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Li K, Sun R. Understanding the driving mechanisms of site contamination in China through a data-driven approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123105. [PMID: 38065333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
China currently faces significant environmental risks stemming from contaminated sites. The driving mechanism of site contamination, influenced by various drivers, remain obscured due to a dearth of quantitative methodologies and comprehensive data. Here, we used a data-driven causality inference approach to construct an interpretable random forest (RF) model. Results show that: (1) the trained RF model demonstrated remarkable predictive accuracy for identifying contaminated sites, with an accuracy rate of 0.89. In contrast to conventional correlation analysis, the RF model excels in discerning the key drivers through non-linear and genuine causal relationships between these drivers and site contamination. (2) Among the 25 potential drivers, we identified 18 key drivers of site contamination. These drivers encompass a broad spectrum of factors, including production and operational data, pollutant control level, site protection capability, pollutant characteristics, and physical-geographical conditions. (3) Each key driver exerts varying impacts on site pollution, with diverse directions, intensities, and underlying patterns. The partial dependence plots (PDPs) illuminate the role of each key driver, its critical value contributing to site pollution, and the interplay between these drivers. The key drivers facilitate the realization of three primary contamination processes: uncontrolled release, effective migration, and persistent accumulation. In light of our findings, environmental managers can proactively prevent site contamination by regulating single, dual, and multiple key drivers to disrupt critical pollution processes. This research offers valuable insights for devising targeted strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating environmental risks associated with contaminated sites in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ranhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Mermer S, Yalcin M, Turgut C. The uptake modeling of DDT and its degradation products (o,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDE) from soil. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fang Y, Nie Z, Die Q, Tian Y, Liu F, He J, Huang Q. Spatial distribution, transport dynamics, and health risks of endosulfan at a contaminated site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:538-547. [PMID: 27307269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed concentrations, distribution characteristics, and health risks of endosulfan (α and β isomers, and endosulfan sulfate) in soils (top soils and soil profiles) and air, at and around a typical endosulfan production site in Jiangsu, China. The air-soil surface exchange flux is calculated to investigate transport dynamics of endosulfan. Concentrations at the production site ranged from 0.01 to 114 mg/kg d.w. in soil and 4.81-289 ng/m(3) in air, with very high concentrations occurring at the location of endosulfan emulsion workshop. In the surrounding area, endosulfan was detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.37-415 ng/g d.w. in soil and 0.89-10.4 ng/m(3) in air. In the contaminated site, endosulfan concentrations fluctuated with depth in the upper soil layers, then decreased below 120 cm. Soil and air within a distance of 2.0 km appear to be affected by endosulfan originating from the site. Even the health risk at the location of the endosulfan emulsifiable solution workshop was over seven times the acceptable value, the risk to nearby adults and children was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yajun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Jin X, Wang F, Gu C, Yang X, Kengara FO, Bian Y, Song Y, Jiang X. The interactive biotic and abiotic processes of DDT transformation under dissimilatory iron-reducing conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:18-24. [PMID: 26025430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to elucidate the biotic and abiotic processes under dissimilatory iron reducing conditions involved in reductive dechlorination and iron reduction. DDT transformation was investigated in cultures of Shewanella putrefaciens 200 with/without α-FeOOH. A modified first-order kinetics model was developed and described DDT transformation well. Both the α-FeOOH reduction rate and the dechlorination rate of DDT were positively correlated to the biomass. Addition of α-FeOOH enhanced reductive dechlorination of DDT by favoring the cell survival and generating Fe(II) which was absorbed on the surface of bacteria and iron oxide. 92% of the absorbed Fe(II) was Na-acetate (1M) extractable. However, α-FeOOH also played a negative role of competing for electrons as reflected by the dechlorination rate of DDT was inhibited when increasing the α-FeOOH from 1 g L(-1) to 5 g L(-1). DDT was measured to be toxic to S. putrefaciens 200. The metabolites DDD, DDE and DDMU were recalcitrant to S. putrefaciens 200. The results suggested that iron oxide was not the key factor to promote the dissipation of DDX (DDT and the metabolites), whereas the one-electron reduction potential (E1) of certain organochlorines is the main factor and that the E1 higher than the threshold of the reductive driving forces of DIRB probably ensures the occur of reductive dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinglun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | | | - Yongrong Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Liu L, Bai L, Man C, Liang W, Li F, Meng X. DDT Vertical Migration and Formation of Accumulation Layer in Pesticide-Producing Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9084-9091. [PMID: 26131590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples were collected at various depths (0.5-21.5 m) from ten boreholes that were drilled with a SH-30 Model Rig, four of which were at a dicofol production site while six were at a dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) production site. In industrial sites, the shallow soils at depths of 0-2 m were mostly backfill soils, which cannot represent the contamination situation of the sites. The contaminated levels in the deep original soil can represent the situation in contaminated sites. All the soil samples investigated at the DDT and dicofol production sites were found to be seriously polluted. The contents of both DDT (0.6-6071 mg/kg) and dicofol (0.5-1440 mg/kg) were much higher at the dicofol production site than at the DDT production site (DDTs, 0.01-664.6 mg/kg; dicofol, <0.1 mg/kg), even in the deep soil. DDTs had a different distribution in the soil of the pesticide production site from that in the soil outside the sites and that in agricultural soils. The results of the investigation revealed that DDTs were easily enriched in cohesive soil and in the bottom zone of aquifers, where the concentration was higher than in above the layers. DDTs were found to be hard to degrade, and their degradation speed was slower than their vertical migration, despite the fact that hydrophobic DDTs did not migrate easily in soils. In the dicofol production site, the value of DDE/DDD cannot indicate the degradation condition of DDTs, nor can the value of (DDE + DDD)/DDT identify how long DDTs have remained in the soil. It is debatable that the half-life of DDT inputted to soils is about 20-30 years, maybe longer than the generally recognized time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Liping Bai
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changgeng Man
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Wuhong Liang
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Fasheng Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoguang Meng
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Turgut C, Cutright TJ, Mermer S, Atatanir L, Turgut N, Usluy M, Erdogan O. The source of DDT and its metabolites contamination in Turkish agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:1087-1093. [PMID: 22552491 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and impact of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDE: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) on the environment was expected to decrease after its ban in the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, DDT contamination via its presence as an impurity in dicofol (2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol) has led to a new source of contamination. This is particularly true especially in cotton production in Söke Plain, Turkey, where difocol-based pesticides are being used. The aim of this research was to investigate the extent and source of DDT contamination in cotton soils. Söke Plain soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90-cm depth and analyzed by GC/MS/MS. o,p'-DDT and p, p'-DDE were detected at 16.2 % and 17.6 % of the sites in the 0-30-cm depth of soils. In the 30-60 cm, p, p'-DDT (14.9 %), o, p'-DDE (8.1 %) and p, p'-DDE (2.7 %) were found in soil samples, and p, p'-DDT was the most prevalent with 9.5 % of the sampling sites. The dominant source of DDT particularly in the 60-90-cm depth was due to historic use of DDT. The presence of p, p'-DDE, o, p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT in the topsoil was attributed to recent dicofol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Turgut
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Xin J, Liu X, Liu W, Jiang L, Wang J, Niu J. Production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint resulted in high DDTs residue in three paint factory sites and two shipyard sites, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:342-347. [PMID: 21550629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first intensive investigation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDT) distribution in typical paint factories and shipyards in China where DDT containing antifouling paint were mass produced and used respectively. DDTs were analyzed in soil, sludge and sediment samples collected from three major paint factories and two shipyards. The results showed that the total DDTs concentrations detected in paint factory and shipyard sites ranged from 0.06 to 8387.24 mg kg(-1). In comparison with paint factory sites, the shipyard sites were much more seriously contaminated. However, for both kinds of sites, the DDTs level was found to be largely affected by history and capacity of production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint. (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios indicated that DDT containing antifouling paint could serve as important fresh input sources for DDTs. It can be seen that most samples in shipyards were in ranges where heavy contamination and potential ecological risk were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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