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Li CA, Li SS, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Tao L. Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a wild predatory fish from an e-waste site in South China between 2009 and 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7303-7311. [PMID: 36031680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crude electronic waste (e-waste) recycling has been banned due to the serious environmental pollution it caused, leaving many abandoned e-waste sites. However, information on the current levels and associated ecological risks of e-waste-derived contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in e-waste site is limited. Wild fish, because they can accumulate high pollutant levels, are suitable indicators for environmental pollution monitoring and has been widely employed as biomonitoring. In this study, we investigated the changes in the levels and profiles of PCBs in a wild fish species, the northern snakehead (Channa argus), before (2009) and after (2016) the ban of crude e-waste recycling from a typical e-waste recycling site in South China. The mean total PCB concentration in the northern snakehead sampled in 2016 (343 ng/g ww) declined by 75% compared with that (1410 ng/g ww) in 2009. The contributions of less chlorinated congeners (tri-CBs and tetra-CBs) in the northern snakehead tended to decrease over the years, indicating that the lighter congeners are more easily eliminated than the heavier ones in the environment. Our findings suggested no fresh PCB input in these years, as well as the positive impacts of laws and regulations on the prohibition of e-waste recycling. The ecological risk assessment suggested that PCB exposure may have median to high risks to the wild fish and fish-eating wildlife that inhabit the e-waste site, even after the ban of crude e-waste recycling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Si-Sheng Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Administration of Ecology and Environment of the Pearl River Basin & South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Zhu M, Yuan Y, Yin H, Guo Z, Wei X, Qi X, Liu H, Dang Z. Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150270. [PMID: 34536863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), together with 11 other organic compounds, were initially listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention because of their potential threat to ecosystems and humans. In China, many monitoring studies have been undertaken to reveal the level of PCBs in environment since 2005 due to the introduced stricter environmental regulations. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding the overall spatial and temporal distributions of PCBs in China. This review systematically discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices, organisms, and humans in China. Results showed that PCB contamination in northern and southern China was not significantly different, but the PCB levels in East China were commonly higher than those in West China, which might have been due to the widespread consumption of PCBs and intensive human activities in East China. Serious PCB contamination was found in e-waste disassembling areas (e.g., Taizhou of Zhejiang Province and Qingyuan and Guiyu of Guangdong Province). Higher PCB concentrations were also chronicled in megalopolises and industrial clusters. The unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) formed during industrial thermal processes may play an increasingly significant role in PCB pollution in China. Low PCB levels were recorded in rural and underdeveloped districts, particularly in remote and high-altitude localities such as the Tibetan Plateau and the South China Sea. However, these data are limited. Human exposure to PCBs is closely related to the characteristics of environmental pollution. This review also discusses existing issues and future research prospects on PCBs in China. For instance, the accumulation characteristics and migration regularities of PCBs in food webs should be further studied. More investigations should be undertaken to assess the quantitative relationship between external and internal exposure to PCBs. For example, bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies should be supplemented to evaluate human health risks more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Distribution and ECo-Toxicological Risk Assessment of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants in Surface Water of Talar, Babolrood and Haraz Rivers. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the outer Alborz Range in the Northern Province of Iran, the Haraz, Talar and Babolrood Rivers are the three largest rivers where most of the agricultural, aquacultural and industrial activities are found. Total indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (iPCBs) ranged ND–474, ND–273 and ND–559 ng/L in Haraz, Talar and Babolrood Rivers, respectively. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) concentrations of DDT, lindane and dieldrin were observed in the upstream stations than downstream stations of both Babolrood and Haraz Rivers. However, in Talar River, PCB residues in upstream was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than downstream. Furthermore, PCB-28 in Talar River and PCB-101 and PCB-153 in Bablrood and Haraz Rivers were high in water samples at all stations. A significant difference was observed among the stations. In October, November and December, there was negligible variations in total PCB concentration among the stations. Alarming levels of some of the legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may pose adverse effects on the aquatic species dwelling in the Talar, Babolrood and Haraz Rivers of Iran.
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Zerizghi T, Yang Y, Wang W, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yi Y. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in sediment and fish of a shallow lake: a case study of Baiyangdian Lake, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:154. [PMID: 32006115 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pollution levels of lakes vary in quantity and type of contaminants accumulated in their sediment and water. The second Chinese capital city will be built around Baiyangdian Lake in the near future, and thus, it is important to monitor pollution status of Baiyangdian Lake. This study mainly focused on the accumulated heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediment and in variety of fish bodies. Sediment pollution status and ecological risk were evaluated through geo-accumulation (I-geo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk ([Formula: see text]), and mean probable effect concentration quotient (mPEC-Q). In addition, human health risks via fish consumption were also evaluated. Based on the results, the average sediment trace As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations were 9.53, 0.35, 56.37, 32.33, 617.05, 30.18, 19.17, and 84.24 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. Both I-geo and [Formula: see text] inferred low pollution levels and low ecological risks from all assessed trace metals except Cd. Cd posed moderate to high ecological risks. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), average Ni and Cr concentrations exceeded the threshold effect concentrations (TEC), but their [Formula: see text] are low as their average concentrations is below Hebei province pre-contaminations (30.8 mg/kg for Ni and 68.3 mg/kg for Cr). There is no cumulative toxicity from all the metals through mPEC-Q. Omnivorous fish accumulated statistically insignificantly higher amounts of metals than carnivorous fish, except for Hg. The intake of 12.22 g/person/day fish muscle for the entire life is safe from noncarcinogenic human health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Zerizghi
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yujun Yi
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Han D, Currell MJ. Persistent organic pollutants in China's surface water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:602-625. [PMID: 27986323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Following recent rapid industrialization, China is now one of the largest producers and consumers of organic chemicals in the world. This is compounded by variable regulatory oversight with respect to storage, use and waste management of these chemicals and their byproducts. This review synthesizes the data on the distribution of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in waters in China. Surface water heavily polluted with POPs is distributed in the Yangtze River Estuary, Pearl River Delta, Minjiang River Estuary, Jiulongjiang Estuary, Daya Bay, Taihu Lake, and the waterways of Zhejiang Province, where concentrations of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) frequently exceed both international and Chinese guideline values. These areas are mainly distributed along the southeast coast of China, within or downstream of major manufacturing districts, intensive agricultural basins, and other industrial centers. A comparison of the levels of OCPs in the aquatic environment of China with other indicative regions worldwide shows comparable levels of pollution (overall range from below detection limit (BDL) to 5104.8ng/L and regional means from 2.9-929.6ng/L). PAHs and PCBs pollution appear to be particularly serious in China (PAHs overall ranging from BDL to 474,000ng/L with regional means from 15.1-72,400ng/L; PCBs from BDL to 3161ng/L with regional means ranging from 0.2-985.2ng/L). There is as yet limited evidence of serious perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) pollution. We discuss major sources and processes responsible for high POP occurrence using a range of measures (including diagnostic ratios of different compounds), regulatory oversight and policy gaps in the control of POPs in China, and potential long-term health and ecological effects. We argue that water quality guidelines, pollution control measures and cleanup strategies for POPs in China should be urgently improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Matthew J Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Moraleda-Cibrián N, Carrassón M, Rosell-Melé A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle from the Western Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:513-519. [PMID: 25869202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were quantified in muscle tissue of European hake, an ecologically and commercially important species. Samples were collected from the Western Mediterranean, in seven different stations at different depths and a batch was bought in a local market. PCBs are the dominant pollutants, but the overall concentrations do not show significant differences between the different specimens analyzed from various locations, with the exception of the concentration of PCBs at a shallow station close to the River Besòs mouth. This probably suggests that generally the pollutants in hake from the Western Mediterranean derive from historical and non-point sources. The occurrence of pollutants is widespread in the samples but their concentration is below recommended legal limits for fish or other foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Moraleda-Cibrián
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08913 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal de Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08913 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoni Rosell-Melé
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08913 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Wang D, Yu Y, Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhang S, Wu M. Organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake, China, and associated human health risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:383-389. [PMID: 24125867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Because contaminants and nutrients always coexist in fish, the risk from contaminants and the benefit from nutrients, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are also concomitant via fish consumption. To investigate the risk and benefit via fish consumption, concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the whole- and portion-muscles of fish from Taihu Lake, China, were measured. Based on the contaminant data and nutrients from our previous study, and the associated risk and benefit via fish consumption were estimated. The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in the whole-muscles ranged from 7.8 × 10² to 3.4×10³ pg g⁻¹ ww, and from 67.3 to 300 pg g⁻¹ ww, respectively. Of DDTs and HCHs measured, p,p'-DDE and β-HCH were respectively the most abundant pesticides. The composition profiles of DDTs and HCHs suggested that the pesticides were mainly historical residues. The benefit-risk quotient (BRQ) of EPA+DHA vs. POPs (persistent organic pollutants including data of DDTs, HCHs, and those of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers cited from our previous study) via consumption of fish from Taihu Lake was calculated. As a result, to achieve the recommended EPA+DHA intake of 250 mg d⁻¹ for a healthy adult, the consumption of most fish species from the lake can cause cancer and non-cancer risks. However, the fish consumption at the rates of 44.9 g d⁻¹ by Chinese would not lead to the risks for most of the species. The results also suggested that the risk of consuming silver carp was generally lower than other fish species, and those of dorsal muscles were lower than ventral and tail muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Guo W, Zhang H, Xu Q, Tang Z, Feng Y, Xu X. Distribution, Sources, and Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Core Sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.753922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Avancini RM, Silva IS, Rosa ACS, Sarcinelli PDN, de Mesquita SA. Organochlorine compounds in bovine milk from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul-Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2013. [PMID: 23177004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorines are highly hydrophobic, synthetic organic pollutants that accumulate in the environment and in food webs. The primary route of human exposure to organochlorines is through food-mainly fat-rich food of animal origin such as meat, fish, and dairy products. Here we determined the presence and concentration of organochlorine residues in pasteurized milk from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, to monitor consumer exposure to these contaminants. Organochlorine pesticides in milk samples were analyzed using solid phase extraction in octadecyl silica-prepacked columns and identified by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. Of the 100 composite samples analyzed, more than 90% contained residues of organochlorine pesticides: aldrin was present in 44% of the samples, followed by ∑DDT (36%), mirex (34%), endosulfan (32%), chlordane (17%), dicofol (14%), heptachlor (11%) and dieldrin (11%). Compared to the values established by law, the concentration of the compounds in some samples was above the reference values. Given the importance that milk and its products have in the human diet, it is essential to know whether the levels of pesticide residues are kept well below the recommended levels to minimize the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régia Maria Avancini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)/Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS), Av. Julio de Castilho, 4960, Panamá, CEP 79113-000, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Ren G, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wang Y, Ma S, Wu M, Sheng G, Fu J. Primary investigation on contamination pattern of legacy and emerging halogenated organic pollutions in freshwater fish from Liaohe River, Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 172:94-99. [PMID: 23000968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Legacy halogenated compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and emerging organo-halogen pollutants such as Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in fish from an old industrial region in Northeast China. PCBs and PBDEs were detected in all of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 38.15 to 170.51 ng/g lipid weight, and 9.40-39.69 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. DP was detected in more than 90% of the samples with concentrations ranging from not detected (ND) to 470 pg g/g lipid weight. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PCBs, PBDEs and DP in fish from Liaohe River were at medium or low level. An unusually high percentage of PCB-209 was first reported in the fish samples collected from China. Other halogenated pollutions, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, octachlorostyrene, chlorinated anisole, chlorinated thioanisole, triclosan-methyl, and other pesticides, have also been identified in the fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan Disrict, Shanghai 200072, China.
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