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Wu JY, Li W, Xu LY, Zheng G, Chen XD, Shen C. Ligamentum Teres Tears and Increased Combined Anteversion Are Associated With Hip Microinstability in Patients With Borderline Dysplasia. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:745-751. [PMID: 37419221 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differences in the prevalence of ligamentum teres (LT) tears and other radiographic measurements in borderline dysplasia of the hip (BDDH) with/without microinstability and to evaluate the associations between these imaging findings and the prevalence of microinstability in patients with BDDH. METHODS This was a retrospective study of symptomatic patients with BDDH (18° ≤ lateral center-edge angle <25°) treated with arthroscopy in our hospital between January 2016 and December 2021. These patients were divided into the BDDH with microinstability (mBDDH) group and the stable BDDH (nBDDH) group. The radiographic parameters associated with hip joint stability, such as the state of LT, acetabular versions, femoral neck version, Tönnis angle, combined anteversions, and anterior/posterior acetabular coverage, were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS There were 54 patients (49 female/5 male, 26.7 ± 6.9 years) in the mBDDH group and 81 patients (74 female/7 male, 27.2 ± 7.7 years) in the nBDDH group. The mBDDH group had greater LT tear (43/54 vs 5/81) and general laxity rates, increased femoral neck version, acetabular version and combined anteversion (52.4 ± 5.9 vs 41.5 ± 7.1 at 3-o'clock level) than the nBDDH group. Binary logistic regression showed that LT tears (odds ratio 6.32, 95% confidence interval 1.38-28.8; P = .02; R2 = .458) and combined anteversion at the 3-o'clock level (odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.84; P < .01; R2 = .458) were independent predictors of microinstability in patients with BDDH. The cutoff value of combined anteversion at 3-o'clock level was 49.5°. In addition, LT tear was correlated with increased combined anteversion at 3-o'clock level in patients with BDDH (P < .01, η2 = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS LT tears and increased combined anteversion at the 3-o'clock level on the acetabular clockface were associated with hip microinstability in patients with BDDH, suggesting that patients with BDDH and LT tears might have a greater prevalence of anterior microinstability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case‒control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Liu-Yang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Guoyan Zheng
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai.
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Flores DV, Foster RCB, Sampaio ML, Rakhra KS. Hip Capsulolabral Complex: Anatomy, Disease, MRI Features, and Postoperative Appearance. Radiographics 2024; 44:e230144. [PMID: 38300815 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The hip is a uniquely constrained joint with critical static stability provided by the labrum, capsule and capsular ligaments, and ligamentum teres. The labrum is a fibrocartilaginous structure along the acetabular rim that encircles most of the femoral head. Labral tears are localized based on the clock-face method, which determines the extent of the tear while providing consistent terminology for reporting. Normal labral variants can mimic labral disease and can be differentiated by assessment of thickness or width, shape, borders, location, and associated abnormalities. The Lage and Czerny classification systems are currently the most well-known arthroscopic and imaging systems, respectively. Femoroacetabular impingement is a risk factor for development of labral tears and is classified according to bone dysmorphisms of the femur ("cam") or acetabulum ("pincer") or combinations of both (mixed). The capsule consists of longitudinal fibers reinforced by ligaments (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral) and circular fibers. Capsular injuries occur secondary to hip dislocation or iatrogenically after capsulotomy. Capsular repair improves hip stability at the expense of capsular overtightening and inadvertent chondral injury. The ligamentum teres is situated between the acetabular notch and the fovea of the femoral head. Initially considered to be inconsequential, recent studies have recognized its role in hip rotational stability. Existing classification systems of ligamentum teres tears account for injury mechanism, arthroscopic findings, and treatment options. Injuries to the labrum, capsule, and ligamentum teres are implicated in symptoms of hip instability. The authors discuss the labrum, capsule, and ligamentum teres, highlighting their anatomy, pathologic conditions, MRI features, and postoperative appearance. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan V Flores
- From the Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6; and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan C B Foster
- From the Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6; and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcos Loreto Sampaio
- From the Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6; and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kawan S Rakhra
- From the Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6; and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Criteria for the Operating Room Confirmation of the Diagnosis of Hip Instability: The Results of an International Expert Consensus Conference. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:2837-2849.e2. [PMID: 35378192 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish an international expert consensus on operating room findings that aid in the diagnosis of hip instability. METHODS An expert panel was convened to build an international consensus on the operating room diagnosis/confirmation of hip instability. Seventeen surgeons who have published or lectured nationally or internationally on the topic of hip instability were invited to participate. Fifteen panel members completed a pre-meeting questionnaire and agreed to participate in a 1-day consensus meeting on May 15, 2021. A review of the literature was performed to identify published intraoperative reference criteria used in the diagnosis of hip instability. Studies were included for discussion if they reported and intraoperative findings associated with hip instability. The evidence for and against each criteria was discussed, followed by an anonymous voting process. For consensus, defined a priori, items were included in the final criteria set if at least 80% of experts agreed. RESULTS A review of the published literature identified 11 operating room criteria that have been used to facilitate the diagnosis of hip instability. Six additional criteria were proposed by panel members as part of the pre-meeting questionnaire. Consensus agreement was achieved for 8 criteria, namely ease of hip distraction under anesthesia (100.0% agreement), inside-out pattern of chondral damage (100.0% agreement), location of chondral damage on the acetabulum (93.3% agreement), pattern of labral damage (93.3% agreement), anteroinferior labrum chondral damage (86.7% agreement), perifoveal cartilage damage (97.6% agreement), a capsular defect (86.7% agreement), and capsular status (80.0% agreement). Consensus was not achieved for 9 items, namely ligamentum teres tear (66.7% agreement), arthroscopic stability tests (46.7% agreement), persistent distraction after removal of traction (46.7% agreement), findings of examination under anesthesia (46.7% agreement), the femoral head divot sign (40.0% agreement), inferomedial synovitis (26.7% agreement), drive-through sign (26.7% agreement), iliopsoas irritation (26.7% agreement) and ligamentum teres-labral kissing lesion (13.3% agreement). All experts agreed on the final list of 8 criteria items reaching consensus. CONCLUSION This expert panel identified 8 criteria that can be used in the operating room to help confirm the diagnosis of hip instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V expert opinion.
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Umamaheswaran D, Chigurupati N, Solomon P, Devi R. Unilateral absence of round ligament of femur - Cadaveric case report. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_210_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chang JS, Song JH, Kim JW, Shin HK, Park HJ, Cho Y, Lee I, Park JH. Why do subchondral cysts occur at the medial aspect of the femoral head in hip dysplasia? Hip Int 2021; 31:663-668. [PMID: 32172601 DOI: 10.1177/1120700020912169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis in dysplastic hips should develop from the lateral side of the acetabulum and the femoral head just below. However, the existence of subchondral cysts located more on the medial side contradicts the weight-loading theory. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of medial cysts at the femoral head and to investigate the relationship between medial cysts and injuries of the ligamentum teres in hip dysplasia. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 257 cases of hip dysplasia. All patients had x-rays and 3-dimensional computed tomographies (3D CT) preoperatively and 123 patients had magnetic resonance arthrographies. A comparison was performed between cases with and without medial cysts according to the severity of damage to the ligamentum teres, the presence of bony spurs around the fovea capitis, and the Tönnis grade. RESULTS Medial subchondral cysts around the fovea capitis were found in 100 cases. Mild osteoarthritis (Tönnis grade 0 or 1) was present in 89% of cases in the medial cyst group. A significant difference between the groups was observed in the incidence of bony spurs around the fovea capitis (p < 0.05) and injuries of the ligamentum teres (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The formation of subchondral cysts at the medial femoral head in hip dysplasia may be related to damage in the ligamentum teres. Considering that subchondral cysts develop in early osteoarthritis, the progression of arthritis in hip dysplasia appears to correlate with damage to the ligamentum teres, as well as compressive pressure on the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Suk Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ho Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wan Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Kyu Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongun Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ingyu Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Hyung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Knapik DM, Farivar D, Kunze KN, Gilat R, Nho SJ, Chahla J. Indications and Outcomes After Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2021; 3:e939-e949. [PMID: 34195664 PMCID: PMC8220633 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To systematically review the literature to better understand the current indications for ligamentum teres reconstruction (LTR), current graft and acetabular fixation options used, patient-reported outcomes after LTR, and incidence of complications and reoperations after LTR. Methods A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. All literature related to LTR published prior to July 2020 was identified. The inclusion criteria consisted of investigations reporting on human patients with pathology of the ligamentum teres who underwent LTR, including mentions of the indications, graft type, acetabular fixation method, postoperative patient-reported outcome scores, and incidence of complications and reoperations. Results Seven studies comprising 26 patients (28 hips) were included. The most commonly reported indication for LTR was persistent pain and instability after failed prior hip arthroscopy (68%, 19 of 28 hips). The mean postoperative modified Harris Hip Score, Non-arthritic Hip Score, and visual analog scale score all showed improvement when compared with preoperative values. A total of 2 complications occurred. Complication rates ranged from 0% to 100% in included case reports and 0% to 11% in included case series. A total of 9 reoperations were performed. Reoperation rates ranged from 0% to 100% for case reports and 18% to 100% for case series. Reoperation rates ranged from 33% to 100% in studies with patients receiving acetabular fixation using anchors versus 0% to 22% in studies performing LTR with buttons. Reoperation rates in athletic patients and patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ranged from 0% to 100% and 0% to 50%, respectively. Conclusions The main indication for LTR was persistent hip or groin pain and instability after a prior hip arthroscopy. The short-term postoperative modified Harris Hip Score, Non-arthritic Hip Score, and visual analog scale score after LTR showed favorable outcomes. However, reoperations after LTR were not uncommon. Level of Evidence Level V, systematic review of Level IV and V studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Knapik
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Farivar
- Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Kyle N Kunze
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.,Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Ron Gilat
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Shane J Nho
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.,Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.,Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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Rosinsky PJ, Annin S, Maldonado DR, Kyin C, Meghpara MB, Shapira J, Lall AC, Domb BG. Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction: Minimum 2-Year Patient-Reported Outcomes With Subanalysis of Patients With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:2170-2182. [PMID: 32360268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on minimum 2-year outcomes of patients undergoing arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction (LTR). METHODS Our institutional registry was retrospectively reviewed for all patients undergoing LTR between December 2012 and February 2016. LTR was indicated for a fully torn or dysfunctional ligamentum teres with symptomatic multidirectional instability not treatable by osteotomy or capsular plication alone. Demographic data, preoperative clinical and radiographic measures, and intraoperative data were recorded. Patient-reported outcome measures including the modified Harris Hip Score, the Non-Arthritic Hip Score, a visual analog scale score for pain, and patient satisfaction were recorded preoperatively and annually postoperatively. Revision arthroscopies and conversions to total hip arthroplasty were recorded. RESULTS Twelve reconstruction procedures were performed in 10 patients during the study period. Minimum 2-year follow-up was available for 9 patients (11 hips). The mean follow-up time was 44.27 months (range, 24-72 months). There were 7 female and 2 male patients, and the mean age was 30.34 years (range, 17.23-43.68 years). Two hips underwent conversion to total hip arthroplasty at a mean of 21.12 months. For the remaining patients, significant improvements were observed in the modified Harris Hip Score (from 44.1 to 71.8), Non-Arthritic Hip Score (from 47.5 to 78.6), and visual analog scale score (from 7.8 to 3.6) (P < .05). The average patient satisfaction rating was 7.88 (range, 4-10). Subanalysis of 5 patients (7 hips) with a diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome showed a higher failure rate in this group. CONCLUSIONS Although LTRs are indicated and performed only in a select group of patients, the procedure can provide meaningful improvement in patient-reported outcomes, pain reduction, and patient satisfaction. However, most patients undergoing LTR at present have underlying factors that significantly mitigate their prognosis, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or failed previous surgery. Because these patients represent a subset of patients with complex hip pathologies in whom treatment is difficult, the expectations of surgery should be set accordingly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Rosinsky
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Shawn Annin
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - David R Maldonado
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia Kyin
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell B Meghpara
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.; AMITA Health St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Jacob Shapira
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Ajay C Lall
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.; American Hip Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin G Domb
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.; American Hip Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A..
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Abstract
Intriguing anatomists and surgeons for centuries, the exact function and biomechanical significance of the ligamentum teres (LT) remains incompletely understood. The LT, also described as the ligamentum femoris capitis, is an intra-articular extrasynovial ligament extending from the cotyloid fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea on the femoral head. Some studies have described it as a vestigial structure in the adult hip. More recent biomechanical studies, however, along with histological and anatomical studies, have suggested the LT to have an important function in proprioception, nociception, and as a secondary stabilizer of the hip joint. The advent and increased utilization of hip arthroscopy to treat hip pathology over the past two decades has ignited a renewed interest in the role of the LT, as well as techniques and indications for management of pathology. In the constellation of intra-articular pain generators of the hip, LT injuries have historically been difficult to diagnose through physical examination or advanced imaging. Numerous classification systems have been proposed based on arthroscopic appearance, and for most cases, conservative management is adequate. In patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, LT débridement usually suffices, although in cases of persistent pain and severe instability, reconstruction of the ligament may be indicated. Multiple methods for reconstruction have been described, with the greatest variation in the method of acetabular fixation of the graft. Future research should focus on clarifying the role of the LT, appropriate surgical indications for reconstruction, and optimization of graft fixation within the acetabulum.
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Abstract
Background The ligamentum teres (LT) continues to be a structure of debate and interest. Previously thought of as a vestigial structure, an awareness of LT pathology and its potential importance has increased with the expansion of hip arthroscopy. Purpose To provide a comprehensive literature synthesis on the LT and provide clinicians with the most current research regarding the LT and its anatomical features, functional relevance, prevalence of injury, risk factors for injury, clinical presentation, and treatment for pathology. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline/PubMed, CINAHL/EBSCO, and Cochrane/Wiley databases/platforms using the following search terms: ligament, ligament teres, hip, femur, femoral head, round ligament. Results This search yielded 1284 articles of which 44 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and contributed to this manuscript. Information on the LT was summarized into the following areas: anatomy, function, injury prevalence, risk factors, mechanism of injury, duration of symptoms, clinical presentation (symptoms, range of motion, functional limitations, special testing), imaging, and treatment. Conclusions The results of this review supported the following: 1) the LT has a function in restraining hip rotation range of motion; 2) the prevalence of LT pathology in any given population may be largely dependent on the severity of bony deformity (either femoroacetabular impingement(FAI) or dyplasia) and activity level; 3) older age and acetabular bony deformity (either FAI or dyplasia) are risk factors for generalized LT pathology; 4) unique signs and symptoms are difficult to identify because LT pathology rarely occurs in isolation and is likely the end-stage consequence of other hip pathology; 5) the presence of LT pathology may negatively affect an individual's ability to function; and 6) surgical debridement is recommend for pain relief of partial LT tears with reconstruction possible for complete LT tears when complaints of instability are noted. Level of Evidence 3.
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Trenga AP, LaReau JM, Close MR, Domb BG. Partial ligamentum teres tears are associated with larger acetabular labra and less damage to the labrum than complete ligamentum teres tears. J Hip Preserv Surg 2018; 5:404-409. [PMID: 30647932 PMCID: PMC6328746 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hny044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between ligamentum teres (LT) tears with hypertrophy of the acetabular labrum and cartilage and labral damage. Surgeries (1723) were performed from February 2010 to March 2016 with arthroscopic measurement of the labrum and assessment of the LT, labrum and acetabular cartilage. Labral width was measured in the anterosuperior (AS), anteroinferior (AI), posteroinferior (PI) and posterosuperior (PS) quadrants. Grade 2 (50-99% torn) LT tears had larger labra in all four quadrants (AS = 5.64 ± 1.97 mm; AI = 5.23 ± 1.51; PS = 5.58 ± 1.39; PI = 4.60 ± 1.13) than grade 3 (100% torn) (AS = 5.50 ± 1.94; AI 4.90 ± 1.43; PS 5.43 ± 1.32; PI 4.42 ± 1.03), grade 1 (<50% torn) (AS 5.30 ± 1.68; AI 4.96 ± 1.32; PS = 5.38 ± 1.13; PI = 4.45 ± 1.04) and no tear (AS = 5.09 ± 1.51; AI = 4.92 ± 1.24; PS = 5.24 ± 1.09; PI = 4.37 ± .93); P < 0.01 in all quadrants. Grade 3 LT tears had more damage to the labrum than grade 2, grade 1 and no tear; P < 0.001. ALAD tears were larger in grade 3 and grade 2 than grade 1 and non-torn LTs; P < 0.001. Grade 3 tears had a higher percentage of high-grade cartilage tears than grade 2 LT tears; P < 0.001. Degenerative tears had larger labra, labral tears and acetabular cartilage tears than full- and partial-thickness LT tears; P < 0.01. Patients with partial-thickness LT tears had larger labra in all four quadrants than full-thickness tears in the Percentile and Villar classifications. Full-thickness tears had more severe labral damage and higher-grade chondral damage than partial-thickness tears. Degenerative tears demonstrated the largest labra, labral tears and ALAD tears. The condition of the LT demonstrated an association with acetabular cartilage injury and should be evaluated when considering hip preservation surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV Case Series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin M LaReau
- American Hip Institute, Westmont, IL, USA.,Hinsdale Orthopaedics, Hinsdale, IL, USA
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Perumal V, Techataweewan N, Woodley SJ, Nicholson HD. Clinical Anatomy of the Ligament of the Head of Femur. Clin Anat 2018; 32:90-98. [PMID: 30318771 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ligament of the head of femur (LHF) has gained clinical attention recently and is reported to contribute to hip stability. This study explores its morphology and morphometry, information that may help inform surgical decision making. Gross anatomical dissections were undertaken on 229 embalmed hips from European (n = 105) and Thai (n = 124) adult cadavers to examine LHF anatomy. Ligament morphometry was statistically compared at different sites, between sexes and sides. The origin of ligamental arteries and absence of the ligament were documented. The LHF was pyramidal or quadrangular in shape. Sub-synovial fibrous bands originated from the transverse acetabular ligament, edges of the acetabular notch, and acetabular floor; less frequently from the hip joint capsule. Distally, the ligament flattened and converged onto the fovea capitis. The ligament was 22.3 ± 4.4 mm long and was significantly wider (P = 0.001) and thicker (P = 0.0003) at the fovea, compared to its mid-zone. Branches of the obturator artery entered the acetabular foramen inferomedially and penetrated the middle third of the LHF. Blood vessels ran within the LHF and appeared to enter the fovea. The ligament was absent in 2.8% of Thai hips and there were no significant sex or side differences in ligament dimensions. The morphology of the LHF is complex. While individual variation was apparent, blood vessels were seen in the distal ligament. Precise information on LHF morphometry and attachment sites will help inform appropriate graft dimensions and choice of fixation sites necessary for ligament reconstruction. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Perumal
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Helen D Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
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Packer JD, Cowan JB, Rebolledo BJ, Shibata KR, Riley GM, Finlay AK, Safran MR. The Cliff Sign: A New Radiographic Sign of Hip Instability. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118807176. [PMID: 30480017 PMCID: PMC6240982 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118807176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The preoperative diagnosis of hip microinstability is challenging. Although physical examination maneuvers and magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with microinstability have been described, there are limited reports of radiographic features. In patients with microinstability, we observed a high incidence of a steep drop-off on the lateral edge of the femoral head, which we have named the “cliff sign.” Purpose: (1) To determine the relationship of the cliff sign and associated measurements with intraoperative microinstability and (2) to determine the interobserver reliability of these measurements. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 115 consecutive patients who underwent hip arthroscopy were identified. Patients with prior hip surgery, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, fractures, pigmented villonodular synovitis, or synovial chondromatosis were excluded, resulting in the inclusion of 96 patients in the study. A perfect circle around the femoral head was created on anteroposterior pelvis radiographs. If the lateral femoral head did not completely fill the perfect circle, it was considered a positive cliff sign. Five additional measurements relating to the cliff sign were calculated. The diagnosis of microinstability was made intraoperatively by the (1) amount of traction required to distract the hip, (2) lack of hip reduction after initial traction release following joint venting, or (3) intraoperative findings consistent with hip microinstability. Continuous variables were analyzed through use of unpaired t tests and discrete variables with Fisher exact tests. Interobserver reliability (n = 3) was determined for each measurement. Results: Overall, 89% (39/44) of patients with microinstability had a cliff sign, compared with 27% of patients (14/52) without instability (P < .0001). Conversely, 74% of patients with a cliff sign had microinstability, while only 12% of patients without a cliff sign had instability (P < .0001). In women younger than 32 years with a cliff sign, 100% (20/20) were diagnosed with instability. No differences were found in any of the 5 additional measurements. Excellent interobserver reliability was found for the presence of a cliff sign and the cliff angle measurement. Conclusion: We have identified a radiographic finding, the cliff sign, that is associated with the intraoperative diagnosis of hip microinstability and has excellent interobserver reliability. Results showed that 100% of young women with a cliff sign had intraoperative microinstability. The cliff sign may be useful in the preoperative diagnosis of hip microinstability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Packer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James B Cowan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian J Rebolledo
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kotaro R Shibata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Riley
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrea K Finlay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
Atraumatic hip instability is an increasingly recognized source of pain and hip dysfunction. It can result from numerous causes, including femoroacetabular impingement, prior trauma, injury to the capsuloligamentous structures, and idiopathic etiologies. Occult hip instability can be a challenging diagnosis that requires careful attention to, and interpretation of, history, physical examination, and radiographic imaging findings. Iatrogenic hip instability is a potential complication of both open and arthroscopic hip-preserving surgical procedures that can have catastrophic results. Atraumatic hip instability is a pathologic entity that can be successfully addressed with open and arthroscopic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Canham
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Brian D Giordano
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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14
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Muchlinski MN, Hammond AS, Deane AS, Purcell M, Hemingway HW, Hantke G, Pastor F, Garrosa M, Hartstone-Rose A. The ligamentum teres femoris in orangutans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:684-690. [PMID: 30132799 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is widely viewed that orangutans lack a ligamentum teres femoris (LTF) inserting on the femoral head because orangutans lack a distinct fovea capitis. Orangutans employ acrobatic quadrumanous clambering that requires a high level of hip joint mobility, and the absence of an LTF is believed to be an adaptation to increase hip mobility. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature about whether there may be a different LTF configuration in orangutans, perhaps with a ligament inserting on the femoral neck instead. Here we perform a dissection-based study of orangutan hip joints, assess the soft tissue and hard tissue correlates of the orangutan LTF, and histologically examination the LTF to evaluate whether it is homologous to that found in other hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hip joints from six orangutans were dissected. In the two orangutans with an LTF passing to the femoral head, the LTF was assessed histologically. Skeletonized femora (n=56) in osteological repositories were examined for evidence of a foveal pit. RESULTS We observed an LTF in two of the three infant orangutans but not in the sub-adult or adult specimens. Histological examination of the infant LTF shows a distinct artery coursing through the LTF to the head of the femur. One percent of orangutan femora present with a foveal scar, but no pit, on the femoral head. DISCUSSION Despite being absent in adults, the LTF is present in at least some orangutans during infancy. We suggest that the LTF maintains a role in blood supply to the femoral head early in life. Because the LTF can limit hip mobility, this may explain why the LTF may be lost as an orangutan ages and gains locomotor independence. These findings enhance our understanding of orangutan hip morphology and underscore the need for future soft tissue investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew S Deane
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand
| | | | | | - Georg Hantke
- Department of Natural Science, National Museums Scotland
| | | | - Manuel Garrosa
- Department of Histology and Cellular Biology, University of Valladolid
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15
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Carulli C, Tonelli F, Melani T, Pietragalla M, De Renzis AGD, Caracchini G, Innocenti M. Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography in Detecting Intra-articular Pathology Associated with Femoroacetabular Impingement. JOINTS 2018; 6:104-109. [PMID: 30051107 PMCID: PMC6059867 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in the detection of intra-articular lesions of the hip in patients affected by femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) by using arthroscopy as reference standard.
Methods
Twenty-nine consecutive hip arthroscopies performed in 24 patients were considered for the study. Patients had a mean age of 38.3 years. Ultrasound-guided 1.5-T MRA was performed with precontrast short tau inversion recovery, T1-weighted and PD coronal, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted axial with 3-mm-thick slice sequences, and postcontrast T1-weighted fat saturation MRA (Fat-SAT) axial, coronal and oblique sagittal, and T1-weighted Vibe 3D coronal sequences with MPR sagittal, axial, and radial reconstructions with 2-mm-thick slice and coronal density protonil (DP) Fat-SAT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRA were evaluated by comparison arthroscopy for the following intra-articular findings: acetabular and femoral chondral lesions, labral degeneration, labral tears, synovitis, ligamentum teres (LT) tears, CAM lesions, pincer lesions, loose bodies, and osteophytes.
Results
An absolute per cent agreement (100%) was observed for all the variables in the assessment of CAM lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MRA were 100, 68.4, 72.7, and 100%, respectively, for acetabular chondral lesions; 100, 50, 47.3, and 100%, respectively, for femoral chondral lesions; 33, 85, 20, and 91.6%, respectively, for labral tears; 95, 71, 91.3, and 83.3%, respectively, for labral degeneration; 100, 88, 57.1, and 100%, respectively, for LT tears; 33.3, 85, 50, and 73.9%, respectively, for pincer lesions; 50, 96, 66.6, and 92.3%, respectively, for intra-articular loose bodies; and 100, 73.9, 50, and 100%, respectively, for osteophytes.
Conclusion
MRA may play an important role in detecting intra-articular lesions associated with FAI. This might be helpful for the preoperative planning before hip arthroscopy.
Level of Evidence
This is a Level 2, diagnostic accuracy study compared with gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carulli
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Tonelli
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Melani
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Pietragalla
- Radiology Unit, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Caracchini
- Radiology Unit, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Jo S, Hooke AW, An KN, Trousdale RT, Sierra RJ. Contribution of the Ligamentum Teres to Hip Stability in the Presence of an Intact Capsule: A Cadaveric Study. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1480-1487. [PMID: 29397288 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the contribution of the ligamentum teres (LT) to hip stability in the presence of an intact capsule with special attention to the change in range of motion and femoral head translation. METHODS Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric pelvises were used. Following visual inspection of the LT at different hip positions, internal rotation angles were measured at 10° of extension and at 0° of flexion, while external rotation was measured at 60°, 90°, and 110° of flexion with different hip abduction angles using electromagnetic motion tracking sensor. Femoral head translations were measured simultaneously. The tests were repeated after resection of the LT. The capsule was left intact for all test conditions. The results were compared between intact and LT resected conditions when torque of 2 and 4 Nm was applied. RESULTS Compared with the intact hip, the LT resected hip showed no significant difference when 2 Nm torque was applied in all scenarios. With 4 Nm torque application, significant increase in external rotation was found at 60° and at 90° of flexion (1.7° ± 0.8° and 2.1° ± 1.0°, respectively). Significant difference was also noted at 60°, 90°, and 110° of flexion when the hip was in the adducted position while at 90° in the abducted hip. However, LT resection did not show significant change in internal rotation. There was no significant difference in the translation distance of the femoral head in the intact hip compared with the LT resected hip (0.77-1.11 mm vs 0.79-1.29 mm). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that within the physiologic range of motion, LT can minimally limit external rotation when the hip is in the flexed position but does not contribute to translation stability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the hip with intact capsule, LT deficiency can result in a slight increase in range of motion, but its contribution to stability is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suenghwan Jo
- Biomechanic Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander W Hooke
- Biomechanic Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Biomechanic Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Robert T Trousdale
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Rafael J Sierra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A..
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17
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O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. J Hip Preserv Surg 2018; 5:15-22. [PMID: 29423246 PMCID: PMC5798146 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligamentum teres (LT) has traditionally been described as a redundant structure with no contribution to hip biomechanics or function. There has been renewed interest in the LT as a source of hip pathology due to the high prevalence of LT pathology observed at the time of hip arthroscopy. The LT acts a secondary stabilizer to supplement the work of the capsular ligaments and works in a sling-like manner to prevent subluxation of the hip at the extremes of motion. The presence of free nerve endings within the LT indicates a definite role in pain generation, with the LT undergoing various mechanical and histological adaptations to hip pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M O’Donnell
- Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21 Erin Street, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Brian M Devitt
- Orthosport Victoria, 89 Bridge Road, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Manit Arora
- Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21 Erin Street, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
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18
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O'Donnell JM, Arora M. A novel and simple classification for ligamentum teres pathology based on joint hypermobility. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017; 5:113-118. [PMID: 29876126 PMCID: PMC5961003 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligamentum teres (LT) pathology (including synovitis, partial and complete tears) is common at the time of hip arthroscopy with a reported prevalence of 51–90%. Currently, there are four published classifications of LT injuries and tears. The majority focuses on differentiating partial from full thickness tears, whereas a more recently published classification also incorporates the presumed underlying mechanism of pathology. A recent review of the current classification systems found that all are deficient for lack of inclusion of what constitutes a normal ligament, lack of inclusion of synovitis as a source of pathology and lack of inclusion of hypermobility as part of the treatment algorithm. Also, the two most commonly used classification systems have only fair inter-observer reliability. Recent work has found that underlying joint hypermobility plays an important role in LT pathology and that the addition of capsular plication/suture at the time of surgery for LT pathology improves outcomes and reduces re-tear rates. In order to address these problems which have been identified with the currently available classification systems, we propose a novel and simple classification for LT pathology based on underlying joint hypermobility [as assessed by the Beighton test score (BTS)]. LT pathology is used to divide all patients into four types: 0 normal (which includes minor fraying), 1 synovitis (which would also include minor fraying), 2 partial tear and 3 complete tear. Further, all types are subdivided into two groups: Group A patients have no clinical evidence of joint hypermobility (BTS < 3), whereas Group B patients do have clinical evidence of joint hypermobility (BTS ≥ 4). On the basis of this classification system and the available literature, we have also developed a treatment algorithm for LT pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M O'Donnell
- Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21 Erin Street, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Manit Arora
- Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21 Erin Street, Richmond, VIC, Australia
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19
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A Comparison of Clinical Outcome Between Athletes and Nonathletes Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27:349-356. [PMID: 28653964 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical outcome of arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between athlete and nonathlete patients. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. Level of Evidence III. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-four patients who underwent arthroscopic FAI correction from March 2009 to April 2012 were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, according to their sports participation (47 in the athlete group and 27 in the nonathlete group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We reviewed clinical and radiographic data for all patients, up to a minimum of 2 years after surgery. We used analysis of covariance to compare the mean patient reported outcome scores including modified Harris hip score (MHHS) and the nonarthritis hip score (NAHS) preoperatively, at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS The mean age at the time of surgery in the athlete group was significantly lower than that in the nonathlete group. Although there was no significant difference in preoperative MHHS and NAHS, the mean NAHS at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively and the mean MHHS at 24 months postoperatively in athletes were significantly higher than that in nonathletes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although arthroscopic FAI correction and labral preservation surgery is generally beneficial, it appears to provide a better clinical outcome in athletes than in nonathletes.
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20
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Lewis CL, Laudicina NM, Khuu A, Loverro KL. The Human Pelvis: Variation in Structure and Function During Gait. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:633-642. [PMID: 28297184 PMCID: PMC5545133 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The shift to habitual bipedalism 4-6 million years ago in the hominin lineage created a morphologically and functionally different human pelvis compared to our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Evolutionary changes to the shape of the pelvis were necessary for the transition to habitual bipedalism in humans. These changes in the bony anatomy resulted in an altered role of muscle function, influencing bipedal gait. Additionally, there are normal sex-specific variations in the pelvis as well as abnormal variations in the acetabulum. During gait, the pelvis moves in the three planes to produce smooth and efficient motion. Subtle sex-specific differences in these motions may facilitate economical gait despite differences in pelvic structure. The motions of the pelvis and hip may also be altered in the presence of abnormal acetabular structure, especially with acetabular dysplasia. Anat Rec, 300:633-642, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Lewis
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne Khuu
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kari L. Loverro
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Buikstra JG, Fary C, Tran P. Arthroscopic findings of a diagnostic dilemma- hip pathology with normal imaging. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:120. [PMID: 28327166 PMCID: PMC5361835 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with groin, hip and pelvic pain but normal findings on MRI and minimal changes on x-ray can be a diagnostic problem. This paper looks at the arthroscopic findings of patients who have had hip pain and a positive response to an intra-articular anaesthetic but have non-contributory imaging. We hypothesized that standard MRI’s were missing significant pathology and if there was a response to intra-articular local anaesthesia, pathology found during arthroscopy was likely. Methods A retrospective review of all hip arthroscopies performed from March 2011 to January 2015 by two orthopaedic surgeons specializing in hip arthroscopy was conducted to identify patients with clinically suspected intra-articular hip pathology despite a normal MRI report and X-ray. Clinical suspicion of intra-articular hip pathology was confirmed with a positive response to a fluoroscopically guided intra-articular injection of local anaesthetic and corticosteroid. Pathologic findings were collated from the standardised operative notes. Results Fifty-three hip arthroscopies performed in 51 patients met the inclusion criteria from a total of 1348 hip arthroscopies performed over a 46-month period. All but one of the 53 (98%) hips had arthroscopically confirmed pathology. Mean patient age was 32.5 years [15 to 67 years] with 40 (78%) females and 11 (22%) males. 92.5% of the hips (49/53) were FADIR (flexion, adduction and internal rotation) positive on clinical examination, giving this test a positive predictive value of 98% (95% CI: 89.31 to 99.67%) for intra-articular pathology. Conclusions In patients with a normal MRI without contrast and a positive response (relief of pain) to an intra-articular injection that failed conservative management, there is a 98% chance of intra-articular hip pathology being discovered on hip arthroscopy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1485-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Glenn Buikstra
- Austin Health, Austin Hospital, PO Box 5555, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Camdon Fary
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Phong Tran
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
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22
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Devitt BM, Smith B, Stapf R, Jo S, O'Donnell JM. The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017. [PMID: 28630741 PMCID: PMC5467424 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the ligamentum teres (LT) in the hip is increasingly being recognized. However, the incidence of LT tears in the literature is extremely variable. Although classification systems exist their reliability in classifying LT pathology arthroscopically has not been well defined. To determine the inter- and intra-observer reliability of two existing classifications systems for the diagnosis of LT pathology at hip arthroscopy. Second, to identify key pathological findings currently not included. Four experienced hip-arthroscopists reviewed 40 standardized arthroscopic videos. Arthroscopic findings of the LT were classified using the Gray and Villar (G&V) and descriptive classification (DC). Reviewers were asked to record other relevant pathology encountered. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was defined using Fleiss-Kappa and Cohen-Kappa statistics. Both classifications demonstrated fair inter-observer reliability. The intra-observer reliability for G&V was moderate-to-substantial and for DC was slight-to-moderate. An absolute agreement rate of 10% (G&V) and 37.5% (DC) was found. Differentiation between normal, and partial or low-grade tears was a common source of disagreement. The prevalence of LT pathology was 90%. Synovitis was the most common diagnostic finding that was not included in either classification system used in this study. Arthroscopic classification of LT pathology using the G&V and the DC demonstrated only fair inter-observer reliability. The major discrepancy in interpretation was between normal, and partial or low-grade tears. The presence of synovitis was not in either classification but was considered an important arthroscopic finding. Thorough arthroscopic scrutiny reveals the prevalence of LT pathology is higher than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Devitt
- Department of hip arthroscopy, Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21-23 Erin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Bjorn Smith
- Department of hip arthroscopy, Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21-23 Erin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Robert Stapf
- Department of hip arthroscopy, Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21-23 Erin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Suenghwan Jo
- Department of hip arthroscopy, Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21-23 Erin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - John M O'Donnell
- Department of hip arthroscopy, Hip Arthroscopy Australia, 21-23 Erin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
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23
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Perumal V, Woodley SJ, Nicholson HD. The morphology and morphometry of the fovea capitis femoris. Surg Radiol Anat 2017; 39:791-798. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bolia I, Chahla J, Locks R, Briggs K, Philippon MJ. Microinstability of the hip: a previously unrecognized pathology. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6:354-360. [PMID: 28066740 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip microinstability is an established diagnosis; however, its occurrence is still debated by many physicians. Diagnosis of hip microinstability is often challenging, due to a lack of specific signs or symptoms, and patients may remain undiagnosed for long periods. This may lead to early manifestation of degenerative joint disease. Consequently, careful patient and family history must be obtained and diagnostic imaging should follow. After a thorough clinical evaluation of the patient with suspected hip microinstability, the physician should focus on how to improve symptoms and functionality in daily and sports activities. PURPOSE The purpose of this review article was to give a current update regarding this diagnosis and to provide a complete diagnostic approach in order to effectively treat hip microinstability. METHODS We reviewed the literature on the diagnosis, the non-operative and operative indications for the treatment of this complex and often misdiagnosed pathology. CONCLUSION Conservative treatment is considered the best initial approach, though, surgical intervention should be considered if symptoms persist or other hip pathology exists. Successful surgical intervention, such as hip arthroscopy, should focus on restoring the normal anatomy of the hip joint in order to regain its functionality. The role of the hip joint capsule has gained particular research interest during the last years, and its repair or reconstruction during hip arthroscopy is considered necessary in order to avoid iatrogenic hip microinstability. Various capsular closure/plication techniques have been developed towards this direction with encouraging results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Bolia
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Colorado, USA
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Colorado, USA
| | - Renato Locks
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen Briggs
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc J Philippon
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Colorado, USA; The Steadman Clinic, Colorado, USA
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25
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Dangin A, Tardy N, Wettstein M, May O, Bonin N. Microinstability of the hip: A review. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2016; 102:S301-S309. [PMID: 27744000 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With the development of conservative hip surgery techniques, new entities such as microinstability have been identified. Microinstability is a painful supra-physiological mobility of the hip. It results from the association of architectural and functional abnormalities impairing joint stability. These risk factors concern hip joint bone architecture or peri-articular soft tissues. Bone abnormalities are identified on hip assessment parameters. Soft tissues also play a key role in the static and dynamic stability of the hip: the joint capsule, labrum, ligamentum teres and adjacent myotendinous structures affect joint coaptation; any abnormality or iatrogenic lesion concerning these structures may constitute a risk factor for microinstability. Diagnosis is based on interview, clinical examination and imaging. Findings of labral lesions or femoro-acetabular impingement do not rule out microinstability; they may be associated. Treatment is based first on physiotherapy for muscle reinforcement to improve joint coaptation. In case of failure, arthroscopic surgery is indicated for femoro-acetabular impingement and capsular plicature which is being evaluated. Periacetabular osteotomy or shelf acetabuloplasty may be indicated, according to the severity of joint bone architecture abnormality. Microinstability is a multifactorial entity. Lesions induced by microinstability may in turn become risk factors for aggravation. Diagnosis and indications for surgery are thus difficult to establish. Only full clinical examination and exhaustive imaging assessment allow microinstability and associated lesions to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dangin
- CHU Nord Saint-Étienne, chirurgie orthopédique et de traumatologie, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
| | - N Tardy
- Centre osteo-articulaire des Cèdres, parc Sud Galaxie, 5, rue des Tropiques, 38130 Echirolles, France.
| | - M Wettstein
- Chirurgie orthopédique et de traumatologie, institut de traumatologie et d'orthopédie du Léman, chemin des Allinges 10, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinique de Genolier, route du Muids, 3, 1272 Genolier, Switzerland.
| | - O May
- Centre de chirurgie de la hanche, 45, rue de Gironis, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - N Bonin
- Lyon-Ortho-Clinic, 29B, avenue des Sources, 69009 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
Throughout development, the vascular supply to the proximal femur and acetabulum undergoes a series of changes during which it is susceptible to injury. Before age 3 months, the ligamentum teres and lateral epiphyseal arteries are the dominant supply to the developing head. The dominant supply shifts to the lateral epiphyseal vessels by age 18 months. The distinct metaphyseal and epiphyseal circulations of the adult proximal femur form in adolescence when an increasingly rich metaphyseal circulation supplies the subphyseal region, terminating at the physeal plate. The acetabular blood supply derives from two independent systems, with the dominance of each changing throughout maturity. Most descriptions of the vascular contributions to the proximal femur and acetabulum have been gross anatomic and histologic studies. Advanced imaging studies (eg, CT angiography, perfusion MRI) have added to our understanding of the vascular anatomy of the proximal femur and acetabulum, its changes throughout development, and its clinical implications.
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Menge TJ, Mitchell JJ, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ. Anatomic Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction for Hip Instability. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5:e737-e742. [PMID: 27709030 PMCID: PMC5039780 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in recent years on the functional importance of the ligamentum teres and its role in hip stability. Partial or complete tearing has previously been treated with debridement or radiofrequency ablation with good results; however, a subset of patients will continue to experience persistent pain or instability with injury to this structure. Advances in arthroscopic instruments and techniques have led to our ability to provide improved care for these patients by performing a ligamentum teres reconstruction. The purpose of this technical note is to describe our method of ligamentum teres reconstruction with a tibialis anterior allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen K. Briggs
- Address correspondence to Karen K. Briggs, M.P.H., Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO 81657, U.S.A.Steadman Philippon Research Institute181 West Meadow DriveSuite 1000VailCO81657U.S.A.
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Garabekyan T, Chadayammuri V, Pascual-Garrido C, Mei-Dan O. All-Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction With Graft Fixation at the Femoral Head-Neck Junction. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5:e143-7. [PMID: 27274446 PMCID: PMC4886042 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligamentum teres (LT) tears are increasingly being recognized as a source of pain and dysfunction in the hip. Although debridement for partial tears of the LT has long been established as the standard of care with good pain relief, reconstruction has been successfully performed in select patients to address concerns of persistent symptomatic instability. The current technique for femoral tunnel preparation carries the added morbidity of open dissection in the peritrochanteric space, an unnecessarily long tunnel with excessive bone removal, and a need for a very long graft due to distal fixation at the lateral femoral cortex. To address these shortcomings, we present a technique for arthroscopic femoral tunnel drilling at the level of the head-neck junction, allowing for an all-arthroscopic LT reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran Garabekyan
- Hip Preservation Center, Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | | | - Cecilia Pascual-Garrido
- Hip Preservation Center, Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Omer Mei-Dan
- Hip Preservation Center, Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A.,Address correspondence to Omer Mei-Dan, M.D., Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation Service, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, U.S.A.Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation ServiceDepartment of OrthopedicsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCO80045U.S.A.
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Schmaranzer F, Klauser A, Kogler M, Henninger B, Forstner T, Reichkendler M, Schmaranzer E. MR arthrography of the hip with and without leg traction: Assessing the diagnostic performance in detection of ligamentum teres lesions with arthroscopic correlation. Eur J Radiol 2015; 85:489-97. [PMID: 26781156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the diagnostic performance of hip MR arthrography with and without traction in detecting ligamentum teres (LT) lesions with arthroscopic correlation and to evaluate the effect of traction on the imaging appearance of the LT. METHODS 73 MR arthrograms (73 consecutive patients, mean age, 34.5 years; range, 14-55 years) obtained without and with leg traction (application of 15-23 kg, use of a supporting plate for the contralateral leg) were included. Two blinded readers independently evaluated LT lesions on MR arthrograms on separate occasions: coronal images without traction; coronal images with traction; a multiplanar traction protocol. MR findings were correlated with arthroscopic records. Sensitivity/specificity of traction and non-traction imaging was compared on coronal images with the exact McNemar test. Imaging appearance of the LT with and without traction was assessed in consensus and compared on coronal images using McNemar and McNemar-Bowker tests. (p<0.05, * corrected for type I error). RESULTS With arthroscopy 29 (40%) LT lesions were identified in 73 patients. Sensitivity was 72%/90% (without traction/with traction; p=0.25*), specificity was 89%/77% (p=0.25*) for reader 1 in assessing coronal images and for reader 2 sensitivity was 59%/86% (p=0.044*) and specificity was 93%/82% (p=0.25*). Alterations in fiber orientation, signal intensity, surface, dimension, fiber continuity after application of traction were observed in 33/73 (45%, p=0.002*), 6/73 (8%, p=0.223), 9/73 (12%, p=0.36*), 6/73 (8%, p=0.031) respectively 9/73 (12%, p=0.003) cases. Traction-related alterations in at least one criterion were observed in 41/73 (56%) cases. CONCLUSION Application of traction can considerably alter the imaging appearance of the LT and resulted in higher rates of true-positive and false-positive findings compared to conventional MR arthrography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmaranzer
- Inselspital, University of Bern, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Radiology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Klauser
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Radiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Michael Kogler
- District Hospital St. Johann in Tyrol, Department of Radiology, Bahnhofstraße 14, 6380 St. Johann in Tyrol, Austria.
| | - Benjamin Henninger
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Radiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Thomas Forstner
- Johannes Keppler University, Department for Applied Systems Research and Statistics, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Reichkendler
- District Hospital St. Johann in Tyrol, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bahnhofstraße 14, 6380 St. Johann in Tyrol, Austria.
| | - Ehrenfried Schmaranzer
- District Hospital St. Johann in Tyrol, Department of Radiology, Bahnhofstraße 14, 6380 St. Johann in Tyrol, Austria.
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Perumal V, Woodley SJ, Nicholson HD. Ligament of the head of femur: A comprehensive review of its anatomy, embryology, and potential function. Clin Anat 2015; 29:247-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Perumal
- Department of Anatomy; University of Otago; Dunedin 9012 New Zealand
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Usefulness of MR arthrography of the hip with leg traction in the evaluation of ligamentum teres injuries. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:1585-95. [PMID: 26173418 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-015-2210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography of the hip with leg traction in the evaluation of ligamentum teres lesions and to evaluate whether there is increased articular distraction, possibly indicating secondary instability, in hips with ligamentum teres injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this retrospective study. MR arthrograms of the hip with leg traction of 184 consecutive patients, including 108 men (mean age, 32.6 years; range, 19-53 years) and 76 women (mean age, 38.5 years; range, 18-56 years), who underwent hip arthroscopy were assessed for the presence of ligamentum teres lesions. The MR arthrographic findings were independently assessed by two radiologists who were blinded to the arthroscopic results. The inclusion criteria stipulated no previous surgery, arthroscopy within 1 month after MR arthrography, and availability of a detailed surgical report with ligamentum teres findings. The arthroscopy findings served as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and K statistics for interobserver and intraobserver agreement were calculated. RESULTS At arthroscopy, 32 ligamentum teres injuries were found. The ligamentum teres was normal in 152 (82.6%) patients and had suffered low-grade partial tears in 15 (8.1%) patients, high-grade partial tears in 10 (5.4%) patients, and complete ruptures in 7 (3.8%) patients. MR arthrography with axial traction demonstrated moderate sensitivity and high specificity for both low-grade (62/93%) and high-grade (66/96%) partial tears. Grouping low- and high-grade partial tears increased the diagnostic performance of MR arthrography, yielding a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 95%. For complete ligamentum teres tears, MR arthrography with leg traction demonstrated high sensitivity (92%) and specificity (98%). Articular distraction was significantly increased in patients with complete ruptures of the ligamentum teres (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION MR arthrography with leg traction offers accurate diagnosis of ligamentum teres injuries. Patients with complete tears of the ligamentum teres exhibit increased articular distraction that may indicate secondary hip instability.
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Weber AE, Bedi A, Tibor LM, Zaltz I, Larson CM. The Hyperflexible Hip: Managing Hip Pain in the Dancer and Gymnast. Sports Health 2015; 7:346-58. [PMID: 26137181 PMCID: PMC4481673 DOI: 10.1177/1941738114532431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Dance, gymnastics, figure skating, and competitive cheerleading require a high degree of hip range of motion. Athletes who participate in these sports use their hips in a mechanically complex manner. Evidence Acquisition: A search of the entire PubMed database (through December 2013) and additional searches of the reference lists of pertinent articles. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Whether innate or acquired, dancers and gymnasts have some hypermobility that allows their hips to be placed in potentially impinging or unstable positions required for their given activity. Such extremes of motion can result in both intra-articular and extra-articular impingement as well as compensatory osseous and muscular pathology. In addition, dancers and gymnasts are susceptible to impingement-induced instability. Dancers with innate generalized hyperlaxity are at increased risk of injury because of their activities and may require longer recovery times to return to play. Both nonoperative and operative treatments (arthroscopic and open) have an important role in returning flexibility athletes to their preoperative levels of sport and dance. Conclusion: Because of the extreme hip motion required and the compensatory soft tissue laxity in dancers and gymnasts, these athletes may develop instability, impingement, or combinations of both. This frequently occurs in the setting of subtle pathoanatomy or in patients with normal bony anatomy. With appropriate surgical indications and the correct operative technique, the treating surgeon can anticipate high levels of return to play for the gymnast and dancer with hip pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Weber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa M Tibor
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ira Zaltz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Christopher M Larson
- Minnesota Orthopedic Sports Medicine Institute, Arthroscopic Hip Joint Preservation MOSMI, Twin Cities Orthopedics, Edina, Minnesota
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34
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van Arkel RJ, Amis AA, Cobb JP, Jeffers JRT. The capsular ligaments provide more hip rotational restraint than the acetabular labrum and the ligamentum teres : an experimental study. Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:484-91. [PMID: 25820886 PMCID: PMC4491667 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.97b4.34638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this in vitro study of the hip joint we examined which soft
tissues act as primary and secondary passive rotational restraints when the hip joint
is functionally loaded. A total of nine cadaveric left hips were mounted in a testing
rig that allowed the application of forces, torques and rotations in all six degrees
of freedom. The hip was rotated throughout a complete range of movement (ROM) and the
contributions of the iliofemoral (medial and lateral arms), pubofemoral and
ischiofemoral ligaments and the ligamentum teres to rotational restraint was
determined by resecting a ligament and measuring the reduced torque required to
achieve the same angular position as before resection. The contribution from the
acetabular labrum was also measured. Each of the capsular ligaments acted as the
primary hip rotation restraint somewhere within the complete ROM, and the ligamentum
teres acted as a secondary restraint in high flexion, adduction and external
rotation. The iliofemoral lateral arm and the ischiofemoral ligaments were primary
restraints in two-thirds of the positions tested. Appreciation of the importance of
these structures in preventing excessive hip rotation and subsequent
impingement/instability may be relevant for surgeons undertaking both hip joint
preserving surgery and hip arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:484–91.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A A Amis
- Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J P Cobb
- Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
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35
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Use of MR arthrography in detecting tears of the ligamentum teres with arthroscopic correlation. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:361-7. [PMID: 25527467 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-014-2082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the normal appearance of the ligamentum teres on MR arthrography (MRA) and evaluate the accuracy of MRA in detecting ligamentum teres tears with arthroscopic correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional Review Board approval was obtained with a waiver for informed consent because of the retrospective study design. A total of 165 cases in 159 patients (111 females, 48 males; mean age 41 ± 12 years) who underwent both MRA and hip arthroscopy were evaluated for appearance of the ligamentum teres, including the size, number of bundles, and ligamentum teres tears. Marrow edema of the fovea capitis adjacent to the ligamentum teres insertion and the presence of hip plicae were also recorded. RESULTS The mean thickness and length of the ligamentum teres were 3.5 ± 1.5 mm and 25.2 ± 3.8 mm, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of MRA for the detection of ligamentum teres tears were 78, 97, 74, 97, and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION MRA is an accurate method to evaluate the normal morphology and to detect tears of the ligamentum teres.
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Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Turnbull TL, Trindade CAC, Hamming MG, Ellman MB, Harris M, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Structural Properties of the Native Ligamentum Teres. Orthop J Sports Med 2014; 2:2325967114561962. [PMID: 26535290 PMCID: PMC4555531 DOI: 10.1177/2325967114561962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A majority of studies investigating the role of the ligamentum teres (LT) have focused primarily on anatomical and histological descriptions. To date, however, the structural properties of the LT have yet to be fully elucidated. Purpose: To investigate the structural properties of the native LT in a human cadaveric model. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 12 human cadaveric hemipelvises (mean age, 53.6 years; range, 34-63 years) were dissected free of all extra-articular soft tissues to isolate the LT and its acetabular and femoral attachments. A dynamic tensile testing machine distracted each femur in line with the fibers of the LT at a displacement-controlled rate of 0.5 mm/s. The anatomic dimensions, structural properties, and modes of failure were recorded. Results: The LT achieved a mean yield load of 75 N and ultimate failure load of 204 N. The LT had mean lengths of 38.0 and 53.0 mm at its yield and failure points, respectively. The most common (75% of specimens) mechanism of failure was tearing at the fovea capitis. On average, the LT had a linear stiffness of 16 N/mm and elastic modulus of 9.24 MPa. The mean initial length and cross-sectional area were 32 mm and 59 mm2, respectively. Conclusion: The human LT had a mean ultimate failure load of 204 N. Therefore, the results of this investigation, combined with recent biomechanical and outcomes studies, suggest that special consideration should be given to preserving the structural and corresponding biomechanical integrity of the LT during surgical intervention. Clinical Relevance: The LT may be more important as a static stabilizer of the hip joint than previously recognized. Further studies are recommended to investigate the appropriate indications to perform surgical repair or reconstruction of the LT for preservation of hip stability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Philippon
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA. ; The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark G Hamming
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA. ; The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael B Ellman
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA. ; The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Harris
- The Joint Preservation and Limb Reconstruction Center, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Robert F LaPrade
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA. ; The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
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Kaya M, Suziki T, Minowa T, Yamashita T. Ligamentum teres injury is associated with the articular damage pattern in patients with femoroacetabular impingement. Arthroscopy 2014; 30:1582-7. [PMID: 25129862 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between ligamentum teres injury and the hip joint cartilage damage pattern in patients with femoroacetabular impingement. METHODS We compared articular cartilage damage between ligamentum teres-intact and-ruptured hips. Data were collected for 77 consecutive patients with femoroacetabular impingement who underwent hip arthroscopy. The locations of the chondral lesions were recorded on anatomic articular maps using the geographic zone method. The patients were divided into 2 groups (ligamentum teres-intact and-injured groups), and the incidence and degree of cartilage injury were compared between the 2 groups by use of the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS In patients with ligamentum teres injury, chondral damage extended to the middle-inferior area of the acetabulum (7.6% [grade 1] in ligamentum teres-intact group and 66.6% [grade 1, 12.1%; grade 2, 42.4%; grade 3, 12.1%] in ligamentum teres-injured group, P < .01) and the apex of the femoral head (anterior apex: 7.1% [grade 1, 3.8%; grade 2, 3.3%] in intact group and 42.4% [grade 1, 30.3%; grade 2, 12.1%] in injured group, P < .01; middle apex: 7.6% [grade 1, 3.8%; grade 2, 3.8%] in intact group and 63.5% [grade 1, 42.4%; grade 2, 18.1%; grade 3, 3.0%] in injured group, P = .04; posterior apex: 7.6% [grade 1, 3.8%; grade 2, 3.8%] in intact group and 42.4% [grade 1, 30.3%; grade 2, 12.1%] in injured group, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS This study showed the association between ligamentum teres injury and articular cartilage damage in the inferior middle part of the acetabulum and the apex of the femoral head in patients treated for femoroacetabular impingement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Suziki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Schmaranzer F, Klauser A, Kogler M, Henninger B, Forstner T, Reichkendler M, Schmaranzer E. Improving visualization of the central compartment of the hip with direct MR arthrography under axial leg traction: a feasibility study. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:1240-7. [PMID: 24981959 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of a modified approach for direct magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography of the hip under leg traction in achieving a sufficient femoroacetabular interface and improving the visualization of the ligamentum teres. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six MR arthrograms of 44 patients who underwent MR arthrography with and without leg traction were included into the study. Traction approach included injection of 18-27 mL of fluid (local anesthetic, contrast agent), application of weight-adapted traction load (15-23 kg), and the use of a supporting plate. Patients were instructed to report on pain and complications with an integer pain scale. Joint distraction was measured on coronal images obtained with and without traction, and two radiologists independently evaluated whether femoroacetabular cartilage layers and the ligamentum teres could be seen as distinct entities. McNemar test was used and interobserver agreement was assessed. RESULTS No patient asked for termination of the examination. There were no cases of neuropraxia. Mean difference in distraction was 3.7 mm/3.6 mm (reader 1/reader 2). Cartilage layers could be seen as distinct entities in 43/43 (93.5%/93.5%) and 6/8 (13%/17.4%) of the joints with/without traction (P < .001/P < .001), respectively. The ligamentum teres could be differentiated in 33/30 (71.7%/65.2%) cases with traction, in 33/30 (71.7%/65.2%) cases without traction (P < .999/P < .999), and in 40/37 (87%/80.4%) cases with both the techniques combined. CONCLUSIONS Traction MR arthrography is safe and technically feasible. It enabled the differentiation between femoroacetabular cartilage layers in most cases. Visualization of the ligamentum teres was optimal by combining imaging with both modalities.
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Martin HD, Hatem MA, Kivlan BR, Martin RL. Function of the ligamentum teres in limiting hip rotation: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 2014; 30:1085-91. [PMID: 24908256 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the function of the ligamentum teres (LT) in limiting hip rotation in 18 distinct hip positions while preserving the capsular ligaments. METHODS Twelve hips in 6 fresh-frozen pelvis-to-toes cadaveric specimens were skeletonized from the lumbar spine to the distal femur, preserving only the hip ligaments. Hip joints were arthroscopically accessed through a portal located between the pubofemoral and iliofemoral ligaments to confirm the integrity of the LT. Three independent measurements of hip internal and external rotation range of motion (ROM) were performed in 18 defined hip positions of combined extension-flexion and abduction-adduction. The LT was then arthroscopically sectioned and rotation ROM reassessed in the same positions. A paired sample t test was used to compare the average internal and external hip rotation ROM values in the intact LT versus resected conditions in each of the 18 positions. P < .0014 was considered significant. RESULTS A statistically significant influence of the LT on internal or external rotation was found in 8 of the 18 hip positions tested (P < .0014). The major increases in internal and external rotation ROM occurred when the hip was in 90° or 120° of flexion. CONCLUSIONS The major function of the LT is controlling hip rotation. The LT functions as an end-range stabilizer to hip rotation dominantly at 90° or greater of hip flexion, confirming its contribution to hip stability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ruptures of the LT contribute to hip instability dominantly in flexed hip positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal D Martin
- Hip Preservation Center, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A..
| | - Munif A Hatem
- Hip Preservation Center, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin R Kivlan
- John G. Rangos Sr School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - RobRoy L Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Foveales Impingement. ARTHROSKOPIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00142-013-0784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Devitt BM, Philippon MJ, Goljan P, Peixoto LP, Briggs KK, Ho CP. Preoperative diagnosis of pathologic conditions of the ligamentum teres: is MRI a valuable imaging modality? Arthroscopy 2014; 30:568-74. [PMID: 24630124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting ligamentum teres (LT) lesions in patients before they undergo hip arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. METHODS From 2010 to 2011, data were prospectively collected on all patients presenting for treatment of hip pain. All patients underwent MRI followed by arthroscopic surgery. A radiologist prospectively documented MRI findings, and the surgeon recorded the findings at arthroscopy. Radiologic and surgical data included classification of the LT as not torn, hypertrophic, partially torn, or completely torn. All MR images were read by a single radiologist, and all surgery was performed by a single surgeon. Arthroscopy was considered the diagnostic gold standard. RESULTS One hundred forty-two patients with a mean patient age of 35 years (range, 19 to 73 years) met the inclusion criteria. Only one complete LT tear was found in the study. The accuracy of MRI for the diagnosis of LT partial tears was 64%. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for diagnosing partial tears of the LT were 9% and 91%, [corrected] respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 31% and 67%, [corrected] respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for diagnosing hypertrophic LT were 32% and 78%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this patient population, MRI demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 34% and 50%, [corrected] respectively, in identifying any pathologic process of the LT. MRI is capable of ruling out [corrected] partial tears of the LT with high sensitivity (91%) and negative [corrected] predictive value (67%). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Devitt
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A
| | - Marc J Philippon
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A.
| | - Peter Goljan
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A
| | - Lourenço P Peixoto
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A
| | - Karen K Briggs
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A
| | - Charles P Ho
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Dr., Ste. 100, Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research, Vail, Colorado U.S.A
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Lorda-Diez CI, Canga-Villegas A, Cerezal L, Plaza S, Hurlé JM, García-Porrero JA, Montero JA. Comparative transcriptional analysis of three human ligaments with distinct biomechanical properties. J Anat 2013; 223:593-602. [PMID: 24128114 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One major aim of regenerative medicine targeting the musculoskeletal system is to provide complementary and/or alternative therapeutic approaches to current surgical therapies, often involving the removal and prosthetic substitution of damaged tissues such as ligaments. For these approaches to be successful, detailed information regarding the cellular and molecular composition of different musculoskeletal tissues is required. Ligaments have often been considered homogeneous tissues with common biomechanical properties. However, advances in tissue engineering research have highlighted the functional relevance of the organisational and compositional differences between ligament types, especially in those with higher risks of injury. The aim of this study was to provide information concerning the relative expression levels of a subset of key genes (including extracellular matrix components, transcription factors and growth factors) that confer functional identity to ligaments. We compared the transcriptomes of three representative human ligaments subjected to different biomechanical demands: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); the ligamentum teres of the hip (LT); and the iliofemoral ligament (IL). We revealed significant differences in the expression of type I collagen, elastin, fibromodulin, biglycan, transforming growth factor β1, transforming growth interacting factor 1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and transforming growth factor β-induced gene between the IL and the other two ligaments. Thus, considerable molecular heterogeneity can exist between anatomically distinct ligaments with differing biomechanical demands. However, the LT and ACL were found to show remarkable molecular homology, suggesting common functional properties. This finding provides experimental support for the proposed role of the LT as a hip joint stabiliser in humans.
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