1
|
Nataraj B, Hemalatha D, Malafaia G, Maharajan K, Ramesh M. "Fishcide" effect of the fungicide difenoconazole in freshwater fish (Labeo rohita): A multi-endpoint approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159425. [PMID: 36244480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is widely used to protect crops, fruits, and vegetables. However, this fungicide can enter aquatic environments and cause harmful effects to non-target organisms and induce little-known biological disorders. Thus, aiming to expand our knowledge about the ecotoxicity of difenoconazole on freshwater ichthyofauna, we aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of difenoconazole and evaluate its possible impacts from different toxicity biomarkers, using freshwater fish Labeo rohita as a model system. Using the probit analysis method, the 96 h LC50 value of difenoconazole in the fish was calculated as 4.5 mg L-1. Posteriorly, fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.45 mg L-1 1/10th and 0.9 mg L-1 1/5th LC50 value) for 21 days. A significant reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity was noted in the gill, liver, and kidneys of fish compared to the control groups. The level of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity was higher in all vital tissues of difenoconazole-treated fish. Histological alterations in the gill include epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, hypertrophy, and epithelial necrosis. At the same time, the liver showed pyknotic nucleus, vacuolation, cellular edema and tubular necrosis, shrinkage of glomeruli, vacuolation, and pyknotic nuclei in the kidney. DNA damage was increased significantly with tail formation based on the concentration and time-dependent manner. Therefore, our study confirms that the exposure of L. rohita to difenoconazole induces negative biological consequences and sheds light on the danger of this fungicide for freshwater fish species. We believe that studies like ours can support actions and strategies for the remediation/mitigation of aquatic pollution by difenoconazole and for the conservation of freshwater ichthyofauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641014, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gunderson MP, Pickett MA, Martin JT, Hulse EJ, Smith SS, Smith LA, Campbell RM, Lowers RH, Boggs ASP, Guillette LJ. Variations in hepatic biomarkers in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three sites in Florida, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:180-187. [PMID: 27111470 PMCID: PMC4909370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sub-individual biomarkers are sub-lethal biological responses commonly used in the assessment of wildlife exposure to environmental contaminants. In this study, we examined the activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations among captive-raised alligator hatchlings, wild-caught juveniles, and wild-caught adults. Juveniles and adults were collected from three locations in Florida (USA) with varying degrees of contamination (i.e. Lake Apopka (organochlorine polluted site), Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) (metal polluted site), and Lake Woodruff NWR (reference site)). We examined whether changes in the response of these three biomarkers were age and sex dependent or reflected site-specific variations of environmental contaminants. Juvenile alligators from Merritt Island NWR had higher MT concentrations and lower GST activity compared to those from the other two sites. This outcome was consistent with higher metal pollution at this location. Sexually dimorphic patterns of MT and GST (F > M) were observed in juvenile alligators from all sites, although this pattern was not observed in adults. GST activity was lower in captive-raised alligators from Lake Apopka and Merritt Island NWR as compared to animals from Lake Woodruff NWR, suggesting a possible developmental modulator at these sites. No clear patterns were observed in LDH activity. We concluded that GST and MT demonstrate age and sex specific patterns in the alligators inhabiting these study sites and that the observed variation among sites could be due to differences in contaminant exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Gunderson
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA.
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Justin T Martin
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Hulse
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Levi A Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Rachel M Campbell
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Inomedic Health Applications, Aquatics Division, Mail Code IHA-300, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qu R, Feng M, Wang X, Qin L, Wang C, Wang Z, Wang L. Metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus following in vivo exposure to waterborne zinc under different pH values. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:9-16. [PMID: 24632310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effect of zinc and pH on metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Carassius auratus. Fish were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0mg Zn/L at three pH values (5.0, 7.25, 9.0) for 3, 12, and 30 d. After each exposure, the contents of three trace elements (Zn, Fe and Cu) were determined in liver. Generally, longer exposure to zinc (12d and 30 d) increased hepatic Zn and Cu deposition, but decreased Fe content. Increasing accumulation of Zn in the tissue was also observed with increasing zinc concentration in the exposure medium. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), together with the level of glutathione (GSH) were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress status. The decreases in the four measured biochemical parameters after 3d exposure might reflect the failure of the antioxidant defense system in neutralizing the ROS generated during the metabolic process, while the recovery of the antioxidants at days 12 and 30 suggested a possible shift toward a detoxification mechanism. With regard to the influence of pH on zinc toxicity, the general observation was that the living environment became more stressful when the water conditions changed from an acidic state toward a near-neutral or alkaline state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tao Y, Pan L, Zhang H, Tian S. Assessment of the toxicity of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in clams Ruditapes philippinarum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:22-30. [PMID: 23642779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of endosulfan in clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). For this purpose, a study was performed on clams exposed to 0.005, 0.05 and 0.5μg/L endosulfan for 15 days. S ubsequently, the level of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA strand break was determined in gills and digestive glands. Among the parameters, endosulfan caused significant changes in induction of EROD activity and oxidative stress in clams R. philippinarum. The exposure to endosulfan increased the concentration of EROD, GST, GSH, MDA and decreased the concentration of SOD. Moreover, according to the correlation analysis results, the EROD activity and GSH content in digestive gland as well as GST activity, LPO and DNA damage in both tissues had excellent correlation with endosulfan concentration. These results provided information on potential biomarkers that could be effectively applied to the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystem in areas susceptible to persistent organochlorine compounds contamination, and also information on toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clasen B, Loro VL, Cattaneo R, Moraes B, Lópes T, de Avila LA, Zanella R, Reimche GB, Baldisserotto B. Effects of the commercial formulation containing fipronil on the non-target organism Cyprinus carpio: implications for rice-fish cultivation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 77:45-51. [PMID: 22078114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate possible toxic effects of commercial formulation containing fipronil on Cyprinus carpio tissues under rice field conditions. Antioxidant profile (SOD, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), oxidative stress parameters (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, protein carbonyl), and growth were investigated in carp exposed to fipronil under rice field conditions for 7, 30, and 90 days. Waterborne insecticide concentrations were measured and the detectable concentration of fipronil was observed up to 45 day after application. Common carp survival and growth was not affected by fipronil. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced while liver catalase activity was inhibited at 7, 30, and 90 days. Alterations were not observed in the glutathione S-transferase activity in any experimental periods. Protein carbonyl increased only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels were enhanced in all analyzed tissues (liver, muscle, and brain) and periods of exposure. This study demonstrates that fipronil insecticides cause alterations in the biochemical parameters in different tissues of carp without affecting the growth or the survival of the fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Clasen
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Adaptativa e de Fisiologia de Peixes, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bacchetta C, Cazenave J, Parma MJ, Biancucci GF. Biochemical stress responses in tissues of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus exposed to a commercial formulation of endosulfan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:453-460. [PMID: 21221961 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Median lethal concentration (LC(50)) and sublethal effects of the commercial endosulfan formulation Zebra Ciagro(®) on the fish Cichlasoma dimerus were studied. The 96-h LC(50) was estimated as 17.7 μg/L. In order to investigate sublethal effects, fish were exposed to 25% and 50% LC(1) (3.4 and 6.8 μg/L, respectively). Endosulfan (ED) significantly increased the hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count after 96 h. Differential leukocytes count was also altered, due to an increase in the percentage of neutrophils in exposed fish. The hepatopancreatic tissue of fish under ED treatment showed a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and an increase in alkaline phosphatase. Lipid peroxidation levels in the 6.8-μg/L ED-containing group were higher than those in control fish for all organs tested (gills, hepatopancreas, and brain).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bacchetta
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI-CONICET-UNL), Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ozdem S, Nacitarhan C, Gulay MS, Hatipoglu FS, Ozdem SS. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on endosulfan toxicity in rabbits. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:437-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710388450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the endosulfan-induced alterations and the effect of vitamin C supplementation on endosulfan-induced alterations in serum biochemical markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rabbits. Basal, 4th and 6th week serum levels of total oxidant status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein sulfhydryl (T-SH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured in rabbits administered endosulfan (1 mg/kg) alone or in combination with vitamin C (20 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Control rabbits received either vehicles or vitamin C. Serum TOS, TBARS and AOPP levels at 4th and 6th week were significantly higher whereas T-SH levels were significantly lower than basal values in endosulfan-administered rabbits. GST increased significantly at 4th week but decreased below basal value at 6th week. Similarly, TAC decreased significantly at 6th week. Vitamin C supplementation increased TAC at 4th and 6th weeks in controls and increased T-SH and GST and decreased TOS, TBARS and AOPP at 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. TAC increased significantly at 6th week by vitamin C supplementation in endosulfan-administered rabbits. There were significant increments in TBARS and decrements in TAC and GST levels at 6th week compared to 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. Present findings indicated to an increased and progressively uncompensated oxidant stress in endosulfan-administered rabbits that was substantially ameliorated by vitamin C supplementation through an improvement in antioxidant capacity. It was suggested that vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in preventing the detrimental effects of increased oxidative stress caused by endosulfan exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Ozdem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey,
| | - Cahit Nacitarhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Gulay
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Fatma S Hatipoglu
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Sadi S Ozdem
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ballesteros ML, Wunderlin DA, Bistoni MA. Oxidative stress responses in different organs of Jenynsia multidentata exposed to endosulfan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:199-205. [PMID: 18308394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate antioxidant responses of Jenynsia multidentata experimentally exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan (EDS). The main goal was to determine differences in the response between different organs to assess which one was more severely affected. Thus, we exposed females of J. multidentata to EDS during 24h, measuring the activity of GST, GR, GPx, CAT and LPO in brain, gills, liver, intestine and muscle of both exposed fish and controls. GST activity was inhibited in gills, liver, intestine and muscle of exposed fish but was induced in brain. GR and GPx activities were increased in brain and gills at 0.014 and 0.288 microg L(-1), respectively. GPx activity was inhibited in liver and muscle at all studied concentrations whereas inhibition was observed in the intestine above 0.288 microg L(-1). Exposure to 1.4 microg L(-1) EDS caused CAT inhibition and increase of LPO levels in liver. LPO was also increased in brain at almost all concentrations tested. We find that the brain was the most sensitive organ to oxidative damage. Thus, J. multidentata could be used as a suitable bioindicator of exposure to EDS measuring activities of antioxidant enzymes in brain and liver as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Ballesteros
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra Diversidad Animal II, Avda. Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D A Wunderlin
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Bioquímica Clínica-CIBICI, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Bistoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra Diversidad Animal II, Avda. Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pandey S, Parvez S, Ansari RA, Ali M, Kaur M, Hayat F, Ahmad F, Raisuddin S. Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:183-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Atif F, Kaur M, Yousuf S, Raisuddin S. In vitro free radical scavenging activity of hepatic metallothionein induced in an Indian freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:172-80. [PMID: 16872588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian metallothioneins (MT) have been reported to scavenge free radicals. There is no experimental evidence to show that fish MT has a similar property. In the present study cadmium-induced MT (Cd-MT) from the liver of an Indian freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch was investigated for its free radical scavenging activity using three different in vitro assays. Exposure to cadmium chloride (0.2 mg/kg body weight; three doses on alternate days) resulted in a marked induction of Cd-MT in liver. Only a single isoform of Cd-MT was found to be induced. Molecular weight of Cd-MT was found to be 14 kDa as deduced by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified Cd-MT effectively scavenged the following free radicals: superoxide radical (O2*-), 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS*+) and 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*). The radical scavenging effect was found to be concentration-dependent. Also, the purified MT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. The cysteine residues of MT are proposed to be the main candidate for its radical scavenging activity. Findings of the present study strongly suggest a free radical scavenging role for fish MT. Present study adds to the little existing knowledge about fish MT and its possible biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Atif
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|