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Rehan I, Gondal M, Aldakheel R, Rehan K, Sultana S, Almessiere M, Ali Z. Development of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique to study irrigation water quality impact on nutrients and toxic elements distribution in cultivated soil. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6876-6883. [PMID: 34866988 PMCID: PMC8626308 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is focused mainly on impact of irrigation water quality in cultivated soil on distribution of essentials nutrients (Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, S, Si, Na, P, and K) and relatively toxic metals (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ti, Sn, Mn, Ni, and Zn) using an elegant Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm in conjunction with suitable detector was applied to record soil emission spectra. The abundance of these elements were evaluated via standard calibration curve Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (CC-LIBS) and calibration free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) approaches. Quantitative analyses were accomplished under conjecture of local thermodynamic equilibrium (L.T.E) and optically thin plasma. The average electron temperatures were estimated by Boltzmann plot method for cultivated soil samples in 7800 to 9300 K range. The electron number density was ~ 1.11 × 1017 cm − 3 to 1.60 × 1017 cm − 3. Prior to application on soil samples, the experimental setup was optimized at the following parameters: pulsed energy = 60 mJpulse-1, sample to lens distance of 9.0 cm, and the gate delay of 3.5 μs. It is noteworthy that nutritional elements content of cultivated soils were found strongly dependent upon the irrigation water quality. The cultivated soil from industrial area was found rich of toxins while the cultivated land using tube well water contains toxins in least amount. Our LIBS findings were also validated by comparing its results with contents measured using a standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method and both were found in excellent agreement. The present study could be highly beneficial for agricultural applications and for farmers to produce safe food products and higher crops yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Rehan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - M.A. Gondal
- Physics Department, IRC-Hydrogen and Energy Storage, K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 5047, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - R.K. Aldakheel
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia
| | - K. Rehan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - S. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - M.A. Almessiere
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Z. Ali
- Nano science and catalysis division, National center for Physics, Islamabad Pakistan
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Aldakheel R, Gondal M, Almessiere M, Rehman S, Nasr M, Alsalem Z, Khan F. Spectrochemical analysis using LIBS and ICP-OES techniques of herbal medicine (Tinnevelly Senna leaves) and its anti-cancerous/antibacterial applications. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Rehan I, Gondal MA, Aldakheel RK, Almessiere MA, Rehan K, Khan S, Sultana S, Khan MZ. Determination of Nutritional and Toxic Metals in Black Tea Leaves Using Calibration Free LIBS and ICP: AES Technique. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Estimation of the Fe and Cu Contents of the Surface Water in the Ebinur Lake Basin Based on LIBS and a Machine Learning Algorithm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112390. [PMID: 30373313 PMCID: PMC6267471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional technology for detecting heavy metals in water is time consuming and difficult and thus is not suitable for quantitative detection of large samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can identify multi-state (such as solid, liquid, and gas) substances simultaneously, rapidly and remotely. In this study, water samples were collected from the Ebinur Lake Basin. The water samples were subjected to LIBS to extract the characteristic peaks of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Most of the quantitative analysis of LIBS rarely models and estimates the heavy metal contents in natural environments and cannot quickly determine the heavy metals in field water samples. This study creatively uses the Fe and Cu contents in water samples and the characteristics of their spectral curves in LIBS for regression modelling analysis and estimates their contents in an unknown water body by using LIBS technology and a machine learning algorithm, thus improving the detection rate. The results are as follows: (1) The Cu content of the Ebinur Lake Basin is generally higher than the Fe content, the highest Fe and Cu contents found within the basin are in the Ebinur Lake watershed, and the lowest are in the Jing River. (2) A number of peaks from each sample were found of the LIBS curve. The characteristic analysis lines of Fe and Cu were finally determined according to the intensities of the Fe and Cu characteristic lines, transition probabilities and high signal-to-background ratio (S/B). Their wavelengths were 396.3 and 324.7 nm, respectively. (3) The relative percent deviation (RPD) of the Fe content back-propagation (BP) network estimation model is 0.23, and the prediction ability is poor, so it is impossible to accurately predict the Fe content of samples. In the estimation model of BP network of Cu, the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.8, the root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.1, and the RPD is 1.79. This result indicates that the BP estimation model of Cu content has good accuracy and strong predictive ability and can accurately predict the Cu content in a sample. In summary, estimation based on LIBS improved the accuracy and efficiency of Fe and Cu content detection in water and provided new ideas and methods for the accurate estimation of Fe and Cu contents in water.
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Chen D, Zong J, Huang Z, Liu J, Li Q. Real-Time Analysis of Potassium in Infant Formula Powder by Data-Driven Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2018; 6:325. [PMID: 30109227 PMCID: PMC6080072 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium represents one of the most crucial minerals in infant formula that supports healthy growth and development of infants. Here, a novel strategy for the real-time quantification of potassium in infant formula samples is introduced. Using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in a data-driven approach, a modified random frog algorithm (MRFA) is adopted in a higher-density discrete wavelet transform (HDWT) domain for the selection of the most important features related to potassium, which is named as DD-LIBS. In DD-LIBS, the HDWT oversamples the LIBS signals in both time and frequency domains by a factor of two, enhancing the spectral expandability in an approximately shift-invariant way. The MRFA is thus capable of isolating the features of potassium with experience accumulated from the collected LIBS data. Such pretreatment combined with a partial least squared (PLS) model can significantly suppress the uncontrolled shift and broadening effects on multivariate calibration, improving the capability of LIBS for accurate quantification of potassium. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of DD-LIBS for the quantification of potassium content of 90 commercial infant formula samples. A satisfactory result illustrates DD-LIBS as a feasible tool for real-time analysis of potassium content with little sample preparation. This strategy may be well extended to other element detection in the presence of uncontrolled interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qifeng Li
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Kim D, Yang JH, Choi S, Yoh JJ. Analytical Methods to Distinguish the Positive and Negative Spectra of Mineral and Environmental Elements Using Deep Ablation Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:896-907. [PMID: 29350540 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818758046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environments affect mineral surfaces, and the surface contamination or alteration can provide potential information to understanding their regional environments. However, when investigating mineral surfaces, mineral and environmental elements appear mixed in data. This makes it difficult to determine their atomic compositions independently. In this research, we developed four analytical methods to distinguish mineral and environmental elements into positive and negative spectra based on depth profiling data using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The principle of the methods is to utilize how intensity varied with depth for creating a new spectrum. The methods were applied to five mineral samples exposed to four environmental conditions including seawater, crude oil, sulfuric acid, and air as control. The proposed methods are then validated by applying the resultant spectra to principal component analysis and data were classified by the environmental conditions and atomic compositions of mineral. By applying the methods, the atomic information of minerals and environmental conditions were successfully inferred in the resultant spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojin Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jack J Yoh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Yang X, Guo L, Li J, Yi R, Hao Z, Shen M, Zhou R, Li K, Li X, Lu Y, Zeng X. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquid solutions: a comparative study on the forms of liquid surface and liquid aerosol. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:7406-7411. [PMID: 27661382 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.007406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid surface and liquid aerosol as the traditional liquid forms for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP), respectively, have been used to analyze chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) elements using LIBS in a liquid solution. The spectral differences, the effects of laser energy and laser frequency, the accumulated number of laser pulses, gate delay time, and the quantitative analyses for a liquid surface and a liquid aerosol were compared. The results showed that the liquid surface demonstrated a lower plasma threshold, higher optical emission intensity, and higher single-to-noise ratio. Moreover, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the intensities of the liquid aerosol are better than those of the liquid surface. Furthermore, the results of the quantitative analyses of Cr I 357.86 nm and Cd I 361.05 nm of the liquid surface are close to those of the liquid aerosol. The limit of detections of Cr and Cd of the liquid surface were 2.764 and 86.869 μg/mL, which were close to those of liquid aerosol, 2.847 μg/mL of Cr and 97.635 μg/mL of Cd. For both the liquid surface and liquid aerosol, the coefficient of determination R2 of the calibration curve for Cr and Cd were above 0.99, and the average RSDs of Cr and Cd of the liquid surface were 0.027 and 0.054, which were similar to the 0.020 of Cr and 0.042 of Cd of the liquid aerosol. These results suggest that both the liquid surface and aerosol have similar detection abilities for water quality monitoring.
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Skočovská K, Novotný J, Prochazka D, Pořízka P, Novotný K, Kaiser J. Optimization of liquid jet system for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:043116. [PMID: 27131663 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A complex optimization of geometrical and temporal parameters of a jet system (developed in Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) laboratory of Brno University of Technology) for direct elemental analysis of samples in a liquid state of matter using LIBS was carried out. First, the peristaltic pump was synchronized with the flashlamp of the ablation laser, which reduced variation of the ablated sample amount. Also, the fluctuation of the laser ray angle incident on the jet surface was diminished. Such synchronization reduced signal standard deviations and thus increased repeatability of the measurements. Then, laser energy and distance of the focusing lens from the sample were optimized. The gate delay time and the gate width were optimized for single pulse (SP) experiments; the gate delay time and the inter-pulse delay were optimized for the use of double pulse (DP) variant. Results were assessed according to the highest signal to noise ratios and the lowest relative standard deviations of the signal. The sensitivity of the single pulse and the double pulse LIBS for the detection of heavy metals traces, copper (Cu i at 324.754 nm) and lead (Pb i at 405.781 nm), in aqueous solution of copper (ii) sulfate and lead (ii) acetate, was estimated in terms of limits of detection (LODs). As a result, sensitivity improvement of DP LIBS system was observed, the LOD of Cu obtained with DP was calculated 40% lower than LOD gained from SP technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Skočovská
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novotný
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Prochazka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Novotný
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gondal MA, Habibullah YB, Oloore LE, Iqbal MA. Determination of carcinogenic fluorine in cigarettes using pulsed UV laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:5560-5567. [PMID: 26192861 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A spectrometer based on pulsed UV laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a highly sensitive intensified charged coupled device camera was developed to determine the carcinogenic substances like fluorine in various brands of cigarettes available commercially. In order to achieve the high sensitivity required for the determination of trace amounts of fluoride in cigarettes and eventually the best limit of detection, the experimental parameters (influence of incident laser energy on LIBS signal intensity and time response of plasma emission) were optimized. In addition, the plasma parameters like electron temperature and electron density were evaluated using Boltzman's plot for cigarette tobacco for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, LIBS has never been applied to determine the fluorine concentration in cigarettes. Along with the detection of fluorine, other trace metals like Ba, Ca, Ni, Cu, and Na were also detected in cigarettes. For determination of the concentration of fluorine, calibration curve was drawn by preparing standard samples in various fluoride concentrations in tobacco matrix. The concentration of fluorine in different cigarette tobacco samples was 234, 317, 341, and 360 ppm respectively, which is considered to be much higher than the safe permissible limits. The limit of detection of our LIBS spectrometer was 14 ppm for fluorine.
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Gondal MA, Maganda YW, Dastageer MA, Al Adel FF, Naqvi AA, Qahtan TF. Detection of carcinogenic chromium in synthetic hair dyes using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:1636-1643. [PMID: 24663421 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A laser induced breakdown spectroscopic (LIBS) system, consisting of a pulsed 266 nm laser radiation, in conjunction with a high-resolution spectrograph, a gated intensified charge coupled device camera, and a built-in delay generator were used to develop a sensitive detector to quantify the concentration of toxic substances such as chromium in synthetic hair dyes available on the local market. The strong atomic transition line of chromium (Cr I) at 427.5 nm wavelength was used as a fingerprint wavelength to calibrate the detection system and also to quantify the levels of chromium in the hair dye samples. The limit of detection achieved by our LIBS detection system for chromium was 1.2 ppm, which enabled us to detect chromium concentration in the range of 5-11 ppm in the commercial hair dyes available on the local market. The concentrations of chromium in the hair dyes measured using our system were validated using a standard analytical technique such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and acceptable agreement (nearly 8%) was found between the results obtained by the two methods (LIBS and ICPMS). This study is highly significant for human health, specifically for people using synthetic hair dyes for changing the color of their hair.
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Elemental Analysis of Soils by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. SPRINGER SERIES IN OPTICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45085-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hussain T, Gondal MA. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a rapid tool for material analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/439/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fortes FJ, Moros J, Lucena P, Cabalín LM, Laserna JJ. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2012; 85:640-69. [PMID: 23137185 DOI: 10.1021/ac303220r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Fortes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Yao M, Lin J, Liu M, Xu Y. Detection of chromium in wastewater from refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:1552-1557. [PMID: 22505074 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was developed for determination of toxic metals Cr in wastewater collected from a refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake. The plasma was generated by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm on the surface of liquid. Experimental conditions were optimized for improving the sensitivity and repeatability of the LIBS system through a parametric dependence study in potassium bichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) aqueous solutions. Calibration curves for Cr I 425.43 and 357.87 nm lines are compared and the limit of detection is found to be 39 and 86 ppm, respectively. This calibration curve of Cr I 425.43 nm has been used for quantification of Cr in wastewater collected from a refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake where the concentration of Cr is found to be 97 ppm. The results between LIBS and standard analytical technique such as atomic absorption spectroscopy were compared, and the relative standard deviation was 8.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyin Yao
- Optics-Electrics Application of Biomaterials Lab, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Gaudiuso R, Dell’Aglio M, De Pascale O, Senesi GS, De Giacomo A. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for elemental analysis in environmental, cultural heritage and space applications: a review of methods and results. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:7434-68. [PMID: 22163611 PMCID: PMC3231154 DOI: 10.3390/s100807434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical applications of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), namely optical emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasmas, have been constantly growing thanks to its intrinsic conceptual simplicity and versatility. Qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed by LIBS both by drawing calibration lines and by using calibration-free methods and some of its features, so as fast multi-elemental response, micro-destructiveness, instrumentation portability, have rendered it particularly suitable for analytical applications in the field of environmental science, space exploration and cultural heritage. This review reports and discusses LIBS achievements in these areas and results obtained for soils and aqueous samples, meteorites and terrestrial samples simulating extraterrestrial planets, and cultural heritage samples, including buildings and objects of various kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Gaudiuso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 79126, Bari, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Marcella Dell’Aglio
- IMIP-CNR sec. Bari, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.A.); (O.P.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Olga De Pascale
- IMIP-CNR sec. Bari, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.A.); (O.P.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Giorgio S. Senesi
- IMIP-CNR sec. Bari, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.A.); (O.P.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Alessandro De Giacomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 79126, Bari, Italy; E-Mail:
- IMIP-CNR sec. Bari, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.A.); (O.P.); (G.S.S.)
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