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Zhang C, Wang S, Jin J, Luo H, Wang Y, Chen X. Photoluminescence Sensing of Soluble Lead in Children's Crayons Using Perovskite Nanocrystal In Situ Growth on an Aluminum Hydroxide Layer. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:213. [PMID: 36831979 PMCID: PMC9954079 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a fluorescence sensing approach for lead ion (Pb2+) was developed using in situ growth of methylamine lead bromine (MAPbBr3) perovskite on an aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) thin layer. The Al(OH)3 thin layer could be obtained on a glass slide by liquid phase deposition and is of a large specific surface area and insoluble in water. After sulfhydryl functionalization, the Al(OH)3 thin layer reveals effective adsorption and excellent enrichment ability to Pb2+ and is additionally used as the substrate for the in situ growth of lead halogen perovskite. The fluorescence sensing of Pb2+ could be realized by the fluorescence intensity of lead halogen perovskite on the Al(OH)3 layer. The linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Pb2+ was found in the range from 80 to 1500 mg/kg. The detection limit of Pb2+ is found to be 40 mg/kg, which is lower than the maximum permission of lead residue in student products (90 mg/kg) stipulated by the National Standard of the People's Republic of China (GB21027-2020). After being grinded and pre-treated, soluble lead in watercolor paint and crayon samples can be extracted by the sulfhydryl functionalization Al(OH)3 layer, then lead halogen perovskite can be generated in situ on the layer to achieve the fluorescence sensing for the determination of soluble lead in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments, College of Environment and Public Healthy, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Shuya Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingwen Jin
- Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments, College of Environment and Public Healthy, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Hezhou Luo
- SEPL Quality Inspection Technology Service Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Igweze ZN, Ekhator OC, Orisakwe OE. A pediatric health risk assessment of children's toys imported from China into Nigeria. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03732. [PMID: 32322724 PMCID: PMC7171521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade liberalization led to the flooding of the Nigerian markets with ''made in China'' children's toys. Information about metal contamination in toys is vital to ensure the safety of children's product. This is a pediatric health risk assessment of three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in children toys purchased from Nigerian market. Thirty cheap ''made in China'' toys were purchased from stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in the thirty toys samples were determined by absorption spectrophotometry. Pb, Cd and As were present in all the toys at levels below the limits set by EU. The oral and dermal exposure risk assessment showed no significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogen health risks of public health concern. Some ''made in China'' toys imported into Nigeria may not add to the body burden of these metals in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelinjo Nkeiruka Igweze
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - Orish E. Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Ahmad GR, Kumar S, Ahmad D, Shammas MA. Risk Assessment to Evaluate if Crayons Complying with the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 for Lead, Also Comply with California Proposition 65. Front Public Health 2017. [PMID: 28626747 PMCID: PMC5454070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar R Ahmad
- InfoTox International Inc., Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dildar Ahmad
- InfoTox International Inc., Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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Cui XY, Li SW, Zhang SJ, Fan YY, Ma LQ. Toxic metals in children's toys and jewelry: coupling bioaccessibility with risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:77-84. [PMID: 25700334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A total of 45 children's toys and jewelry were tested for total and bioaccessible metal concentrations. Total As, Cd, Sb, Cr, Ni, and Pb concentrations were 0.22-19, 0.01-139, 0.1-189, 0.06-846, 0.14-2894 and 0.08-860,000 mg kg(-1). Metallic products had the highest concentrations, with 3-7 out of 13 samples exceeding the European Union safety limit for Cd, Pb, Cr, or Ni. However, assessment based on hazard index >1 and bioaccessible metal showed different trends. Under saliva mobilization or gastric ingestion, 11 out of 45 samples showed HI >1 for As, Cd, Sb, Cr, or Ni. Pb with the highest total concentration showed HI <1 for all samples while Ni showed the most hazard with HI up to 113. Our data suggest the importance of using bioaccessibility to evaluate health hazard of metals in children's toys and jewelry, and besides Pb and Cd, As, Ni, Cr, and Sb in children's products also deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Guney M, Zagury GJ. Children's exposure to harmful elements in toys and low-cost jewelry: characterizing risks and developing a comprehensive approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 271:321-30. [PMID: 24641994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination problem in jewelry and toys and children's exposure possibility have been previously demonstrated. For this study, risk from oral exposure has been characterized for highly contaminated metallic toys and jewelry ((MJ), n=16) considering three scenarios. Total and bioaccessible concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were high in selected MJ. First scenario (ingestion of parts or pieces) caused unacceptable risk for eight items for Cd, Ni, and/or Pb (hazard index (HI)>1, up to 75, 5.8, and 43, respectively). HI for ingestion of scraped-off material scenario was always <1. Finally, saliva mobilization scenario caused HI>1 in three samples (two for Cd, one for Ni). Risk characterization identified different potentially hazardous items compared to United States, Canadian, and European Union approaches. A comprehensive approach was also developed to deal with complexity and drawbacks caused by various toy/jewelry definitions, test methods, exposure scenarios, and elements considered in different regulatory approaches. It includes bioaccessible limits for eight priority elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Sb). Research is recommended on metals bioaccessibility determination in toys/jewelry, in vitro bioaccessibility test development, estimation of material ingestion rates and frequency, presence of hexavalent Cr and organic Sn, and assessment of prolonged exposure to MJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec;, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec;, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Korfali SI, Sabra R, Jurdi M, Taleb RI. Assessment of toxic metals and phthalates in children's toys and clays. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:368-81. [PMID: 23780492 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals and phthalates are introduced in the manufacturing of plastic toys and modeling clays. In Lebanon, inexpensive plastic toys and modeling clays (sold in dollar stores) are affordable and popular, and there is no legislation to monitor or regulate such toys. This study aimed to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys and modeling clays imported in Lebanon. Metal concentrations in toys, namely, zinc [not detectable (ND) to 3,708 μg/g], copper (ND to 140), chromium (ND to 75 μg/g), tin (ND to 39 μg/g), and cadmium (Cd) (ND to 20 μg/g), were lower than the European Union (EU) Directive limits, whereas lead (ND to 258 μg/g) in 10% of samples and antimony (Sb) (ND to 195 μg/g) in 5% of samples were greater than the EU limits. In modeling clays, most of the metals were lower than the EU Directive limits except for Cd and arsenic (As). Cd was detected in 83% of samples, with a mean level of 9.1 μg/g, which is far greater than the EU Directive limit (1.9 μg/g). The As mean level of 4.5 μg/g was greater than the EU limit (4.0 μg/g) and was detected in 9% of samples. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were found in 60% of children's toys and 77% of modeling clays. Phthalic acid butyl ester had the highest-level PAE encountered and was ≤59.1 % in one type of clay. However, among children's toys, di(4-octyl) ester terephthalic acid was the highest encountered phthalate at a concentration of 25.7%. The community survey indicated that 82% of households purchase their toys from inexpensive shops and that only 17% of parents were aware of the health hazard of such toys. Consequently, an intervention plan was proposed for the provision of safe toys to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira I Korfali
- Natural Science Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Guney M, Zagury GJ. Contamination by ten harmful elements in toys and children's jewelry bought on the North American market. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5921-30. [PMID: 23621131 DOI: 10.1021/es304969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toys and children's jewelry may contain metals to which children can be orally exposed. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine total concentrations (TC's) of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Se in toys and jewelry (n = 72) bought on the North American market and compare TC's to regulatory limits, and (2) to estimate oral metal bioavailability in selected items (n = 4) via bioaccessibility testing. For metallic toys and children's jewelry (n = 24) 20 items had TC's exceeding migratable concentration limits (European Union). Seven of seventeen jewelry items did not comply with TC limits in U.S. and Canadian regulations. Samples included articles with very high Cd (37% [w/w]), Pb (65%), and Cu (71%) concentrations. For plastic toys (n = 18), toys with paint or coating (n = 12), and brittle or pliable toys (n = 18), TC's were below the EU migration limits (except in one toy for each category). Bioaccessibility tests showed that a tested jewelry item strongly leached Pb (gastric: 698 μg, intestinal: 705 μg) and some Cd (1.38 and 1.42 μg). Especially in metallic toys and jewelry, contamination by Pb and Cd, and to a lesser extent by Cu, Ni, As, and Sb, still poses an acute problem in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Guney M, Zagury GJ. Heavy metals in toys and low-cost jewelry: critical review of U.S. and Canadian legislations and recommendations for testing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4265-74. [PMID: 22443256 DOI: 10.1021/es203470x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High metal contamination in toys and low-cost jewelry is a widespread problem, and metals can become bioavailable, especially via oral pathway due to common child-specific behaviors of mouthing and pica. In this review, the U.S., Canadian, and European Union (EU) legislations on metals in toys and jewelry are evaluated. A literature review on content, bioavailability, children's exposure, and testing of metals in toys and low-cost jewelry is provided. A list of priority metals is presented, and research needs and legislative recommendations are addressed. While the U.S. and Canadian legislations put emphasis on lead exposure prevention, other toxic elements like arsenic and cadmium in toy materials are not regulated except in paint and coatings. The EU legislation is more comprehensive in terms of contaminants and scientific approach. Current toy testing procedures do not fully consider metal bioavailability. In vitro bioaccessibility tests developed and validated for toys and corresponding metal bioaccessibility data in different toy matrices are lacking. The U.S. and Canadian legislations should put more emphasis on metal bioavailability and on other metals in addition to lead. A two-step management approach with mandatory testing of toys for total metal concentrations followed by voluntary bioaccessibility testing could be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7 Canada
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Guney M, Zagury GJ. Toxic chemicals in toys and children's products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3819. [PMID: 21428444 DOI: 10.1021/es200810s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Guerrero M, Todolí JL, Mora J, Canals A. Rapid Determination of Toxic Elements in Finger Paints by Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion and Atomic Spectrometry Detection. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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