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Zhang H, Chen S, Wu S, You Y, Zhang K. The fate and potential hazards of chlorfenapyr and one metabolite tralopyril in cabbages: A comprehensive investigation. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101287. [PMID: 38524782 PMCID: PMC10957404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential hazards of chlorfenapyr warrant attention owing to its widespread application on vegetables. A comprehensive investigation of the fate of chlorfenapyr in the ecosystem is imperative. This paper presents a method for detecting chlorfenapyr and tralopyril in cabbages, which exhibits good linearity (determination coefficients > 0.99) and satisfactory recoveries (82.50 %-108.03 %). Chlorfenapyr residues in cabbages demonstrate a positive correlation with its application dose and time. Tralopyril can inhibit the dissipation of chlorfenapyr, as evidenced by the half-lives of 5.67-11.14 d (chlorfenapyr) and 6.91-14.77 d (total chlorfenapyr). The results of terminal residues (<2.0 mg/kg) and dietary risk assessment (<100 %) suggest preharvest intervals of 14 d (greenhouse) and 10 d (open-field). Additionally, the uptake of chlorfenapyr in cabbages is limited (translocation factor < 1), while the downward translocation predominantly occurs through phloem transport. The findings provide valuable insights for understanding the fate and potential risks of chlorfenapyr in cabbages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shaotao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ye You
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Wang X, Hu S, Meng L, Wang K, Zhang X, Li K, Wang N, Zou N, Xu Y, Li B, Mu W, Pang X. Residue dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron in cabbage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121748-121758. [PMID: 37955734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EB), chlorantraniliprole (CTP), chlorfenapyr (CFP), and lufenuron (LFR) are widely used to control Spodoptera exigua on cabbage. This study is aimed at establishing a universal, sensitive, accurate, and efficient method for the determination of these pesticide residues in cabbage using QuEChERS pretreatment combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS or GC‒MS/MS). The recoveries of these pesticides (containing metabolites) in cabbage detected by the optimized method ranged between 80.9% and 99.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.164-12.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the four pesticides was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg. The standard curve, accuracy, precision, and LOQ of the analysis method all met the requirements of pesticide residue detection. The optimized method was used to detect the dissipation dynamics and terminal residues in 12 regions. The dissipation half-lives of CTP, CFP, and LFR were 3.35-7.01 d, 2.29-4.75 d, and 3.24-6.80 d, respectively. The terminal residues of all these pesticides were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The dietary risk assessment indicated that the dietary risk probabilities for EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR were all less than 1 and were within the acceptable range. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the residues and dietary risks of EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR for the scientific use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lingtao Meng
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxia Zhang
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Ruman UE, Zubair M, Zeeshan MH. Analytical assessment of modulated electric flux triggered degradation of chlorfenapyr and deltamethrin pesticides in guava fruits. Anal Biochem 2023; 670:115148. [PMID: 37019252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the new effective method and investigate the dissipation of chlorfenapyr and deltamethrin (DM) pesticides used in the treatment of guava fruit from tropical and sub-tropical areas of Pakistan. Five different solutions of varying concentrations of pesticides were prepared. This study involved the in-vitro and in-vivo analysis of modulated electric flux-triggered degradation as an efficient method for the safer degradation of selected pesticides. The Taser gun was used as a tool for providing different numbers of electrical shocks of million voltages to the pesticides present in guava fruit at different temperatures. The degraded pesticides were extracted and analyzed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC chromatograms verified that significant dissipation of pesticides took place when these were exposed to 9 shocks at 37 °C, which proved the efficiency of this degradation method. More than 50% of the total spray of both pesticides was dissipated. Thus, modulated electrical flux-triggered degradation is one of the effective methods for pesticide degradation.
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Sun M, Yi X, Tong Z, Dong X, Chu Y, Meng D, Duan J. Residual Behavior and Dietary Risk Assessment of Chlorfenapyr and Its Metabolites in Radish. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020580. [PMID: 36677638 PMCID: PMC9866042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorfenapyr, as a highly effective and low-toxicity insect growth regulation inhibitor, has been used to control cross-cruciferous vegetable pests. However, the pesticide residue caused by its application threatens human health. In this paper, the residue digestion and final residue of chlorfenapyr in radish were studied in a field experiment. The results of the dynamic digestion test showed that the half-life of chlorfenapyr in radish leaves ranged from 6.0 to 6.4 days, and the digestion rate was fast. The median residual values of chlorfenapyr in radish and radish leaves at 14 days after treatment were 0.12 and 3.92 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the dietary intake risk assessment showed that the national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of chlorfenapyr in various populations in China were 0.373 and 5.66 µg/(kg bw·d), respectively. The risk entropy (RQ) was 0.012 and 0.147, respectively, indicating that the chronic dietary intake risk of chlorfenapyr in radish was low. The results of this study provided data support and a theoretical basis for guiding the scientific use of chlorfenapyr in radish production and evaluating the dietary risk of chlorfenapyr in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yue Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
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Xu F, Xu D, Du G, Guo Z, Zha X, Chen L. Residue analysis, dissipation patterns of chlorfenapyr, diafenthiuron and their corresponding metabolites in tea trees, and dietary intake risk assessment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5826-5836. [PMID: 35426151 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, chlorfenapyr and diafenthiuron have been widely used to prevent and control diseases and pests in tea production. However, rare studies have investigated the dissipation patterns of chlorfenapyr, diafenthiuron and their metabolites simultaneously in tea matrices. Here, we established an analytical method to investigate the degradation patterns of five target compounds in tea shoots and made tea samples. Moreover, the dietary intake risk assessment of chlorfenapyr-diafenthiuron mixture among Chinese populations was evaluated based on the supervised field experiment. RESULTS The mean recoveries of the primary analytes at five spiking levels were between 95.6% and 112.6% in tea shoots and made tea, respectively, and the values of RSD (relative standard deviation) were lower than 9.7% for all the target analytes. The field trial results showed that the half-lives of chlorfenapyr and diafenthiuron based on the residue definition were 10.0-12.4 days and 4.3-5.9 days, respectively, in tea shoots. For the dietary intake risk assessment, the risk quotient (RQ) values in made tea ranged from 30.4% to 73.9% at the pre-harvest interval of 14 days, which were significantly less than 100%. CONCLUSION The accuracy and precision of the developed method were satisfied by the measurement requirements according to the validation results. The dynamic dissipation experiments suggested that diafenthiuron was much easier to dissipate than chlorfenapyr. Moreover, the existence of tralopyril made the half-life of chlorfenapyr significantly increase, indicating that practical application of chlorfenapyr should take careful consideration of its metabolite. Finally, the potential chronic dietary risks of the chlorfenapyr-diafenthiuron mixture to human communities were within the acceptable range. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongming Du
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Guo
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zha
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Costa MA, Farias ES, Passos LC, Carvalho VC, Carvalho GA. Side effects of insecticides applied to cotton on adult Trichogramma pretiosum by three exposure routes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1895-1902. [PMID: 35064632 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is released in extensive areas cultivated with cotton worldwide, but the use of synthetic insecticides threatens the establishment of augmented populations. Thus, an assessment of insecticides' effects on T. pretiosum is required to establish their compatibility with mass releases of the parasitoid. We studied in the laboratory the impact of insecticides administered through different exposure routes (direct-spraying, ingestion and residue contact) on T. pretiosum. Based on their toxicity, the insecticides were rated into four categories (harmless, slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful) as per the International Organization for Biological Control. RESULTS The survival, parasitism ability and emergence of the treated adults and offspring (F1 and F2 ), in addition to the persistence of the toxic effects in semi-field conditions, were assessed. Teflubenzuron did not reduce female survival and caused a lesser impact on T. pretiosum on both direct-spraying and ingestion bioassays. In the residue contact bioassay, teflubenzuron and flupyradifurone were rated as harmless and slightly harmful, respectively. The other active substances (chlorfenapyr, thiodicarb and methomyl) were harmful to the parasitoid by all exposure routes and were persistent (with toxicity duration surpassing 30 days). CONCLUSION From these findings, teflubenzuron is the insecticide most compatible with T. pretiosum releases and should be preferred over the other active substances. Further studies with the harmful insecticides (thiodicarb, chlorfenapyr and methomyl) are required to determine their toxicity under field conditions and confirm their incompatibility with T. pretiosum releases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizeu Sá Farias
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Luis Clepf Passos
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Li H, Sun F, Hu S, Sun Q, Zou N, Li B, Mu W, Lin J. Determination of Market, Field Samples, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Chlorfenapyr and Tralopyril in 16 Crops. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091246. [PMID: 35563970 PMCID: PMC9102846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent and massive use of chlorfenapyr has led to pesticide residues in crops, threatening food safety and human health. However, there is limited research on the detection of tralopyril, which is the major metabolite of chlorfenapyr with high toxicity. This study aimed to develop a novel, sensitive, and highly efficient method for the determination of chlorfenapyr and tralopyril residues in 16 crops. The optimized purification procedure provided satisfactory recovery of 76.6-110%, with relative standard deviations of 1.3-11.1%. The quantification values of pesticides in crop matrixes were all 0.01 μg kg-1. The optimal method was adopted to determine the chlorfenapyr and tralopyril residues in field trials in 12 regions in China and monitor their residues in 16 agricultural products. The results of the dissipation and terminal residue experiments show that the final residue of chlorfenapyr was less than MRL (maximum residue limit) and no tralopyril was detected in the field samples. Moreover, the qualification proportion of these residues in market samples were up to 99.5%. The RQ (risk quotient) values of chlorfenapyr and chlorfenapyr with consideration of tralopyril were both apparently lower than an RQ of 100%, indicating an acceptable level. This research provides a thorough long-term dietary risk evaluation on chlorfenapyr and tralopyril and would provide reference for their scientific and safe utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Fengshou Sun
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Shuai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Qi Sun
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Jin Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (H.L.); (S.H.); (N.Z.); (B.L.); (W.M.)
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (F.S.); (Q.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0538-8242611
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Xu F, Xu D, Hu M, Chen L, Xu C, Zha X. Dissipation behaviour, residue analysis, and dietary safety evaluation of chlorfenapyr on various vegetables in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:724-739. [PMID: 35104200 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2025269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlorfenapyr has been widely used in recent years to control a variety of pests on fruit and vegetables. Cabbage, leek, asparagus, and chive are four of the most common green foods consumed word wide; their pesticide residue issues have also received more attention. Therefore, studies on the residue analysis, degradation evaluation and dietary risk assessment based on the complete residue definition of chlorfenapyr on these four vegetables were essential and urgently needed. A reliable analytical method was developed and applied to simultaneously determine the content of chlorfenapyr and its metabolite tralopyril residues on the four vegetables. Recoveries were satisfactory (84%-110% for chlorfenapyr; 83%-106% for tralopyril) at a spiked level of 0.01-1 mg/kg, with intraday precision (n = 5) and interday precision (n = 15) ranging from 1.6% to 8.9% and from 2.4% to 9.1%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were all 0.01 mg/kg. On the basis of supervised field trials, the degradation half-lives of chlorfenapyr were 1.2-9.8 days. Chlorfenapyr rapidly degraded on asparagus, but persisted much longer on chive. The terminal concentration of chlorfenapyr residues varied from <0.01 to 0.84 mg/kg. Additionally, the risk quotients (RQs) ranged from 4.7% to 13.8%, suggesting that chlorfenapyr had a negligible risk for chronic dietary intake of these crops. This study was thus significant in evaluating the degradation rate and quality safety of chlorfenapyr on various vegetables and promoted the development of maximum residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Hu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zha
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Dai Y, Liu Q, Yang X, Pan H, Tian Y. Analysis of Degradation Kinetics and Migration Pattern of Chlorfenapyr in Celery (Apium graveliens L.) and Soil Under Greenhouse Conditions at Different Elevations. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:260-266. [PMID: 34714354 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics and migration pattern of chlorfenapyr in celery and soil at Lhasa and Pengzhou were investigated. A simple, rapid analytical method for the quantification of chlorfenapyr in celery and soil was developed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. The results indicated that the half-lives of chlorfenapyr in celeries and soils at Lhasa were 6.3 days and 12.8 days. While the half-lives of chlorfenapyr in celeries and soils at Pengzhou were 6.9 days and 20.4 days. The half-lives of chlorfenapyr in celeries and soils at Lhasa were shorter than that at Pengzhou, while the half-lives of chlorfenapyr in soils at Lhasa and Pengzhou were longer than that in celeries at Lhasa and Pengzhou. The final residues of chlorfenapyr in celeries at Lhasa and Pengzhou were 5.074 ± 0.144 mg/kg and 5.981 ± 0.234 mg/kg after 7 days of spraying, respectively. When chlofenapyr was sprayed to soils only, the average root concentration factor of chlorfenapyr were 3.57-4.02, while the average translocation factor of chlorfenapyr in leaves and stems were 0.28-0.38 and 0.20-0.25, respectively. Chlorfenapyr was easy to migrate from soil to the roots of celery, followed by leaves and stems. The limit value of chlorfenapyr in celery has not been specified in China's National MRL standard (GB 2763 in National food safety standard-maximum residue limits for pesticides in food. Standard, Beijing, 2021), this study was useful to draw up the limit values of chlorfenapyr residues in celery at different elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Dai
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
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Lee D, Jeong M, Byun JE, Lee KG. Determination of 113 pesticides in hot pepper powder in Korea. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:173-181. [PMID: 36380968 PMCID: PMC9641238 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In five regions of Korea, a total of 963 hot pepper powder samples were analyzed for 113 pesticides and one synergist using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For three years, sampling was performed every producing day in production plants according to ISO 24153 : 2009 methods. The limit of detection and limit of quantification ranges were 0.17-1.46 and 0.52-4.44 µg kg-1, respectively. The recovery ranges were 62.8-128.6% when spiked with 10 and 100 µg kg-1 of pesticides. Certified reference materials, such as chlorfenapyr and indoxacarb, were used for the validation of the analytical method. In total, 21 pesticides and one synergist were detected. Six pesticides, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and pendimethalin, were detected at more than 50%, and nine pesticides, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, picoxystrobin, deltamethrin, pyridalyl, propiconazole, iprodione, prochloraz, and bifenthrin, were detected at more than 10%. All monitoring results were under the Korean maximum residue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhong Jeong
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Byun
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
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11
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Romeh AA, Ibrahim Saber RA. Green nano-phytoremediation and solubility improving agents for the remediation of chlorfenapyr contaminated soil and water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110104. [PMID: 31941632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorfenapyr is a novel class of insecticide-miticide used for crop protection. It poses substantial risks to the reproductive ability of birds as well as environmental stability. This study was focused on the remediation of chlorfenapyr-polluted soil and water through the combined application of green nanotechnology, solubility improving agents and phytoremediation. An analysis using electron microscopy showed that the green synthesis resulted in circular ficus iron nanoparticles (F-Fe0) with diameters of 2.46 nm-11.49 nm, while the ipomoea-silver (Ip-Ag0) and brassica-silver nanoparticles (Br-Ag0) were circular, cubical, hexagonal, triangular and rod -like in shape with sizes ranging from 6.27 to 21.23 nm in IP-Ag0 and from 6.05 to 15.02 nm in Br-Ag0. After 24 h of treatment with F-Fe0, Ip-Ag0 and Br-Ag0 supported on activated charcoal (Ach), the chlorfenapyr in the aqueous solution was reduced to 86%, 79.70%, and 79.70%, respectively, compared to the 6.16% in aqueous solution. Moreover, after 24 h of treatment with Plantago major plus F-Fe0Ach, P. major plus Ip-Ag0Ach, and P. major plus Br-Ag0Ach, the chlorfenapyr in the aqueous solution was reduced to 93.7%, 91.30%, and 92.92%, respectively, as compared to the 69.27% in P. major. After four days of exposure, the percentage of chlorfenapyr degradation in the soil (i.e. control) only reached 12.40%,while the degradation rates were enhanced by 71.22%, 57.32% and 73.10%, respectively, in the presence of P. major plus nanoparticles (F-Fe0, Ip-Ag0 and Br-Ag0). The integration of green nanotechnology, solubility-improving agents, and phytoremediation by Plantago major has played a major role in the remediation of soil and water contaminated with chlorfenapyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Romeh
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Badawy MEI, Mahmoud MS, Khattab MM. Residues and dissipation kinetic of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions using QuEChERS method and HPLC. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:517-524. [PMID: 32065572 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1726701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study estimated the dissipation rates of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in pods of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions in Egypt. Pesticides were extracted and cleaned-up by QuEChERS method and were analyzed by HPLC. The dissipation of these acaricides followed the first order kinetics model with half-life (t1/2) values 1.00, 3.50 and 1.50 days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively. The lowest residues, at different time intervals of field application rate of each pesticide, were observed with abamectin followed by pyridaben and then chlorfenapyr. Pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) were 10.00, 13.50 and 6.00 days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively and were below the established European maximum residue limits (EU MRLs) 10-14, 14-21 and 7-10 days after application, respectively. If the fresh pods will be consumed after harvest, it is expected that the presence of these pesticides in the food will have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, the elimination of the residues of these harmful pesticides must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mostafa S Mahmoud
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marium M Khattab
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Jeong DK, Lee HJ, Bae JY, Jang YS, Hong SM, Kim JH. Chlorfenapyr Residue in Sweet Persimmon from Farm to Table. J Food Prot 2019; 82:810-814. [PMID: 30991837 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of the pesticide chlorfenapyr has been increasing over time, with a consequent wider application to crops. However, there is limited information available on the amount and safety of the residues it leaves on crops. The amount of chlorfenapyr residues in sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) at both the pre- and postharvest stages were investigated in this study by calculating its biological half-life. The half-life at the preharvest stage was 8.8 days, shorter than that found during the storage periods at 4 and 20°C, when the half-lives were 11.0 and 23.9 days, respectively. In addition, peeling and washing after harvesting reduced residue content. The majority of the chlorfenapyr residues in sweet persimmon were found in the peel of the fruit, with the pulp containing less than 25% of the total. Thus, peeling effectively removed chlorfenapyr residues and diminished the residues below the limit of quantification in the pulp. In addition, washing with 1.0% alcohol and 0.2% Tween 20 solutions effectively removed 47.8 and 55.6% of the residues, respectively. Furthermore, a 1.0% alcohol solution showed high reduction efficiency for other hydrophobic pesticides, such as dimethomorph and fluquinconazole, up to 78.0%. Chlorfenapyr residues in sweet persimmon can be effectively reduced via storage or peeling and washing practices or a combination of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Jeong
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jun Lee
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Bae
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Sin Jang
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Myeong Hong
- 2 Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyo Kim
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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Abdallah O, El Agamy M, Abdelraheem E, Malhat F. Buprofezin dissipation and safety assessment in open field cabbage and cauliflower using GC/ITMS employing an analyte protectant. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4492. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdallah
- Department of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution, Central Agricultural Pesticide, LaboratoryAgricultural Research Center Giza Egypt
- Food Safety Laboratory Buraydah Al‐Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa El Agamy
- Department of Soil Fertility and Plant NutritionSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agricultural Research Center Giza Egypt
| | - Ehab Abdelraheem
- Department of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution, Central Agricultural Pesticide, LaboratoryAgricultural Research Center Giza Egypt
| | - Farag Malhat
- Department of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution, Central Agricultural Pesticide, LaboratoryAgricultural Research Center Giza Egypt
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Patra S, Ganguly P, Barik SR, Samanta A. Dissipation kinetics and risk assessment of chlorfenapyr on tomato and cabbage. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:71. [PMID: 29318380 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted over two seasons to evaluate the dissipation kinetics and assess the risks of chlorfenapyr in tomato and cabbage following foliar application of chlorfenapyr 10% SC at 100 and 200 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of tomato, cabbage, and soil were analyzed and quantified by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of chlorfenapyr were found to be 0.01 and 0.03 mg kg-1, respectively, in tomato, cabbage, and soil. The dissipation of chlorfenapyr followed first-order kinetics. The compound showed less persistence in both the vegetables and soil as the calculated half-life values of chlorfenapyr ranged between 4.54 and 7.74 days considering two different doses and seasons. The residue was below detection limit in all the untreated plant and soil samples. The pre-harvest interval (PHI) of chlorfenapyr in both the vegetables was determined to be 9-14 days regardless of dose or season. The theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) of chlorfenapyr was calculated for tomato and cabbage and was found to be lower than the maximum permissible intake (MPI) of the compound. Therefore, the application of chlorfenapyr at the recommended dose in tomato and cabbage for crop protection seems to be safe from both environmental contamination and consumer safety standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patra
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Pritam Ganguly
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
| | - Suhrid Ranjan Barik
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunava Samanta
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Abdel Ghani SB, Abdallah OI. Method validation and dissipation dynamics of chlorfenapyr in squash and okra. Food Chem 2015; 194:516-21. [PMID: 26471587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
QuEChERS method combined with GC-IT-MS was developed and validated for the determination of chlorfenapyr residues in squash and okra matrices. Method accuracy, repeatability, linearity and specificity were investigated. Matrix effect was discussed. Determination coefficients (R(2)) were 0.9992 and 0.9987 in both matrices. LODs were 2.4 and 2.2μg/kg, while LOQs were 8.2 and 7.3μg/kg. Method accuracy ranged from 92.76% to 106.49%. Method precision RSDs were ⩽12.59%. A field trial to assess chlorfenapyr dissipation behavior was carried out. The developed method was employed in analyzing field samples. Dissipation behavior followed first order kinetics in both crops. Half-life values (t1/2) ranged from 0.2 to 6.58days with determination coefficient (R(2)) ranged from 0.78 to 0.96. The developed method was utilized for surveying chlorfenapyr residues in squash and okra samples collected from the market. Monitoring results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif B Abdel Ghani
- Plant Production and Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah P.O. Box 6622, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68 Hadayek Shoubra, 11241 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Osama I Abdallah
- Food Safety Laboratory, Al-Qassim Municipality, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pesticides Residues and Environmental Pollution, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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17
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Peterson CJ, Davis RW. Mobility, longevity and activity of chlorfenapyr in soils treated at a termiticidal rate. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:88-92. [PMID: 23129480 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mobility, longevity and termiticidal activity of chlorfenapyr applied to soils at the termiticidal labeled rate was evaluated for 30 months after treatment (MAT) in a greenhouse study. RESULTS There was little dissipation of chlorfenapyr in soil treated at the labeled rate for perimeter treatments for the prevention and control of termite infestations. Chlorfenapyr was detected in soil immediately below the initially treated soil in the packed soil columns. This was likely due to settling of soil. The treated soil remained toxic to subterranean termites in 3 and 7 day bioassays over the duration of the study. The treated soil displayed slow-acting properties regarding toxicity to termites. Trace amounts of chlorfenapyr were detected in the eluates of packed soil cones. CONCLUSION The commercial formulation of chlorfenapyr used in this study (21.45% concentrate diluted to 0.125% prior to application) killed 100% of the tested subterranean termites for at least 30 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Peterson
- USDA Forest Service, Insects, Diseases and Invasive Plants Unit, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
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18
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Thomas PJ, Mineau P, Juraske R. Determining pesticide foliar half-lives from soil half-life value: not so "cut-and-dry". CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1531-1533. [PMID: 21664644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Rahman MM, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Park JH, Park JY, Im GJ, Shim JH. Determination of chlorfenapyr in leek grown under greenhouse conditions with GC-μECD and confirmation by mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:172-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu; Gwangju; 500-757; Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heui Choi
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu; Gwangju; 500-757; Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; 12211-Giza; Egypt
| | - Jong Hyouk Park
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu; Gwangju; 500-757; Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu; Gwangju; 500-757; Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Jae Im
- Pesticide Safety division, National Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology; Rural Development Administration; Suwon; 441-707; Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu; Gwangju; 500-757; Republic of Korea
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