping strategy profiles used by frontline medical workers and the psychological stress reactions associated with each category, in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Participants were 651 frontline medical workers recruited between February and March 2020. Psychological stress reactions (e.g., anxiety, depression) and coping strategies were assessed and analyzed using latent profile analysis and linear regression. Participants had three coping strategy profiles: coping inadequately (28.9%), coping appropriately (64.4%), and coping excessively (6.7%). Compared with coping appropriately, those who coped inadequately and excessively had higher psychological stress reactions levels. Levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder in excessive-coping individuals were higher than those who coped inadequately. Our findings elucidate the effectiveness of different coping strategy profiles and provide insights for developing targeted interventions to mitigate stress among medical workers. In light of these results, we recommend implementing stress management programs tailored to specific coping strategy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yan
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan
| | - Jiahuan Li
- School of Health and Nursing, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang
| | | | - Jiwei Sun
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Karram M, D’Alessandro-Lowe AM, Ritchie K, Brown A, Xue Y, Pichtikova M, Altman M, Beech I, Millman H, Hosseiny F, Rodrigues S, Heber A, O’Connor C, Schielke H, Malain A, Lanius RA, McCabe RE, McKinnon MC. A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Canadian Healthcare Workers' Use of Coping Strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2551. [PMID: 36767913 PMCID: PMC9915458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been exposed to highly stressful situations, including increased workloads and exposure to mortality, thus posing a risk for adverse psychological outcomes, including acute stress, moral injury, and depression or anxiety symptoms. Although several reports have sought to identify the types of coping strategies used by HCWs over the course of the pandemic (e.g., physical activity, religion/spirituality, meditation, and alcohol), it remains unclear which factors may influence HCWs' choice of these coping strategies. Accordingly, using a qualitative approach, the purpose of the present study was to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing HCWs' choice of coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Fifty-one HCWs participated in virtual, semi-structured interviews between February and June 2021. Interview transcripts were analysed through an inductive thematic approach, yielding two primary themes. First, HCWs described an ongoing shift in their approach to coping depending on their mental "bandwidth", ranging from "quick fix" to more "intentional effort" strategies to engage in proactive strategies to improve mental health. Second, many HCWs identified various barriers to desired coping strategies during the pandemic, including the preponderance of pandemic- and other circumstantial-related barriers. The findings from this study offer a unique understanding of the factors influencing HCWs' choice of coping strategies under novel and increased stress. This knowledge will be central to developing appropriate forms of support and resources to equip HCWs throughout and after the pandemic period, and in mitigating the potential adverse mental health impacts of this period of prolonged stress and potential trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauda Karram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L6, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly Ritchie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
- Trent/Fleming School of Nursing, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Andrea Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
| | - Yuanxin Xue
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mina Pichtikova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Maxwell Altman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
| | - Isaac Beech
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Heather Millman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
| | - Fardous Hosseiny
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Heber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Veteran’s Affairs Canada, Ottawa, ON K1H 1A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Ann Malain
- Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Randi E. McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9C 0E3, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
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Wright HM, Fuessel-Hermann D, Pazdera M, Lee S, Ridge B, Kim JU, Konopacki K, Hilton L, Greensides M, Langenecker SA, Smith AJ. Preventative Care in First Responder Mental Health: Focusing on Access and Utilization via Stepped Telehealth Care. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2022; 2:848138. [PMID: 36925868 PMCID: PMC10012773 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2022.848138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
First responders are at high risk for disorders that arise from repeat exposure to stress and trauma (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, and problematic alcohol use). Although mental health treatments are available, first responders often do not access them, anchored by barriers that include: lack of knowledge, stigma, negative experience with mental health providers, and time-based burdens. In this study, we designed an intervention to address these barriers, extending a Planned-Action framework. Step 1 involved self-report screening for four mental health risks (PTSD, depression, anxiety, and alcohol use risk), delivered to all personnel electronically, who were free to either consent and participate or opt-out. The detection of risk(s) in Step 1 led to scheduling a Step 2 telehealth appointment with a trained clinician. We report descriptive statistics for participation/attrition/utilization in Steps 1 and 2, rates of risk on four mental health variables, and rate of adherence to follow-up treatment recommendations. Step 1: In total, 53.3% of personnel [229 of 429 full-time employees (221 males; eight females; 95% White; 48% paramedic or Emergency Medical Technician; 25% captain; 19% engineer; 7% other)] initially opted-in by consenting and completing the brief remote screening survey. Among those who opted-in and completed (n = 229), 43% screened positive for one or more of the following mental health risks: PTSD (7.9%); depression (9.6%); anxiety (13.5%); alcohol use (36.7%). Step 2: A maximum of three attempts were made to schedule "at risk" individuals into Step 2 (n = 99). Among the 99 who demonstrated a need for mental health treatment (by screening positive for one or more risk), 56 (56.6%) engaged in the telehealth appointment. Of the 56 who participated in Step 2 clinical appointments, 38 were recommended for further intervention (16.6% of full-time personnel who participated). Among the 38 firefighters who were recommended to seek further mental health services, 29 were adherent/followed through (76.3% of those who received recommendations for further services). Taken together, evidence-based, culturally conscious, stepped care models delivered via the virtual/telehealth medium can promote access, utilization, and cost-effective mental health services for first responders. Implications are for informing larger, more rigorous dissemination and implementation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Wright
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Myah Pazdera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Somi Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brook Ridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joseph U Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kelly Konopacki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Layne Hilton
- United Fire Authority, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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