Patients do not have a consistent understanding of high risk for future fracture: a qualitative study of patients from a post-fracture secondary prevention program

Trends in osteoporosis assessment, diagnosis after fragility fractures, and treatment for hospitalized patients with osteoporosis or fragility fractures between 2012 and 2021

Our study investigated trends in osteoporosis management in Xiamen from 2012 to 2021, revealing improvements in screening and treatment, although medication use remained low. Additionally, we identified factors that may influence medication use and emphasized the importance of effective osteoporosis management strategies.

PURPOSE

The goal of the current study is to explore trends in assessment, diagnosis after fragility fractures, and osteoporosis treatment among hospitalized patients in Xiamen, China, between 2012 and 2021.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study, using the Cochran-Armitage trend test to describe trends. Logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors of anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM) treatment. We performed a sensitivity analysis to verify the robustness of our findings.

RESULTS

From 2012 to 2021, the rates of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and bone turnover marker (BTM) examinations increased from 0 to 37% and 36.5%, respectively. 29.3% of patients with fragility fractures were diagnosed with osteoporosis. The use rate of AOM was only 22.7%. There was an upward trend in the prescription of bisphosphonates, increasing from 1% in 2012 to 16.8% in 2021. The use of calcitonin ranged from 4.1% (2014) to 32.7% (2021). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation prescribing increased significantly from 5.6% in 2012 to 78.7% in 2021. Logistic regression analysis showed that old age, female sex, history of fractures, DXA scans, and osteoporosis diagnosis were significantly associated with increased AOM use. Tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular accidents, and severe liver diseases were associated with a reduced likelihood of AOM treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Although assessment, diagnosis after fragility fractures, and osteoporosis treatment have increased over the past decade, there are still deficiencies in the management of osteoporosis. In the future, it will be necessary to further strengthen management of osteoporosis.

A retrospective service evaluation of patient awareness and engagement, and medication compliance and adherence, in patients with opportunistically identified vertebral fragility fractures in a local fracture liaison service

INTRODUCTION

Fracture liaison services (FLS), often staffed by radiographers, identify and treat patients over the age of 50 at high risk of future fractures by intervening after the first fracture. Vertebral fragility fractures (VFF) are particularly disabling and are highly predictive of future fracture but are underdiagnosed as they often do not come to clinical attention. To review the behaviour traits of patient with opportunistically identified VFF's (OIVFF), local FLS data can be used to compare outcomes of OIVFF's with acute VFF's (AVFF) and non-hip/spine fragility fractures (NHSFF).

METHODS

A retrospective service evaluation was completed using local FLS data from 1/1/22-31/12/22. A total of 1403 patients' data was included. Data was grouped by fracture cohort to evaluate patient engagement, fracture awareness, medication compliance and adherence.

RESULTS

The OIVFF cohort had the highest proportion of men at 32.4 %. There was little difference in engagement rates between cohorts but fracture awareness was low in the OIVFF cohort. Non-compliance to medication was highest in the NHSFF cohort. The OIVFF cohort had the highest number of patients no longer appropriate for treatment after 12 months (11.29 %). Medication adherence at 12 months was similar across cohorts.

CONCLUSION

Patients with OIVFF's do not appear to behave differently to other symptomatic fracture types within the FLS pathway in terms of engagement, compliance or adherence.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Awareness of fracture was low for VFF's and future improvement of the patient diagnosis communication pathway is recommended. Further research into the increased number of men with OIVFF is recommended to ensure the pathway is efficient and to review potential barriers to diagnosis. Results suggest continued exploration of improving opportunistic identification of vertebral fractures is justified.

Short-term risk of fracture is increased by deficits in cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture independent of DXA BMD and FRAX: Bone Microarchitecture International Consortium (BoMIC) prospective cohorts

Identifying individuals at risk for short-term fracture is essential to offer prompt beneficial treatment, especially since many fractures occur in those without osteoporosis by DXA-aBMD. We evaluated whether deficits in bone microarchitecture and density predict short-term fracture risk independent of the clinical predictors, DXA-BMD and FRAX. We combined data from eight cohorts to conduct a prospective study of bone microarchitecture at the distal radius and tibia (by HR-pQCT) and 2-year incidence of fracture (non-traumatic and traumatic) in 7327 individuals (4824 women, 2503 men, mean 69 ± 9 years). We estimated sex-specific hazard ratios (HR) for associations between bone measures and 2-year fracture incidence, adjusted for age, cohort, height, and weight, and then additionally adjusted for FN aBMD or FRAX for major osteoporotic fracture. Only 7% of study participants had FN T-score ≤ -2.5, whereas 53% had T-scores between -1.0 and -2.5 and 37% had T-scores ≥-1.0. Two-year cumulative fracture incidence was 4% (296/7327). Each SD decrease in radius cortical bone measures increased fracture risk by 38%-76% for women and men. After additional adjustment for FN-aBMD, risks remained increased by 28%-61%. Radius trabecular measures were also associated with 2-year fracture risk independently of FN-aBMD in women (HRs range: 1.21 per SD for trabecular separation to 1.55 for total vBMD). Decreased failure load (FL) was associated with increased fracture risk in both women and men (FN-aBMD ranges of adjusted HR = 1.47-2.42). Tibia measurement results were similar to radius results. Findings were also similar when models were adjusted for FRAX. In older adults, FL and HR-pQCT measures of cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture and density with strong associations to short-term fractures improved fracture prediction beyond aBMD and FRAX. Thus, HR-pQCT may be a useful adjunct to traditional assessment of short-term fracture risk in older adults, including those with T-scores above the osteoporosis range.

Osteoporosis: a problem still faulty addressed by the Romanian healthcare system. Results of a questionnaire survey of people aged 40 years and over

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the knowledge and awareness level of osteoporosis, its risk factors, the possible causes of underdiagnosis, as well as the preventive measures and lifestyle behavior of the Romanian population.

Patients and methods

A non-interventional, cross-sectional study was performed, consisting of an in-person survey, in 10 pharmacies located in both urban and rural settings in Romania. The survey was distributed to patients ≥40 years old.

Results

Of 189 respondents, 78.8% were women, the majority age group being 60-69 (31.7%) and 50-59 (30.7%) years old and coming from urban areas (69.3%). Although 75.1% of participants declared knowing about osteoporosis, having a moderate level of knowledge, and women being more aware of the pathology, 77.3% have never performed a DXA test. Moreover, participants already diagnosed with osteoporosis did not show a better disease knowledge than those without a diagnosis. Nearly half of the respondents did not know that a family history of the disease increases the risk of developing it and 60% of them thought that symptoms may develop before a fracture occurs. The preventive strategies tend to be disregarded and thus, underused. Moreover, 42.9% of participants reported being diagnosed with osteoporosis, do not undergo treatment, although they are aware of the existence of effective strategies. The dataset was used to build a participant compatibility network. The network's clustering revealed six relevant communities, which are not correlated with questionnaire results but reflect the patterns of feature associations.

Conclusion

Preventive and therapeutic osteoporosis education programs are urgently needed in the Romanian population to decrease disability and high mortality risks and thus, to improve the quality of life.

Individuals with a fragility fracture and a prescription for bone active medication have a positive perception of the medication but do not associate it with fracture risk reduction

Most participants reported a positive perception of bone active medication despite sustaining a fracture while taking the medication, reporting medication side effects, or having a healthcare provider stop the prescription. Participants did not appear to connect the medication to fracture risk, suggesting this connection should be emphasized by healthcare providers.

OBJECTIVE

Our purpose was to examine perceptions about bone active medication from individuals with a fragility fracture and a prescription for bone active medication.

METHODS

In this qualitative description study, eligible participants were those who attended an Osteoporosis Canada education session, and reported sustaining a previous fragility fracture and receiving a prescription for bone active medication. We conducted one-on-one interviews and analyzed the data using the analytic hierarchy approach.

RESULTS

We interviewed 32 female participants (age range 58-89 years). Based on our analysis, two themes were developed: (1) most participants spoke positively about bone active medication, indicating they were willing to start, or continue to take, their medication. Positive perceptions were held by participants who sustained a fracture while taking bone active medication, participants whose healthcare provider had stopped the prescription, and participants who reported side effects from the medication; (2) most participants did not discuss bone active medication in relation to their fracture and did not appear to connect the medication to the concept of fracture risk. Instead, participants talked about the medication in relation to bone health in general, or to bone density.

CONCLUSION

Participants appeared to have positive perceptions of bone active medication, despite sustaining a fracture while taking the medication, reporting medication side effects, or having a healthcare provider stop the prescription. Participants did not connect bone active medication to the concept of fracture risk, illustrating the need for healthcare providers to emphasize the connection between fracture risk and bone active medication.

Patients' preferences for fracture risk communication: the Risk Communication in Osteoporosis (RICO) study

The RICO study indicated that most patients would like to receive information regarding their fracture risk but that only a small majority have actually received it. Patients globally preferred a visual presentation of fracture risk and were interested in an online tool showing the risk.

PURPOSE

The aim of the Risk Communication in Osteoporosis (RICO) study was to assess patients' preferences regarding fracture risk communication.

METHODS

To assess patients' preferences for fracture risk communication, structured interviews with women with osteoporosis or who were at risk for fracture were conducted in 11 sites around the world, namely in Argentina, Belgium, Canada at Hamilton and with participants from the Osteoporosis Canada Canadian Osteoporosis Patient Network (COPN), Japan, Mexico, Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA in California and Washington state. The interviews used to collect data were designed on the basis of a systematic review and a qualitative pilot study involving 26 participants at risk of fracture.

RESULTS

A total of 332 women (mean age 67.5 ± 8.0 years, 48% with a history of fracture) were included in the study. Although the participants considered it important to receive information about their fracture risk (mean importance of 6.2 ± 1.4 on a 7-point Likert scale), only 56% (i.e. 185/332) had already received such information. Globally, participants preferred a visual presentation with a traffic-light type of coloured graph of their FRAX® fracture risk probability, compared to a verbal or written presentation. Almost all participants considered it important to discuss their fracture risk and the consequences of fractures with their healthcare professionals in addition to receiving information in a printed format or access to an online website showing their fracture risk.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant communication gap between healthcare professionals and patients when discussing osteoporosis fracture risk. The RICO study provides insight into preferred approaches to rectify this communication gap.

Barriers and Expectations for Patients in Post-Osteoporotic Fracture Care in France: The EFFEL Study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to quantify the relative importance of barriers to better secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures and of care expectations expressed by patients with osteoporotic fractures in France.

METHODS

A qualitative exploration of potential barriers to care and expectations was undertaken through a systematic literature review and in-depth patients interviews. A list of 21 barriers and 21 expectations was identified. These were presented to 324 subjects with osteoporotic fractures, identified in a representative sample of the French population, in the form of best-worst scaling questionnaires. Patients rated the relative importance of the attributes, and arithmetic mean importance scores were calculated and ranked. A Bayesian hierarchical model was also performed to generate a relative importance score. Latent class analysis was performed to identify potential subgroups of patients with different response profiles.

RESULTS

A total of 7 barriers were rated as the most important, relating to awareness of osteoporosis and coordination of care. The highest-ranked barrier, "my fracture is not related to osteoporosis," was significantly more important than all the others (mean importance score 0.45; 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.56). A similar ranking of attributes was obtained with both the arithmetic and the Bayesian approach. For expectations, no clear hierarchy of attributes was identified. Latent class analysis discriminated 3 classes of respondents with significant differences in response profiles (the educated environmentalists, the unaware, and the victims of the system).

CONCLUSIONS

Better quality of care of osteoporosis and effective secondary fracture prevention will require improvements in patient education, training of healthcare professionals, and coordination of care.

Perspectives of patients with depression and chronic pain about bone health after a fragility fracture: A qualitative study

Background

Compromised bone health is often associated with depression and chronic pain.

Objective

To examine: (1) the experience of existing depression and chronic nonfracture pain in patients with a fragility fracture; and (2) the effects of the fracture on depression and pain.

Design

A phenomenological study guided by Giorgi's analytical procedures.

Setting and Participants

Fracture patients who reported taking prescription medication for one or more comorbidities, excluding compromised bone health.

Main Variables Studied

Patients were interviewed within 6 weeks of their fracture, and 1 year later. Interview questions addressed the recent fracture and patients' experience with bone health and their other health conditions, such as depression and chronic pain, including the medications taken for these conditions.

Results

Twenty‐six patients (5 men, 21 women) aged 45–84 years old with hip (n = 5) and nonhip (n = 21) fractures were recruited. Twenty‐one participants reported depression and/or chronic nonfracture pain, of which seven reported having both depression and chronic pain. Two themes were consistent, based on our analysis: (1) depression and chronic pain overshadowed attention to bone health; and (2) the fracture exacerbated reported experiences of existing depression and chronic pain.

Conclusion

Experiences with depression and pain take priority over bone health and may worsen as a result of the fracture. Health care providers treating fragility fractures might ask patients about depression and pain and take appropriate steps to address patients' more general emotional and physical state.

Patient Contribution

A patient representative was involved in the study conception, data interpretation and manuscript writing.

Patient engagement in clinical guidelines development: input from > 1000 members of the Canadian Osteoporosis Patient Network

Patient engagement in clinical guidelines development is essential. The results of a self-administered online survey identified themes important to people living with osteoporosis and will inform the development of Osteoporosis Canada clinical guidelines recommendations.

INTRODUCTION

Patient engagement is essential in the development of high-quality and relevant guidelines for osteoporosis management. Osteoporosis Canada (OC) is updating its national clinical practice guidelines in collaboration with people living with osteoporosis in the process.

METHODS

Using electronic mail, we contacted 6937 members of the Canadian Osteoporosis Patient Network (COPN) to provide input on the selection of relevant content, outcomes, and research questions via a self-administered online survey. Close-ended questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and conventional content analysis was conducted for open-ended questions.

RESULTS

A total of 1108 individuals completed the survey (97% women, 86% stated they lived with osteoporosis). Most participants considered it critical to have recommendations on physical activity and exercise (74%), fall prevention (69%), nutrition (68%), and initial bone mineral density testing (67%). In addition to preventing fractures, over 75% of respondents stated that consideration of preserving quality of life and ability to perform daily activities, preventing admission to long-term care and fracture-related death, and avoiding serious harms from medications were essential outcomes to consider in evaluating the evidence. In terms of selection of research questions, seven themes emerged from the content analysis including pharmacotherapy, screening and monitoring, diet and supplements, education, exercise, alternative therapies, and pain management.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients emphasized that autonomy, mobility, and quality of life are highly valued outcomes and must be integral to practice guideline development. As expected, guidance on pharmacotherapy, screening and monitoring, and fracture prevention were priorities identified to be included in osteoporosis management guidelines.

Adherence to fracture liaison service programs in patients over 70: the hidden part of the iceberg

Significant dropout rates have been observed throughout Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) programs, especially for elderly patients. In an FLS program set up specifically for patients over 70, the non-initiation of osteoporosis treatment was the only factor associated with poor adherence to the program. Neither age nor frailty factors affected adherence.

INTRODUCTION

FLS programs are considered the most effective interventions for secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Our objective was to identify risk factors for non-adherence to an FLS program set up specifically for patients over 70.

METHODS

Our multifaceted, intensive program included five appointments over a 2-year period. One hundred sixty-seven patients (mean age 83.5 years) who presented with a recent fragility fracture were enrolled. Multivariable analysis was conducted to determine whether the demographic, clinical, frailty, and osteoporotic risk factors of the patients influenced their adherence to the program.

RESULTS

About half of the patients did not attend the follow-up visits. According to the regression analysis, non-initiation of osteoporosis treatment was associated with poor adherence to the program (aHR 3.66). Demographic, clinical, dwelling, frailty factors, osteoporotic risk factors, fracture type, or densitometric scores were not associated with adherence. The first self-reported reason for withdrawal was the difficulty of attending several follow-up visits, and the second was the feeling of not being concerned.

CONCLUSION

We observed that non-initiation of osteoporosis treatment was the only factor correlated with non-adherence to an FLS program. Thus, neither age nor frailty factors should result in patients not being included in FLS. Beyond the necessity of the osteoporosis treatment, good patient understanding of the relevance of all the interventions included in the program is the key.

Prescribing and adherence to bone protection medications following hip fracture in the United Kingdom: results from the World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) cohort study

AIMS

Bone health assessment and the prescription of medication for secondary fracture prevention have become an integral part of the acute management of patients with hip fracture. However, there is little evidence regarding compliance with prescription guidelines and subsequent adherence to medication in this patient group.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) is a multicentre, prospective cohort of hip fracture patients in NHS hospitals in England and Wales. Patients aged 60 years and older who received operative treatment for a hip fracture were eligible for inclusion in WHiTE. The prescription of bone protection medications was recorded from participants' discharge summaries, and participant-reported use of bone protection medications was recorded at 120 days following surgery.

RESULTS

Of 5456 recruited patients with baseline data, 2853 patients (52%) were prescribed bone protection medication at discharge, of which oral bisphosphonates were the most common, 4109 patients (75%) were prescribed vitamin D or calcium, and 606 patients (11%) were not prescribed anything. Of those prescribed a bone protection medication, only 932 patients (33%) reported still taking their medication 120 days later.

CONCLUSION

These data provide a reference for current prescription and adherence rates. Adherence with oral medication remains poor in patients with hip fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1402-1407.

Fracture liaison programs

In view of the high imminent risk of having subsequent fractures after a fracture, early evaluation and treatment decisions to prevent subsequent fractures are advocated. After a hip fracture, the fracture liaison service (FLS) and orthogeriatric care are considered the most appropriate organisational approaches for secondary fracture prevention following a recent fracture. Their introduction and implementation have been shown to increase evaluation and treatment of patients at high risk for subsequent fracture. Of real-world cohort studies, most, but not all studies, indicate a lower incidence of fracture and longer survival after treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates.

Treatment recommendations based on fracture risk status are not consistently provided in osteoporosis guidelines

We examined international osteoporosis guidelines to determine the tools used to assess fracture risk, the classification of fracture risk presented, and the recommendations based on fracture risk status. We conducted a document analysis of guidelines from the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) website retrieved as of May 10, 2018, focusing on guidelines written in English only. Two reviewers independently reviewed each document and the following data were extracted: (1) fracture risk tool(s) endorsed; (2) classification system used to describe fracture risk status (e.g., low, moderate, high); and (3) recommendations based on risk status (e.g., pharmacological treatment). Two additional reviewers verified all data extraction. A total of 112 guidelines were listed on the IOF website, of which 94 were located either through the provided link or through a PubMed search. Of 70 guidelines written in English, 63 guidelines discussed the concept of fracture risk of which, 39 endorsed FRAX. Twenty-eight guidelines defined fracture risk categories or thresholds which determined recommendations. In total, 26 provided a risk category or threshold which constituted an indication for pharmacotherapy. Twelve guidelines reported a moderate, medium, or intermediate risk category which was associated with variable recommendations for testing and treatment. Despite the generally accepted international shift to fracture risk as a basis for treatment decisions, the majority of guidelines in English did not provide treatment recommendations based on fracture risk status. In guidelines with recommendations based on fracture risk status, thresholds and recommendations varied making international comparisons of treatment difficult.

Factors related to intentional non-initiation of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with a high fracture risk in primary care: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Adherence to osteoporosis treatment is crucial for good treatment effects. However, adherence has been shown to be poor and a substantial part of the patients don't even initiate treatment. This study aimed to gain insight into the considerations of both osteoporosis patients and general practitioners (GP) concerning intentional non-initiation of bisphosphonate treatment.

METHODS

Osteoporosis patients and GPs were recruited from the SALT Osteoporosis Study and a transmural fracture liaison service, both carried out in the Netherlands. Using questionnaires, we identified non-starters and starters of bisphosphonate treatment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a detailed overview of all considerations until saturation of the data was reached. Starters were asked to reflect on the considerations that were brought forward by the non-starters. Interviews were open coded and the codes were classified into main themes and subthemes using an inductive approach.

RESULTS

16 non-starters, 10 starters, and 13 GPs were interviewed. We identified three main themes: insufficient medical advice, attitudes towards medication use including concerns about side effects, and disease awareness. From patients' as well as GPs' perspective, insufficient or ambiguous information from the GP influenced the decision of the non-starters to not start bisphosphonates. In contrast, starters were either properly informed, or they collected information themselves. Patients' aversion towards medication, fear of side effects, and a low risk perception also contributed to not starting the medication, whereas starters were aware of their fracture risk and were confident of the outcome of the treatment. Concerns about osteoporosis treatment and its side effects were also expressed by several GPs. Some GPs appeared to have a limited understanding of the current osteoporosis guidelines and the indications for treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Many reasons we found for not starting bisphosphonate treatment were related to the patients or the GPs themselves being insufficiently informed. Attitudes of the GPs were shown to play a role in the decision of patients not to start treatment. Interventions need to be developed that are aimed at GPs, and at education of patients.

Experiences of being diagnosed with osteoporosis: a meta-synthesis

This systematic review provides synthesised knowledge and guidance to health professionals on the experiences and perspectives of being diagnosed with osteoporosis from the patient's point of view. Using individuals' experiences and meanings can promote tailored and targeted information and guidance on osteoporosis, bone care and treatment at different stages of the osteoporosis trajectory.

INTRODUCTION

To be diagnosed with osteoporosis with or without fragility fractures affects individuals differently. The aim of this review was firstly to aggregate existing qualitative evidence regarding an individual's experience of being diagnosed with osteoporosis at different stages, and secondly, to use a systematic approach to develop a conceptual understanding of central issues relevant for health professionals in order to provide support and guidance to patients/individuals.

METHODS

This study used a systematic review methodology and methods for qualitative synthesis as recommended by Cochrane and integrated the findings of qualitative research from eight databases (Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SweMed+, PsycINFO, ERIC, Web of Science) to July 2016. Selection and assessment were performed by three authors while four authors were involved in the analysis. Findings were cross-checked with the original article to ensure consistency with the individual's accounts.

RESULTS

Our findings have revealed that individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis do not perceive osteoporosis as a biomedical trajectory but as a self-perceived continuum of severity and health. To be diagnosed with osteoporosis affects individuals differently depending on, for example, personal experience, pre-conceived notions of or knowledge about the disease, fragility fractures or pain. Hence, individuals will create a meaning of the diagnosis based on self-perceived fracture risk, self-perceived severity of osteoporosis and at the same time, self-perceived health.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-synthesis provides knowledge for health professionals on the experiences and perspectives of being diagnosed with osteoporosis from the patient's point of view. The experience, meaning and significance of osteoporosis must be taken into consideration and can be used to promote tailored and targeted information and guidance on osteoporosis, bone care and treatment at different stages of the osteoporosis trajectory.

Fracture Liaison Services

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to report the evidence of beneficial effects of Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) including data regarding their impact on subsequent fracture, mortality risk and cost-effectiveness. This review also discusses the limitations of these data and the challenges faced during the implementation of FLS.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent studies showed the beneficial impact of implementation of FLS on the prevention of subsequent fracture risk, reduced mortality and cost-effectiveness. However, heterogeneity of FLS models and small number of studies limited the conclusion about the impact of FLS on secondary fracture prevention.

SUMMARY

Patients with osteoporosis-related fractures are at higher risk of subsequent refractures. These subsequent fractures are associated with increased morbidity and premature mortality. However, there is a gap between evidence-based recommendations for postfracture care and actual clinical practice. FLS care is recommended for the management of the prevention of secondary fracture. FLS implementation reduces the risk of subsequent fracture, but the level of evidence is low as the interpretation of data is limited by the number of studies and their heterogeneity. FLS care significantly reduces the postfracture mortality, especially in patients with hip fractures. FLS implementation is cost-effective compared with usual care. Additional studies (with large sample and long-term follow-up) are needed to assess the impact of FLS care on subsequent fracture risk.

Determinants of short term fracture risk in patients with a recent history of low-trauma non-vertebral fracture

Low-trauma fractures tend to cluster in time, and subsequent fractures have a role in increased morbidity and mortality in osteoporotic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors of short-term subsequent non-vertebral fracture (NVF). Patients were included from the Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) which provides assessment for osteoporosis to all in-hospital patients admitted for a low-trauma NVF in the Orthopaedics department. Location and date of occurrence of previous fractures, risk factors for osteoporosis and falls were collected. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and total hip; presence of vertebral fractures was evaluated using vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Nine hundred and fifty patients were included (84% women; 75±12years), with a mean T-score at the femoral neck of -2.3±1.0. Four hundred and sixty eight (49%) patients were in the FLS because of a hip fracture. Using multivariable analysis, the risk of being in the FLS with a previous fracture ≤3years before was associated with: history of fall in the year before the admission (OR=2.75, CI 95% 1.55-4.93), history of severe low-trauma NVF (OR=2.54; CI 95% 1.45-4.52), and BMI lower than 20kg/m² (OR=2.45, CI 95% 1.25-4.87); age older than 78years-old was protective to the risk of re-fracture (OR=0.44, CI 95% 0.24-0.80). Some risk factors (age, history of fall and of previous severe non-vertebral fracture) can help in the selection of patients at high risk of refracture, who should receive the highest priority for a treatment.

Imminent fracture risk

The clinical significance of osteoporosis is in the occurrence of fractures and re-fractures. The main risk factor of sustaining a fracture is a previous one, but a recent fracture is a better fracture risk factor than fracture history. The role of the recency of fracture has been shown for both vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk. This imminent risk is explained by both bone-related factors (underlying osteoporosis) and fall-related factors (including those related to postfracture care). Such a short-term increased risk has been shown also in patients initiating corticosteroids and in frail osteoporotic subjects with central nervous system (CNS) diseases or drugs targeting CNS, and thus a high risk of falls. Patients with an imminent (i.e. 2 years) risk of fracture or refracture should be identified in priority in order to receive an immediate treatment and a program of fall prevention.

Fracture Prevention in the Orthopaedic Environment: Outcomes of a Coordinator-Based Fracture Liaison Service

BACKGROUND

Fracture liaison services focus on secondary fracture prevention by identifying patients at risk for future fracture and initiating appropriate evaluation, risk assessment, education, and therapeutic intervention. This study describes key clinical outcomes including bone mineral densitometry, physician assessment, and pharmacotherapy initiation in pharmacotherapy-naïve patients undergoing treatment for fragility fracture in a Canadian fracture liaison service.

METHODS

We determined rates of post-fracture investigation and treatment for inpatients and outpatients with a fragility fracture seen in a coordinator-based fracture liaison service at an urban university trauma hospital. The program identified distal radial, proximal femoral, proximal humeral, and vertebral fragility fractures in female patients ≥40 years of age and male patients ≥50 years of age and provided education, bone mineral densitometry, inpatient consultation or outpatient specialist or primary care physician referral for bone health management, and documented patient follow-up.

RESULTS

The 2,191 patients with a fragility fracture were not taking anti-osteoporosis pharmacotherapy at the time of identification (862 inpatients and 1,329 outpatients). Eighty-four percent of inpatients and 85% of outpatients completed a bone mineral densitometry as recommended. Fifty-two percent of patients with proximal femoral fracture, 29% of patients with vertebral fracture, 26% of patients with proximal humeral fracture, and 20% of patients with distal radial fracture had osteoporosis confirmed on the basis of a bone mineral densitometry T-score of ≤-2.5 at the femoral neck or L1 to L4. Eighty-five percent of inpatients and 79% of outpatients referred for bone health management were assessed by a specialist or primary care physician. Of the patients who attended their appointments, 73% of inpatients and 52% of outpatients received a prescription for anti-osteoporosis medication.

CONCLUSIONS

A high rate of education, evaluation, and pharmacological treatment, if indicated, can be achieved through a coordinator-facilitated fracture liaison service program.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Fracture prevention programs are currently engaged in establishing and modifying fracture liaison services in a quest for practical and effective models. The program described in this article exemplifies a coordinator-based model that produced good outcomes.

Men's health-seeking behaviours regarding bone health after a fragility fracture: a secondary analysis of qualitative data

In our qualitative study, men with fragility fractures described their spouses as playing an integral role in their health behaviours. Men also described taking risks, preferring not to dwell on the meaning of the fracture and/or their bone health. Communication strategies specific to men about bone health should be developed.

INTRODUCTION

We examined men's experiences and behaviours regarding bone health after a fragility fracture.

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of five qualitative studies. In each primary study, male and female participants were interviewed for 1-2 h and asked to describe recommendations they had received for bone health and what they were doing about those recommendations. Maintaining the phenomenological approach of the primary studies, the transcripts of all male participants were re-analyzed to highlight experiences and behaviours particular to men.

RESULTS

Twenty-two men (50-88 years old) were identified. Sixteen lived with a wife, male partner, or family member and the remaining participants lived alone. Participants had sustained hip fractures (n = 7), wrist fractures (n = 5), vertebral fractures (n = 2) and fractures at other locations (n = 8). Fourteen were taking antiresorptive medication at the time of the interview. In general, men with a wife/female partner described these women as playing an integral role in their health behaviours, such as removing tripping hazards and organizing their medication regimen. While participants described giving up activities due to their bone health, they also described taking risks such as drinking too much alcohol and climbing ladders or deliberately refusing to adhere to bone health recommendations. Finally, men did not dwell on the meaning of the fracture and/or their bone health.

CONCLUSIONS

Behaviours consistent with those shown in other studies on men were described by our sample. We recommend that future research address these findings in more detail so that communication strategies specific to men about bone health be developed.