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Doğruyol H, Ulusoy Ş, Erkan N, Mol S, Özden Ö, Can Tunçelli İ, Tosun ŞY, Üçok D, Dağsuyu E, Yanardağ R. Evaluation of biotoxins and toxic metal risks in mussels from the Sea of Marmara following marine mucilage. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114558. [PMID: 38432438 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021, has raised public concern about seafood safety. Mediterranean mussels serve as a vehicle in food chain, enabling the transfer of pollutants. Farmed and wild mussels were collected from 4 different stations throughout the fishing season. Biotoxins causing amnesic, paralytic, or diarrhetic shellfish poisonings (ASP, PSP, or DSP) were examined during monthly samplings. Potential health risks posed by cadmium, lead and arsenic were assessed. Health risks were evaluated considering 150 g/week mussel consumption, accounting for the different age groups of consumers (50, 60, 70 kg). Estimated Weekly Intake calculations of metals were determined to be lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake at all age groups throughout the sampling period in all stations. Target Hazard QuotientCd of mussels captured from Istanbul Strait was always determined <1, while it was equal to 1 for 50 kg individuals in Gelibolu samples. All THQAs were >1. Target carcinogenic Risk was evaluated for Pb and iAs, which were found to be negligible and acceptable, respectively. No biotoxins responsible for ASP, PSP, or DSP were detected. Hg levels were under detectable limits. Excluding Cd, the results did not reveal any risks associated with mussel consumption during mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Doğruyol
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Food Safety Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Şafak Ulusoy
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nuray Erkan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Food Safety Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sühendan Mol
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özkan Özden
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İdil Can Tunçelli
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Şehnaz Yasemin Tosun
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Didem Üçok
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Seafood Processing Technology Programme, Kalenderhane Mah. Onalti Mart Şehitleri Cad. No.2, Fatih, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eda Dağsuyu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Avcılar Yerleşkesi, Avcılar 34320, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Refiye Yanardağ
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Avcılar Yerleşkesi, Avcılar 34320, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Progresses of the Influencing Factors and Detection Methods of Domoic Acid. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin mainly produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatom, which belongs to the genera Rhomboida. It can combine with the receptors of glutamate of neurotransmitters, then affecting the normal nerve signal transmission of the organism and causing nervous system disorders. However, as a natural marine drug, DA can also be used for pest prevention and control. Although the distribution of DA in the world has already been reported in the previous reviews, the time and location of its first discovery and the specific information are not complete. Therefore, the review systematically summarizes the first reported situation of DA in various countries (including species, discovery time, and collection location). Furthermore, we update and analyze the factors affecting DA production, including phytoplankton species, growth stages, bacteria, nutrient availability, trace metals, and so on. These factors may indirectly affect the growth environment or directly affect the physiological activities of the cells, then affect the production of DA. Given that DA is widely distributed in the environment, we summarize the main technical methods for the determination of DA, such as bioassay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biosensor, and so on, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method used so far, which adds more new knowledge in the literature about DA until now. Finally, the DA research forecast and its industrial applications were prospected to prevent its harm and fully explore its potential value.
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Hassoun AER, Ujević I, Mahfouz C, Fakhri M, Roje-Busatto R, Jemaa S, Nazlić N. Occurrence of domoic acid and cyclic imines in marine biota from Lebanon-Eastern Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142542. [PMID: 33035983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are naturally existing chemicals produced by toxic algae and can accumulate in marine biota. When consumed with seafood, these phycotoxins can cause human intoxication with symptoms varying from barely-noticed illness to death depending on the type of toxin and its concentration. Recently, the occurrence of marine biotoxins has been given special attention in the Mediterranean as it increased in frequency and severity due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Up to our knowledge, no previous study reported the presence of lipophilic toxins (LTs) and cyclic imines (CIs) in marine biota in Lebanon. Hence, this study reports LTs and CIs in marine organisms: one gastropod (Phorcus turbinatus), two bivalves (Spondylus spinosus and Patella rustica complex) and one fish species (Siganus rivulatus), collected from various Lebanese coastal areas. The results show values below the limit of detection (LOD) for okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and 2, pectenotoxin-1 and 2, yessotoxins, azaspiracids and saxitoxins. The spiny oyster (S. spinosus) showed the highest levels of domoic acid (DA; 3.88 mg kg-1), gymnodimine (GYM-B) and spirolide (SPX) (102.9 and 15.07 μg kg-1, respectively) in congruence with the occurrence of high abundance of Pseudo-nitzchia spp., Gymnodinium spp., and Alexandrium spp. DA levels were below the European Union (EU) regulatory limit, but higher than the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (0.9 μg g-1) for neurotoxicity in humans and lower than the Acute Reference Dose (30 μg kg-1 bw) both set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2009). Based on these findings, it is unlikely that a health risk exists due to the exposure to these toxins through seafood consumption in Lebanon. Despite this fact, the chronic toxicity of DA, GYMs and SPXs remains unclear and the effect of the repetitive consumption of contaminated seafood needs to be more investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed El Rahman Hassoun
- National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box, 534, Batroun, Lebanon.
| | - Ivana Ujević
- Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Céline Mahfouz
- National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box, 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Milad Fakhri
- National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box, 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Romana Roje-Busatto
- Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sharif Jemaa
- National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box, 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Nikša Nazlić
- Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Dursun F. Occurence and Variability of Domoic Acid in Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Samples from the Golden Horn Estuary, Sea of Marmara (Turkey). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:318-326. [PMID: 33394065 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and variability of domoic acid (DA) levels in wild Mytilus galloprovincialis samples, compared with the Pseudo-nitzschia spp. abundance and particulate DA (pDA) concentrations in relation to the environmental changes in the Golden Horn Estuary, Turkey from October 2018 to September 2019. Biotoxin analysis were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). DA concentrations in particulate matter (pDA) and mussel samples were found between 0.090-0.685 µg L-1 and 0.905-2.413 µg g-1, respectively. Accumulation of DA in wild mussel samples could be the result of the increasing tendency of P.nitzschia spp. abundances between April and May. Maximum DA levels were detected in particulate matter when the salinity was measured as the lowest in May. Thus, it can be said that the DA production was driven by the significant salinity decrease in the GHE. This is the first attempt regarding the presence of DA in M. galloprovincialis samples collected from Turkish coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Dursun
- Department of Physical Oceanography and Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Vefa, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Blanco J, Mauríz A, Álvarez G. Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E371. [PMID: 32512724 PMCID: PMC7354575 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The king scallop Pecten maximus retains the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (DA), for a long time. Most of the toxin is accumulated in the digestive gland, but this organ contains several cell types whose contribution to the accumulation of the toxin is unknown. Determining the time-course of the depuration by analyzing whole organs is difficult because the inter-individual variability is high. A sampling method, using biopsies of the digestive gland, has been developed. This method allows for repetitive sampling of the same scallop, but the representativeness of the samples obtained in this way needs to be validated. In this work, we found that the distribution of DA in the digestive gland of the scallops is mostly homogeneous. Only the area closest to the gonad, and especially its outer portion, had a lower concentration than the other ones, probably due to a transfer of the toxin to the intestinal loop. Samples obtained by biopsies can therefore be considered to be representative. Most of the toxin was accumulated in large cells (mostly digestive cells), which could be due to differences during the toxin absorption or to the preferential depuration of the toxin from the small cells (mostly secretory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón S/N, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - Aida Mauríz
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón S/N, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Casilla 117, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo Casilla 117, Chile
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Dursun F, Ünlü S, Yurdun T. Determination of Domoic Acid in Plankton Net Samples from Golden Horn Estuary, Turkey, Using HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:457-462. [PMID: 29368303 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the fluctuations of domoic acid (DA) levels in plankton net samples collected from the Golden Horn Estuary (GHE), Turkey, between August 2011 and July 2012. DA concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatization technique. Monthly and biweekly data were evaluated with environmental variables, and their influence on DA production is discussed. DA levels in plankton net samples varied between 0.36 and 94.34 µg L- 1. DA levels showed remarkable seasonal variation and they were generally higher in May, 2012, but no DA was detected between February and April, 2012. DA production was mostly controlled by temperature, with nitrate and silicate limitations being secondary factors that influenced DA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Dursun
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, 34134, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selma Ünlü
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, 34134, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türkan Yurdun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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